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The present study investigates the effect of public–private partnership investment in energy and renewable energy consumption on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, taking into account the critical role of economic growth and trade openness in Pakistan from 1992 to 2019. The linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag models are employed to check the co-integration link between dependent and independent variables, further estimate short-run and long-run associations, and examine the symmetric and asymmetric effects of public–private partnership investment in energy on CO2 emissions in Pakistan. The empirical findings show that public–private partnership investment in energy reduces environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions. Similarly, economic development and trade openness harms the atmosphere by raising CO2 emissions. On the other hand, renewable energy consumption significantly negatively affects CO2 emissions. In addition, the findings also authenticate the asymmetric link between public–private partnership investment in energy and the environment, as CO2 emissions are caused mainly by positive shocks in public–private partnership investment in energy in the short and long run. This study proposes financing renewable energy projects through public–private partnership is needed for an environmentally friendly future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using novel Fourier-based approaches, this paper investigates the effect of green logistics and financial innovation on environmental sustainability in China over the period 2000/Q1-2018/Q4. The Fourier ADL cointegration analysis indicates that all indicators are integrated. Additionally, the findings of the Fourier-ARDL long run indicate as follows: (i) Green logistics mitigate environmental degradation and increase environmental sustainability in China; (ii) in contrast, the impact of financial innovation and economic growth decreases the environmental quality and increases production-based CO2 emissions in the region. The research findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, providing a basis for adopting green logistics operations that promote sustainable practices in China. By implementing such practices, policymakers can mitigate the adverse impacts of economic and financial activities in the country, fostering sustainable development and environmental responsibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike previous studies in the environment-finance-energy linkage, to analyze the causal and long-run effects of renewable energy and financial innovation on the quality of the environment in India while taking into account GDP and primary energy consumption, this research employs Fourier base approaches, namely Fourier augmented Dickey–Fuller (F-ADF) unit root test, Fourier autoregressive distributive lag (F-ADL) cointegration test, Fourier autoregressive distributed lag (F-ARDL) cointegration test, and Fourier Toda Yamamoto (F-TY) causality test. The outcomes of the present study reveal that (i) financial innovation and renewable energy consumption cause to decrease in environmental degradation in India; (ii) GDP and primary energy consumption increase (and cause) environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quest for ecological sustainability while reducing the impacts of environmental deterioration has become a worldwide endeavour. Furthermore, it is unclear how developing economies such as Brazil can considerably improve environmental quality (EQ). This paper contributes to the ongoing literature by evaluating the effect of green finance, economic growth, political risk, social globalization and green innovation on environmental quality in Brazil. The study used data spanning between 2000Q1 and 2018Q4. Unlike other investigations, the current study used load capacity factor as a proxy for environmental quality, which considers both demand and supply sides of environmental issues. The current study applied the novel dynamic ARDL to capture the short and long‐run nexus. The bootstrap causality test was also applied to capture causal connection instabilities over time. The results of this study are as follows: (1) a significant and positive association was found between political risk, green finance, green innovation and social globalization environmental quality; (2) a significant and negative interplay was detected between economic growth and environmental quality; (3) The time‐varying causality shows a feedback causality at various periods between political risk, green finance, green innovation, economic growth, social globalization and environmental quality. This study also serves as a reference point for governments and policymakers in terms of investing in eco‐friendly technologies in order to improve environmental quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change can be mitigated and policies can be catalyzed with the aid of financial institutions. By maintaining and strengthening financial stability, the financial sector's resilience could help mitigate climate‐related risks and uncertainties. Hence, an empirical investigation on the effect of financial stability on consumption‐based CO2 emissions (CCO2E) in Denmark is long overdue. This study investigates the financial risk‐emissions relationship in the presence of energy productivity, energy consumption, and economic growth in Denmark. Furthermore, by adopting an asymmetric approach to analyze the time series data for the period between 1995 and 2018, this study helps bridge this major gap in the literature. By adopting the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag approach (NARDL), we discovered that the positive variation in financial stability causes a reduction in CCO2E, but the neutral connection was reported between the negative shock in financial stability and CCO2E. The positive shock in economic growth and energy consumption intensifies CCO2E; however, a neutral interaction exists between the negative shock in economic growth and CCO2E. The negative shock in energy consumption has a positive effect on CCO2E, indicating a mitigating implication on environmental degradation. In addition, a positive shock in energy productivity enhances environmental quality, while a negative shock in energy productivity increases environmental degradation. In light of the results, we suggest some robust policies for Denmark and other smaller but wealthy nations. Moreover, in order to develop sustainable finance markets, policymakers in Denmark need to mobilize both public and private finance while maintaining a balance with other economic needs of the nation. The country must also identify and understand potential avenues for scaling up private financing for mitigating climate risk. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2023;19:1485–1494. © 2023 SETAC Key Points: Positive shock in financial stability mitigates consumption‐based CO2 emissions, while the negative shock has neutral effect on consumption‐based CO2 emissions in Denmark.‐. A positive shock in energy productivity enhances the environmental quality, while a negative shock in energy productivity promotes ennvironmental degradation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a body of evidence that financial development contributes to the quality of the environment, either positively or negatively. However, a limited number of studies consider the effect of financial stability or financial risk on environmental degradation. As part of the proposed research, the present study contributes to the existing literature on asymmetric financial stability's impact on Ireland's environmental quality, as a major gap needs to be added to the literature. Based on this aim, the present study explores the effect of financial stability on environmental degradation in Ireland while controlling primary energy consumption, economic growth, and renewable energy in Ireland. The study employs a novel Fourier autoregressive distributed lag model (FARDL) approach for Ireland, covering the period 1990Q1‐2019Q4 with quarterly data. FARDL cointegration test results indicate a long‐term relationship between financial stability, primary energy consumption, renewable energy consumption, and CO2 emissions. The outcomes from the long‐term coefficient estimation model based on the FARDL model reveal that (i) financial stability leads to a decrease in environmental degradation in Ireland; (ii) renewable energy consumption promotes environmental sustainability; (iii) primary energy consumption has a negative effect on Ireland's environmental quality. These results denote that Ireland should enhance financial stability and promote renewable energy to reduce fossil fuel consumption to achieve net‐zero targets by 2050. Ireland to implement long‐term financial stability policies to fill the emission gap and achieve a net zero emissions target by 2050. Specific policy recommendations for Ireland's environmental policies are also discussed in the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the asymmetric and long‐run effects of energy productivity on the quality of the environment in Sweden. It covers the time series data from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4. Sweden was the first country in 1972 to host a United Nations conference on the environment. Unlike other countries in Europe, Sweden is cognizant of an innovative environment; it hopes to achieve 100% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2040 and lead the way towards a low‐carbon community. The novelty of this study lies in the thorough analysis of how energy productivity affects the quality of the environment in Sweden while controlling for economic growth, trade openness, and financial development utilizing the non‐linear ARDL approach and other robust econometric techniques. Precisely, (i) results indicate non‐linear and asymmetric effects of the variables over long‐term horizons; (ii) energy productivity benefits the environment by lowering CO2 emissions (CO2E) in the long term; (iii) a growth in trade openness positively impacts CO2E; (iv) an increase in financial development and economic growth without eco‐friendly protocols contribute to an increase in CO2E. The findings of this study support the economic theory that energy productivity can stimulate green living and green economic growth. We recommend that policymakers in Sweden invest in energy productivity, pursue R&D that embraces cleaner technologies, and prioritize cleaner, cross‐cutting eco‐friendly policies to combat climate challenges and achieve the long‐term climate policy goals of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite Portugal's effort to reduce carbon emissions, the country still emits about 1.6% of the European Union's CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, limited empirical studies have been undertaken in the context of Portugal. As a result, this study examines the asymmetric and long-term impact of CO2 intensity of GDP, energy consumption, renewable energy and economic growth on CO2 emissions in Portugal from 1990 to 2019. The nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) is employed to uncover the asymmetric connection. The findings show that there is nonlinear cointegration among the variables. The long-run estimation reveals a positive change in energy consumption positively affects CO2 emissions, while a negative shock in energy consumption has a neutral effect on CO2 emissions. Furthermore, positive shocks of economic growth and CO2 intensity of GDP enhance environmental deterioration by increasing CO2 emissions. Meanwhile, the negative shock of these regressors positively impacts CO2 emissions. In addition, positive shocks in renewable energy enhance environmental quality, while negative shocks in renewable energy increase environmental deterioration in Portugal. Policymakers should focus on reducing per-unit energy usage and CO2 efficiency gains, which would necessitate a significant reduction in CO2 intensity and energy density of GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical presentation of the NARDL estimator. [Display omitted] • The asymmetric effect of financial stability on environmental quality in Iceland is examined. • Fourier ADL cointegration and non-linear ARDL tests are used. • Financial stability has a negative effect on environmental degradation in Iceland. • Economic growth and energy usage cause to increase carbon emissions. In the last decade, the CO 2 emissions in Iceland continues to relatively decrease; simultaneously, the country has been one of the highly financially stable country in the world. However, Iceland has higher per-capita CO 2 emissions than several other European nations. As a result, the major question arising is, "what are the environmental effect of financial stability in Iceland?" This research scrutinizes the asymmetric effect of financial stability on CO 2 emissions in Iceland. Using the quarterly dataset that span from 1995 to 2019. We employ the nonlinear ARDL and Fourier-based approach to uncover these asymmetric interconnections. The empirical findings of non-linear bound test and Fourier-based approach uncover the evident of cointegration between CO 2 emissions and financial stability and other exogenous variables (such as income, energy use, and trade openness). The outcomes of the NARDL showed that a positive variation in financial stability mitigates CO 2 emissions, whereas negative variation has a neutral impact on CO 2 emissions. Furthermore, the result of other exogenous variables suggested that a positive change in energy use have an increased effects on CO 2 emissions while a negative variation in energy use have mitigating effects on CO 2 emissions. Also, Positive variation in income triggers CO 2 emissions, but a negative variation in income has a neutral effect CO 2 emission. Conversely, a negative variation in trade openness have increased effects on CO 2 emissions, while a positive change in mitigating effects on CO 2 emissions. The Fully modified ordinary least square and Dynamic ordinary least square estimators reveal that energy use and income level increase CO 2 emissions, while trade openness and financial stability mitigate CO 2 emissions. Policymakers in Iceland should focus their significant efforts on enhancing financial stability to encourage environmental innovation, investment, and technology by reducing the negative effect of financial stability. Furthermore, strengthening the trade liberalization policies toward the flow of green goods and services extends the environmental impacts of trade openness in Iceland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Western European countries, many macroeconomic factors that have influenced environmental quality in several studies have been investigated. In this region, no empirical inquiry has explored the relationship between green technologies, renewable electricity, financial development, economic expansion, and eco-quality. To fill this gap, this inquiry is conducted to estimate the role of green technology innovation and green electricity on ecological balance in Western European countries. This study investigates how carbon dioxide emissions (CO2E) may be influenced by its determinants (economic expansion, renewable energy, environmentally friendly technology) through some robust econometric techniques (second-generation panel unit root, Westerlund cointegration, FMOLS, and DOLS). Empirical findings confirm that renewable electricity and environmentally friendly technological innovations reduce CO2E. However, the economic upsurge is positively correlated with CO2E, suggesting that expanding the market has a deterioration effect on environmental quality. Policymakers in this region should allocate more resources to renewable electricity generation capacities and green technologies in order to minimize environmental damage. Further, the promotion of green and low-carbon energy development will contribute to a new form of global environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many European nations, including Spain, are having difficulties achieving their Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) objectives. Resultantly, the current research discusses the development of an SDG framework for Spain, which can be utilized as a model for other EU nations. This research examines whether GDP growth, technological innovation, and energy sources (renewable and non-renewable) have any effect on CO2 emissions utilizing data from 1980 to 2018. The study applied the non-linear ARDL (NARDL) to investigate these interrelations. The outcomes from the NARDL revealed that positive (negative) shocks in renewable energy improve environmental quality in Spain. Furthermore, positive (negative) shocks in technological innovation lead to a decrease (increase) in CO2. Lastly, positive (negative) shocks in energy consumption lead to an increase (decrease) in CO2. The results reveal that Spain is on the right path towards decarburization. This research has important policy ramifications for the policymakers and government of Spain as well as neighbouring countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A plethora of studies have shown that structural change helps nations achieve socioeconomic growth. The influence of structural change on environmental quality, on the other hand, has yet to be thoroughly investigated. As a result, the current study assesses the asymmetric impact of structural change on CO2 emissions while controlling for the effects of economic progress, renewable energy utilization, and nonrenewable energy in Turkey. To this end, this research used yearly data stretching from 1965 to 2019. The study applied several econometric approaches including nonlinear auto-regressive distributed lag (NARDL) and spectral causality to assess these associations. The outcomes from the NARDL reveal that variations in the regressors have a nonlinear influence on CO2 in Turkey. Moreover, the transition in the economy's structure helps to boost ecological quality, while the findings also show that Turkey's current economic progress trajectory is unsustainable due to the country's reliance on fossil fuel-based energy consumption. The outcomes of the spectral causality test also show that structural change can predict CO2 emissions in Turkey at different frequencies. Based on the study findings, the government should encourage investment in the service sector in order to maintain a suitable level of environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability is a pressing global concern that demands urgent attention from policymakers and researchers. The objective of our research is to investigate the influence of economic policy uncertainty (determined by the world uncertainty index) and financial development on carbon emissions, followed by green technological innovation, institutional quality, economic growth, foreign direct investment, energy consumption, and trade in Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development, for the period 2003-2019, to analyse the data, the second-generation econometric techniques are used. We applied the two-stage sequential techniques of the linear panel data model and generalised method of moments approach to tackle the endogeneity problem and report robust findings. The findings of the study revealed that economic policy uncertainty, financial development, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade decrease environmental quality by increasing CO2 emissions, while green technological innovation and institutional quality increase environmental degradation by reducing CO2 emissions. Our evidence-based study provides significant outcomes for green technological innovation and institutional quality conditioning's role in reducing carbon emissions in OECD economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China is one of the largest emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the world. Therefore, it is essential to explore the determinants of CO2 emissions in China. But previous studies so far have not examined how the political risk of this country can affect its CO2 emissions due to the lack of a long-term dataset. Hence, this study aims to capture the effect of political risk on China's CO2 emissions while controlling renewable energy consumption, technological innovation, and the economy's economic growth. We employ Bayer and Hanck cointegration, FMOLS, DOLS, CCR, and frequency domain causality tests to establish the relationship among the variables mentioned above. The outcome of the study reveals that political stability is an important predictor of environmental degradation in China. Moreover, political stability is helpful to lower CO2 emissions, while technological innovation and renewable energy consumption can reduce CO2 emissions, economic growth further deteriorates environmental quality by increasing its carbon emissions. Therefore, the present study recommends that policymakers in China should control political tension in the country to control CO2 emissions and, at the same time, promote technological innovation and renewable energy consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article titled "Do natural gas, oil, and coal consumption ameliorate environmental quality? Empirical evidence from Russia" has been retracted by the publisher due to concerns regarding the compromised peer review process, inappropriate references, nonstandard phrases, and the article not being within the scope of the journal. The authors Zahoor Ahmed and Dervis Kirikkaleli disagree with the retraction, while the publisher has been unable to contact author Muntasir Murshed. Springer Nature, the publisher, remains neutral regarding jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

The number of studies on the relationship between technological innovation and CO2 emissions has gradually increased in recent years, although there is no clear agreement in the literature. Previous research has revealed both positive and negative consequences of technological innovation on the environment. Moreover, most researchers have used linear approaches to explore this connection, which can result in spurious outcomes when nonlinearities exist in the data. According to this background, this research utilizes asymmetric ARDL and spectral causality approaches to assess the asymmetric connection between technological innovation and CO2 emissions in Sweden utilizing data from 1980 to 2018. In addition, the disaggregated asymmetric effects of technological innovation (patent resident and patent nonresident) on CO2 are also captured in this study. The Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed lag (NARDL) results showed that positive (negative) shocks in economic growth enhance environmental quality in Sweden. Furthermore, a positive (negative) shock in technological innovation causes a decrease (increase) in CO2. Similarly, a positive (negative) shock in patent nonresident and residents leads to a decrease (increase) in CO2 emissions in Sweden. The outcomes from the spectral causality revealed that in the medium and long term, aggregate and disaggregate technological innovation can predict CO2 emissions in Sweden. This study has significant policy implications for policymakers and the government in Sweden. Based on these findings, the study suggests that the government of Sweden should investment in technological innovation since it plays a vital role in curbing environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of economic growth, energy consumption, financial development, and industrialization on environmental degradation in 8 selected ASEAN + 3 countries covering the period 1994–2018. The autoregressive distributed lag model pooled mean group was applied to estimate the long run and short relationship. The fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic least squares, and seemingly unrelated regression were applied to check the robustness of pooled mean group. Furthermore, panel Dumitrescu and Hurlin causality test was utilized to explore the causal relationships among the variables. The results of cointegration tests confirm the presence of the long run cointegration relationship. The empirical findings, in the long run, demonstrate that the elasticity of economic growth is negatively interrelated to environmental degradation. The elasticities of energy consumption and financial development showed a positive relationship with environmental degradation. The elasticity of industrialization has a negative connection with environmental degradation. The robustness results show some conflict with the autoregressive distributed lag model pooled mean group results. Dumitrescu Hurlin panel causality demonstrates a bidirectional causality between economic growth and environmental degradation, energy consumption and environmental degradation, and economic growth and energy consumption. These results confirm that energy consumption and financial development harm environmental quality in selected countries through exudating more CO2 emissions in space, while economic growth and industrialization reduce environmental degradation by mitigating exudate CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although numerous studies in the literature have been conducted to model CO2 emissions, there is a lack of empirical knowledge of consumption‐based CO2 emissions, which are adjusted for international trade, specifically. Therefore, the present study aims to close this gap in the literature in the case of Italy, while capturing the asymmetric effect of trade, renewable energy, and economic growth on consumption‐based CO2 emissions. The present study uses the Gregory–Hansen test for cointegration with regime shifts, Markov switching regression, nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL), and frequency domain causality test. The study's outcomes reveal that (1) the asymmetric effect of import on consumption‐based CO2 emissions is positive, implying that rising import is associated with declining consumption‐based environmental quality; (2) export, renewable consumption, and economic growth reduce consumption‐based CO2 emissions in Italy. Moreover, these outcomes are supported by the outcomes of the frequency domain causality test. These innovative insights may prompt policy‐makers to implement eco‐friendly methods, such as renewable energy distribution and environmental innovation, to achieve a greener future. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:784–795. © 2021 SETAC Key Points: Rising import is associated with declining the consumption‐based environmental quality.Export, renewable consumption, and economic growth reduce consumption‐based CO2 emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental degradation stemming from the combustion of conventional energy sources is not only a major factor behind climate change but it also poses an adverse impact on human health. Undoubtedly, fossil fuels are major drivers of economic growth; however, their detrimental environmental impacts are of global concern. In the literature, there is no comprehensive empirical evidence on the linkage between the use of different energy sources and carbon dioxide emissions in the context of Russia, a nation that is ranked third in the list of the top carbon dioxide-emitting global countries. Hence, this paper aims to scrutinize the relationships between oil consumption, natural gas consumption, coal consumption, and carbon dioxide emissions controlling economic growth for Russia over the 1990–2016 period. The findings from the econometric analysis indicate that carbon dioxide emissions in Russia have long-run associations with economic growth and consumption of oil, gas, and coal. The long-run elasticity estimates reveal that economic growth is not directly harming Russia's environmental quality. However, higher oil, gas, and coal consumption degrades environmental quality by boosting the level of carbon dioxide emissions in Russia. In addition, the results from the Granger causality analysis confirm the existence of both long and short-term causal connections among the variables of concern. In line with these findings, several policy recommendations to address the environmental challenges in Russia are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of environmental sustainability to all human aspects has been spiking as the world keeps evolving. Economies around the world are on the move to ensure sustainable economic development and a clean atmosphere through the use of renewable energy sources. Since the end of the nineteenth century, it is recognized that a global mean sea level rise speed about 1.7 ± 0.2 mm/year, but the rate has increased to 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/year. In this study, we investigated the dynamic linkage between average temperature and sea level within the global framework covering 1881 to 2013. The paper employs wavelet analysis to investigate the short-term and long-run causal links between global average temperature anomalies and global sea level. In this respect, our findings indicate that (i) a significant vulnerability in global average temperature and sea level is observed over the selected study period; (ii) global average temperature has considerable power for predicting sea level, particularly in the long-term. The causality test revealed a bi-directional causal relationship between global average temperature and sea level and unidirectional flow from global average temperature to sea level. And the study confirms the "conservation hypothesis," and it has long-run implications for environmental quality. Thus, minimizing global average temperature anomalies is a decisive ingredient for minimizing sea level rise. Based on these outcomes, both developed and developing countries' policymakers should support the Paris agreement (COP21) agreement to control CO2 emissions growth. Policymakers should encourage the usage of environmentally friendly energy sources that will enhance environmental quality and hold the increase in global average temperature below 1.5 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research investigates the drivers of consumption-based carbon emissions in Brazil by using a dataset covering the period between 1990 and 2018. These dynamics were examined by employing the ARDL bounds, DOLS, and gradual shift causality tests. The ARDL long- and short-run estimation outcomes reveal that: (a) renewable energy use stimulates the sustainability of the environment; (b) economic growth increases environmental degradation; and (c) technological innovation enhances the quality of the environment. In addition, the gradual shift causality test results disclosed that renewable energy consumption, economic growth, technological innovation and public-private partnership investment in energy can predict consumption-based carbon emissions in Brazil. Therefore, Brazilian policymakers should actively encourage the R&D of low-carbon technologies and renewable energy consumption. Domestic consumption levels, on the other hand, should be targeted, specifically those that are more energy-intensive and cause a rise in CO2 emissions due to consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a growing number of scholars have employed various proxies of environmental degradation to understand the reasons behind rising environmental degradation. However, very few studies have considered consumption-based carbon emissions, even though a clear understanding of the impact of consumption patterns is essential for redirecting the pattern to more sustainable consumption. Thus, this study takes a step forward by using consumption-based carbon emissions (CCO2) as a proxy of environmental degradation using the novel non-linear ARDL technique for Chilefrom 1990 to 2018. To the best understanding of the investigators, no prior studies have investigated the drivers of consumption-based carbon emissions utilizing non-linear ARDL. The study employed ADF and KSS (non-linear) tests to check the data series' stationary level. Additionally, the symmetric and asymmetric ARDL approaches are utilized to explore cointegration and long-run linkages. According to the results, there is no symmetric cointegration among the variables; however, the empirical estimates reveal a long-run asymmetric connection between the indicators and CCO2 emissions. The novel results from the asymmetric ARDL indicate that negative and positive changes in economic growth deteriorate the quality of the environment. Interestingly, a reduction in economic growth makes a more dominant contribution to environmental degradation. Moreover, positive changes in renewable energy usage improve the quality of Chile's environment, inferring that the country can achieve a reduction in environmental degradation by boosting renewable energy consumption. Surprisingly, the study found that technological innovation is ineffective in reducing consumption-based carbon emissions, which implies that Chile's technological innovation is not directed towards manufacturing green technology. Finally, the policy implications are discussed with respect to reducing consumption-based carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to investigate coal consumption and environmental sustainability in South Africa by examining the role of financial development and globalization by using a dataset covering the period from 1980 to 2017. The study utilized the Auto-regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) approach in addition to the Bayer and Hank combined co-integration, fully modified Ordinary least squares (FMOLS), and Dynamic ordinary least Squares (DOLS). The study further utilized the frequency domain causality test to capture the causal linkage between the series. The advantage of the frequency domain causality is that it can capture causal linkages between series at different periods. The Bayer and Hanck co-integration and ARDL bounds tests reveal co-integration among the series. The empirical findings based on the ARDL long-run estimation reveal that a 1% increase in coal consumption increases environmental degradation by 1.077%, while a 1% increase in financial development decreases the environmental degradation by 0.973%. Furthermore, a 1% increase in economic growth decreases environmental quality by 1.449%. The outcomes of the FMOLS and DOLS approaches also provide supportive evidence for the ARDL long-run results. Furthermore, the results of the frequency domain causality test reveal that at a significance level of 1%, coal consumption Granger causes CO2 emissions at different frequencies, while financial development Granger causes CO2 emissions in the long run and short run at a significance level of 10%. In terms of policy suggestions, South Africa should embrace policies that encourage energy consumers to shift toward renewable energy. Furthermore, financial reforms should be implemented to curb environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study provides a macro-level framework for gender issues and their link to energy policies and environmental quality, in line with the sustainable development goals (SDG). It examines the relationship between environmental sustainability, gender equality in education, energy consumption, and sub-Saharan Africa's income by using cointegration analysis and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method. The study's estimation results are consistent with the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and policy actions suggested by eco-feminist theories in both the short-run and long-run and show that gender equality in education has positively related to environmental sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aim of this paper is to explore the role of globalization on ecological footprint in Turkey while controlling energy consumption, economic growth, and trade openness. To achieve this objective, we employ dual adjustment approach. The main novelty of the dual adjustment approach is that the method offers another path to the cointegration analysis by relaxing the implicit assumption of the singular adjustment in cointegration analysis. The findings clearly reveal that (i) in the long run, globalization impacts ecological footprint positively and (ii) trade openness reduces ecological footprint in the short run, while ecological footprint is negatively affected by GDP growth in both the short and the long run. In terms of policy implications, this study suggests that in order to improve the environmental quality, Turkey should adopt such policies that encourage energy consumers to shift toward renewable energy. Moreover, the government should take necessary steps to diversify the overall energy mix toward renewable energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the relationship between CO2 emissions in China and its prospective determinants, namely economic growth, globalization, financial development, and natural resources during the period from 1980 to 2017. We present more detailed analyses across multiple econometric approaches within a multivariate system, e.g., the Bayer‐Hanck combined cointegration approach, the ARDL bounds test approach, ARDL estimates in short run and long run, robustness check by cointegration regressions (i.e., FMOLS, DOLS, CCR), and Granger causality approach in the frequency domain. Our results show that economic growth and natural resources have a positive impact on CO2 emissions in China, although globalization contributes to improving its environmental quality. Meanwhile, there is no statistical evidence that CO2 emissions in China could be affected by financial development. The causality analysis reveals that globalization, economic growth and natural resources all lead to CO2 emissions in the long run, while financial development only causes the short‐run CO2 emissions, which further demonstrate our findings. Such findings are meaningful for policymakers to achieve the sustainable development in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the asymmetric and long-run effect of energy productivity on the quality of the environment in Finland. Finland, as one of the Nordic countries, is a major contributor to the global drive to achieve decarbonization by 2050. In effect, this study seeks to contribute to the strides by querying the extent to which shocks in energy productivity make or mar the sustainability of the Finland environment from 1990:Q1 to 2019:Q4. The other impacts of financial development, economic growth, and trade openness are considered in the model estimated by using the novel hidden panel cointegration and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) methodology. The results reveal a significant asymmetric equilibrium cointegration relationship among the variables over long-run time horizons; energy productivity utilization enhances the quality of the environment in Finland over the long run while trade openness, financial development, and economic growth contribute to environmental degradation in Finland in the long term. In particular, a 1% positive and negative fluctuation in energy productivity lowers carbon emissions by 1.79442% and 0.84799% in the long term. Whereas 1% change in trade openness, financial development, and economic growth trigger CO 2 emissions (CO 2 E) by 1.15298%, 0.271365%, and 2.93402% in Finland's economies. The results of the frequency domain causality model corroborate the NARDL results. On the basis of these empirical findings, this study suggests that policymakers in Finland should consider the asymmetric behavior among these variables in setting their trade, environmental, growth, and energy policies. [Display omitted] • The effect of energy productivity on environmental degradation in Finland is examined. • Nonlinear ARDL, Fourier ADL cointegration and frequnecy domain causality tests are employed. • Energy productivity leads to lower environmental degradation in Finland. • Energy productivity causes environmental sustainability at different frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic since the end of 2019 has forced an unprecedented lockdown worldwide, and environmental quality was significantly affected by the pandemic and its induced lockdown. The objective of this study is to examine the role of renewable energy, non-renewable energy and COVID-19 case on CO 2 emission in the context of United Kingdom. Several non-linear techniques such as Fourier ADL cointegration test, Non-Linear ARDL, Markov switching regression, and Breitung and Candelon (BC) causality test are employed to attain this objective. The result reveals that there is long run cointegration among the variables in this study. The results demonstrate that positive (negative) shift in renewable energy development decrease (increase) CO 2 emissions while positive (negative) shocks in fossil fuel energy increase CO 2 emissions. Moreover, negative (positive) variation in COVID case leads to a decrease (increase) in CO 2 emissions. Moreover, an uni-directional causal impact was found to run from all the variables – renewable energy, fossil fuel, and COVID-19 case to CO 2 emissions. Finally, several policy recommendations are provided. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The recent historical increase in energy-related CO 2 emissions globally have put the United States of America's (USA) transportation sector in the spotlight, courtesy of the significantly high pollutant emissions from this particular sector. Taking a cue from this, this paper follows sustainable development goals of the United Nations, and investigates the impact of biomass energy consumption, fossil fuel energy consumption, and economic growth (GDP) on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions in the transportation sector of the USA. In doing so, this study also employs the Gregory-Hansen cointegration, Hatemi-J cointegration, cointegration regression (FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR), and Spectral Breitung-Candelon causality test for the period between 1981Q1 and 2019Q4. The findings reveal that (i) a significant nonlinear cointegration among the environmental quality determinants is observed, using the threshold cointegration test. This test determines the structural breaks endogenously and combines two cointegration tests, namely the Gregory-Hansen Cointegration and Hatemi-J Cointegration tests; (ii) while the use of biomass energy consumption and real GDP have a negative effect on CO 2 emissions in the transportation sector, the rising fossil fuel energy consumption is associated with increasing the CO 2 emissions that are stemming from the transportation sector; (iii) in the long-run, biomass energy consumption, fossil fuel energy consumption, and real GDP cause CO 2 emissions to stem from the transportation sector in the USA at different frequency levels. In general, the current study offers policy insights for the transportation sector of the USA and other similar economies that replicate the same conditions. Image 1 • We explore the driving forces of CO 2 emissions in the transport sector for the USA. • We employ advanced time series econometric techniques for empirical analysis. • Biomass energy and real GDP help to mitigate CO 2 emissions in the transport sector. • Fossil fuel energy has a positive impact on CO 2 emissions in the transport sector. • All variables have a causative relationship with CO 2 emissions in the long-run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of global climate change and environmental degradation, an urgent action on a global scale is required to decarbonize the energy sector. From fossil fuel to renewables, energy efficiency and technological advancement are the most important factors responsible for an effective energy transformation. The present study investigates the magnitude of mitigating role of energy efficiency (EE), renewable energy (REC), technological advancement (ENVTECH) on Ecological footprint (ECFP) for the sixteen high-income economies of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) over the period of 1990–2020 by employing various econometric estimations such as panel co-integration, Augmented Mean Group, Common Correlated Mean Group, Random effect, Fixed effect and Mean Group estimation techniques. Moreover, the role of gross domestic product (GDPP) is also observed as a proxy for economic growth. The empirical findings reveal that EE, REC, and ENVTECH improve environmental quality, whereas GDPP is a carrier of environmental degradation in the selected economies. Interestingly, energy efficiency holds the leading position among all observed factors to decarbonize and effectually transform the energy sector to greener production and consumption in the presence of environmentally friendly advancements in technology. The robustness tests results also support the findings of our basic empirical output. Furthermore, a unidirectional causality running from REC, GDPP, and ENVTECH to ECFP, whereas, a bi-directional causality between EE and ECFP is also validated. Any change in these factors will granger cause ECFP. The findings are of significant consequences as the selected OECD economies are expected to gain from energy transition to renewables enabled by energy efficiency and enhancement of environment-friendly technology in the near future. • The role of energy efficiency is evaluated for ecological footprints. • Updated data from 1990 to 2020 is employed via panel methods. • Energy efficiency and renewable energy curb emissions. • Environmental technology also promotes less emissions. • Transition to renewable energy with efficiency is encourage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the role of fiscal decentralization cannot be overlooked in tracking sustainable development goals targets of a clean environment and climate mitigation, it is inevitable to understand the comprehensive picture of its link with environmental quality. Unlike past studies, this study investigates the combined influence of energy prices and non-linear fiscal decentralization on carbon emissions in the presence of institutional quality and gross domestic product in the model. It employed advanced econometric panel techniques on data from 1990 to 2018 for the top seven fiscally decentralized Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) nations, including Spain, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, Australia, and Canada. The main outcomes are as follows: first, a cointegrating equilibrium link is existent among the study variables. Second, the linear term of fiscal decentralization promotes carbon emissions, while the non-linear term mitigates it. It verified the inverted U-shaped curve between fiscal decentralization and carbon emissions. Third, increasing energy prices for non-renewable energy decrease carbon emission due to a substitution effect. Among other explanatory variables, improvement in the quality of institutions decreases carbon emissions, while the gross domestic product increases it. These findings suggest strengthening fiscal decentralization, lowering non-renewable energy prices, and improving institutional quality to check the deteriorating environmental quality in the study sample and other worldwide regions. • Employed Westerlund cointegration and found long-run equilibrium association. • Applied CS-ARDL and AMG techniques to obtain the influence estimates. • Linear (non-linear) fiscal decentralization promoted (reduced) carbon emissions. • Fiscal decentralization presented an inverted U-shaped association with carbon emissions. • Energy prices and institutional quality mitigated carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]