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The use of environmental protection policies has developed considerably over the last two decades and has generated a prolific literature. This study examines the impact of environmental policies on environmental quality for a panel of 36 OECD countries over the period from 1994 to 2018. To do this, we use matching and double‐difference methods. This enabled us to find a causal link between the environmental tax and CO2 emissions in the manufacturing and transport sectors. Furthermore, by estimating our model using fixed effects techniques, Driscoll and Kraay, Lewbel 2SLS and Quantiles, we obtained the result demonstrating that the environmental tax contributes to reducing CO2 emissions from the transport and manufacturing sectors. On the basis of these results, we suggest that taxes should be strengthened quantitatively and qualitatively in order to better target sectors known to be highly polluting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to analyse the effects of environmental quality and environmental regulations on the exports of sub‐Saharan African countries. Adopting the pollution haven hypothesis as a theoretical framework, we use a gravity model enriched by environmental variables. Our main results indicate that it is the environmental quality of sub‐Saharan African (SSA) countries, as measured by the Environmental Performance Index, and the differences in environmental quality between a country and its partner that constitute a barrier to SSA exports. It therefore appears important for SSA countries to integrate the environmental factor into their policies to improve the competitiveness of their exports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We test how ICT affects environmental quality in Sub-Saharan Africa. • ICT has a positive direct effect on CO 2 emissions. • ICT has an indirect effect on CO 2 emissions through energy consumption, trade openness and financial development. • The total effect of ICT on CO 2 emissions is positive. • Improvements in energy efficiency and adoption of green technologies could mitigate the effect of ICT on CO 2 emissions. This paper contributes to the literature on the relationship between information and communication technologies (ICT) and environmental quality. Despite a growing attention on the topic, existing studies have not yet investigated the channels through which ICT affects the environment. We use an extended Stochastic Impact by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology model to estimate both the effect and the transmission channels of ICT on CO 2 emissions in 21Sub-Saharan African countries from 1996 to 2014. The empirical results show that ICT use - measured by mobile phone and internet penetrations - significantly stimulates CO 2 emissions. Moreover, the mediation analysis reveals that ICT does not only have a direct positive effect on CO 2 emissions, but also an indirect positive effect through its effect on energy consumption and financial development and an indirect negative effect through trade openness. However, the total effect is positive and indicates that ICT worsens environmental quality in SSA. Finally, we find an environmental Kuznets curve between economic growth and CO 2 emissions. To mitigate the adverse effects of ICT on environmental quality, governments should design policies to improve energy efficiency, promote the use of renewable energy and provide financial incentives for green technology development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]