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2. Expert assessment of future vulnerability of the global peatland carbon sink

Author

Sofie Sjögersten, Jurek Müller, Jonathan E. Nichols, J. C. Benavides, Claudia A Mansilla, Atte Korhola, A. Hedgpeth, Alison M. Hoyt, J. B. West, Philip Camill, Gusti Z. Anshari, Thomas Kleinen, Sari Juutinen, Kari Minkkinen, Fortunat Joos, Angela V. Gallego-Sala, Alice M. Milner, Mariusz Gałka, Sarah A. Finkelstein, F. De Vleeschouwer, Dan J. Charman, Zicheng Yu, Julie Talbot, Oliver Sonnentag, Claire C. Treat, Jonathan A. O'Donnell, Patrick Moss, Tuula Larmola, Matthew J. Amesbury, Lydia E.S. Cole, Graeme T. Swindles, Thomas P. Roland, Michelle Garneau, Mariusz Lamentowicz, David Large, Jeffrey P. Chanton, Annalea Lohila, Steve Frolking, Susan Page, Jianghua Wu, Anne Quillet, Michel Bechtold, Richard J. Payne, Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake, A. C. Valach, Jerome Blewett, Tim R. Moore, N. T. Girkin, Miriam C. Jones, Laure Gandois, Karl Kaiser, Torben R. Christensen, Terri Lacourse, W. Swinnen, S. van Bellen, M. A. Davies, Jens Leifeld, Julie Loisel, Gabriel Magnan, Minna Väliranta, Sakonvan Chawchai, A. B. K. Sannel, David W. Beilman, Sanna Piilo, Michael Philben, Victor Brovkin, Andreas Heinemeyer, Bernhard David A Naafs, Jill L. Bubier, Lorna I. Harris, Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Helsinki Institute of Urban and Regional Studies (Urbaria), Helsinki Institute of Sustainability Science (HELSUS), Environmental Change Research Unit (ECRU), Biosciences, Department of Forest Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Kari Minkkinen / Principal Investigator, Forest Ecology and Management, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
1171 Geosciences, Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, [SDE.MCG]Environmental Sciences/Global Changes, Climate change, SEA-LEVEL RISE, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, 03 medical and health sciences, TROPICAL PEATLANDS, METHANE EMISSIONS, Ecosystem, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 1172 Environmental sciences, 030304 developmental biology, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, ACCUMULATION, 0303 health sciences, GREENHOUSE-GAS EMISSIONS, NITROGEN DEPOSITION, CLIMATE-CHANGE, business.industry, Environmental resource management, Carbon sink, Expert elicitation, NUTRIENT ADDITION, 15. Life on land, [SDE.ES]Environmental Sciences/Environmental and Society, PERMAFROST CARBON, Earth system science, Environmental sciences, 13. Climate action, Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, ecology, business, Social Sciences (miscellaneous), STORAGE
Abstract

Peatlands are impacted by climate and land-use changes, with feedback to warming by acting as either sources or sinks of carbon. Expert elicitation combined with literature review reveals key drivers of change that alter peatland carbon dynamics, with implications for improving models. The carbon balance of peatlands is predicted to shift from a sink to a source this century. However, peatland ecosystems are still omitted from the main Earth system models that are used for future climate change projections, and they are not considered in integrated assessment models that are used in impact and mitigation studies. By using evidence synthesized from the literature and an expert elicitation, we define and quantify the leading drivers of change that have impacted peatland carbon stocks during the Holocene and predict their effect during this century and in the far future. We also identify uncertainties and knowledge gaps in the scientific community and provide insight towards better integration of peatlands into modelling frameworks. Given the importance of the contribution by peatlands to the global carbon cycle, this study shows that peatland science is a critical research area and that we still have a long way to go to fully understand the peatland-carbon-climate nexus.

Published
2021
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3. The potential of biomarker proxies to trace climate, vegetation, and biogeochemical processes in peat : a review

Author

Erin L McClymont, Jerome Blewett, Shucheng Xie, Richard D. Pancost, Gordon N. Inglis, Bernhard David A Naafs, Vittoria Lauretano, and Richard P. Evershed

Subjects
Global and Planetary Change, Biogeochemical cycle, Peat, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Earth science, Biogeochemistry, 020206 networking & telecommunications, 02 engineering and technology, 15. Life on land, Oceanography, 01 natural sciences, Diagenesis, 13. Climate action, 0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering, Biomarker (medicine), Environmental science, Peat formation, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Molecular fossils (biomarkers) are abundant in organic rich natural archives such as peats and lignites (fossilized peat), where their distribution is governed by their biological source, environmental factors, such as temperature and pH, and diagenetic reactions. As a result, biomarkers in peat have become an important toolto study past variations in vegetation, environment and climate in terrestrial settings, as well as biogeochemistry on time-scales of hundreds to millions of years ago. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the controls on biomarker distributions, especially those derived from microorganisms and peat- forming plants, allowing for example, the quantification of past temperature and vegetation history during peat formation. Herein, we provide a review of a range of commonly applied biomarker proxies in peats, discuss the latest proxy developments, and explore the potential of using biomarkers in peat and lignite as paleoenvironmental proxies. We provide a framework for biomarker analyses in peat and identify possible future research directions.

Published
2019
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4. Dark carbon fixation in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone contributes to sedimentary organic carbon (SOM)

Author

Darci Rush, Jan Peter Mayser, Sabine K. Lengger, Richard D. Pancost, Mike S. M. Jetten, Stefan Schouten, Rachel Schwartz-Narbonne, Jack J. Middelburg, Jerome Blewett, Helen M. Talbot, Jaap S. Sinninghe Damsté, Geochemistry, Organic geochemistry, and Organic geochemistry & molecular biogeology

Subjects
Chemoautotrophy, 0106 biological sciences, Biochemical oxygen demand, Atmospheric Science, Biogeochemical cycle, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Oxygen minimum zone, 01 natural sciences, Carbon cycle, Anammox, Environmental Science(all), Environmental Chemistry, Organic matter, Stable isotopes, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, General Environmental Science, Total organic carbon, chemistry.chemical_classification, Global and Planetary Change, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Carbon fixation, chemistry, Ecological Microbiology, Environmental chemistry, Oxygen minimum zones, Environmental science, Carbon
Abstract

In response to rising CO2 concentrations and increasing global sea surface temperatures, oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), or “dead zones”, are expected to expand. OMZs are fueled by high primary productivity, resulting in enhanced biological oxygen demand at depth, subsequent oxygen depletion, and attenuation of remineralization. This results in the deposition of organic carbon‐rich sediments. Carbon drawdown is estimated by biogeochemical models; however, a major process is ignored: carbon fixation in the mid‐ and lower water column. Here, we show that chemoautotrophic carbon fixation is important in the Arabian Sea OMZ; and manifests in a 13C‐depleted signature of sedimentary organic carbon. We determined the δ13C values of Corg deposited in close spatial proximity but over a steep bottom‐water oxygen gradient, and the δ13C composition of biomarkers of chemoautotrophic bacteria capable of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox). Isotope mixing models show that detritus from anammox bacteria or other chemoautotrophs likely forms a substantial part of the organic matter deposited within the Arabian Sea OMZ (~17%), implying that the contribution of chemoautotrophs to settling organic matter is exported to the sediment. This has implications for the evaluation of past, and future, OMZs: biogeochemical models that operate on the assumption that all sinking organic matter is photosynthetically derived, without new addition of carbon, could significantly underestimate the extent of remineralization. Oxygen demand in oxygen minimum zones could thus be higher than projections suggest, leading to a more intense expansion of OMZs than expected.

Published
2019

6. Author Correction: Expert assessment of future vulnerability of the global peatland carbon sink

Author

J. Müller, Susan Page, Alice M. Milner, Lydia E.S. Cole, Jianghua Wu, P. Camill, Claire C. Treat, Jonathan A. O'Donnell, N. T. Girkin, Graeme T. Swindles, Thomas P. Roland, Lorna I. Harris, Minna Väliranta, Torben R. Christensen, Oliver Sonnentag, Gusti Z. Anshari, Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake, Tuula Larmola, Gabriel Magnan, A. B. K. Sannel, Julie Loisel, Richard J. Payne, Sakonvan Chawchai, F. De Vleeschouwer, Jerome Blewett, Julie Talbot, Sanna Piilo, David W. Beilman, Michael Philben, Michelle Garneau, Patrick Moss, J. B. West, Anne Quillet, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Jonathan E. Nichols, Sarah A. Finkelstein, Miriam C. Jones, Andreas Heinemeyer, Zicheng Yu, Fortunat Joos, Terri Lacourse, W. Swinnen, M. A. Davies, Tim R. Moore, Laure Gandois, Annalea Lohila, Victor Brovkin, Bernhard David A Naafs, Jeffrey P. Chanton, S. van Bellen, Jens Leifeld, Jill L. Bubier, Alex C. Valach, David Large, Kari Minkkinen, Sofie Sjögersten, Claudia A Mansilla, Atte Korhola, Michel Bechtold, Matthew J. Amesbury, J. C. Benavides, A. Hedgpeth, Thomas Kleinen, Sari Juutinen, Alison M. Hoyt, Steve Frolking, Karl Kaiser, Dan J. Charman, Angela V. Gallego-Sala, and Mariusz Gałka

Subjects
Peat, business.industry, Climate system, Environmental resource management, Vulnerability, Carbon sink, Environmental science, Environmental Science (miscellaneous), business, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract

In the version of this Analysis originally published, the following affiliation for A. Lohila was missing: ‘Finnish Meteorological Institute, Climate System Research, Helsinki, Finland’. This affiliation has now been added, and subsequent affiliations renumbered accordingly, in the online versions of the Analysis.

Published
2021
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7. Introducing global peat-specific temperature and pH calibrations based on brGDGT bacterial lipids

Author

Angela V. Gallego-Sala, Mariusz Gałka, Frank M. Chambers, E.N. Honorio Coronado, Sarah J. Feakins, Fatima Laggoun-Défarge, Paul D.M. Hughes, Erin L McClymont, Mari Könönen, Rob Marchant, Mariusz Lamentowicz, Yanhong Zheng, A. D. Cohen, Ali Pourmand, Xabier Pontevedra-Pombal, Arnaud Huguet, Dennis Del Castillo Torres, Jerome Blewett, Richard D. Pancost, Camilo Ponton, F. De Vleeschouwer, A. M. Rizzuti, Matthew J. Amesbury, Richard P. Evershed, M. A. Burrows, Laure Gandois, Richard Bindler, Outi Lähteenoja, Gordon N. Inglis, Judith Schellekens, Harald Biester, Patrick G. Hatcher, Line Rochefort, Bernhard David A Naafs, D. M. Gray, Organic Geochemistry Unit - OGU (Bristol, United Kingdom), University of Bristol [Bristol], Cabot Institute, State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwestern Polytechnical University [Xi'an] (NPU), Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Institut für Umweltgeochemie, Umeå University, Australian National University (ANU), Instituto de Investigaciones de la Amazonía Peruana (IIAP), Centre for Environmental Change and Quaternary Research, University of Gloucestershire (Cheltenham, GB), Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences [Columbia], University of South Carolina [Columbia], Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (ECOLAB), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Pinelands Field Station, Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Norfolk, Old Dominion University [Norfolk] (ODU), Palaeoecology Laboratory, University of Southampton, Milieux Environnementaux, Transferts et Interactions dans les hydrosystèmes et les Sols (METIS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Department of Forest Sciences [Helsinki], Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry [Helsinki], University of Helsinki-University of Helsinki, Institut des Sciences de la Terre d'Orléans - UMR7327 (ISTO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM), Biogéosystèmes Continentaux - UMR7327, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Department of Biology, University of Turku, University of Turku, University of York [York, UK], Departamento de Edafoloxía e Química Agrícola, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela [Spain] (USC ), Department of Earth Sciences [USC Los Angeles], University of Southern California (USC), Division of Marine Geology & Geophysics, University of Miami, University of Miami [Coral Gables], Department of Chemistry, Claflin University, Claflin University, Peatland Ecology Research Group, Centre for Northern Studies - Université Laval, Department of Soil Science, University of São Paulo, University of São Paulo (USP), ANR-2011-JS56-006-01 'PARAD'CNPq project 482815/2011-6, ANR-11-LABX-0010,DRIIHM / IRDHEI,Dispositif de recherche interdisciplinaire sur les Interactions Hommes-Milieux(2011), European Project: 340923,EC:FP7:ERC,ERC-2013-ADG,TGRES(2014), Department of Forest Sciences, Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Institut Ecologie et Environnement (INEE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki-Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki, Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université d'Orléans (UO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) (BRGM)-Observatoire des Sciences de l'Univers en région Centre (OSUC), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)

Subjects
1171 Geosciences, Peat, Peatland, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, MARINE-SEDIMENTS, ta1172, BRANCHED GDGTS, ta1171, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, TIBETAN PLATEAU, Degree (temperature), Geochemistry and Petrology, CLIMATE VARIABILITY, Soil pH, Calibration, Organic matter, LATE HOLOCENE, Glacial period, [SDU.ENVI]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Continental interfaces, environment, Holocene, 1172 Environmental sciences, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, chemistry.chemical_classification, Hydrology, GDGT, GE, FRENCH PEATLAND, WESTERN-EUROPE, MEMBRANE-LIPIDS, Biomarker, 15. Life on land, calibration, ORGANIC-MATTER, lignite, chemistry, 13. Climate action, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Environmental chemistry, Soil water, DIALKYL GLYCEROL TETRAETHERS, Environmental science, biomarker, peatland
Abstract

Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) are membrane-spanning lipids from Bacteria and Archaea that are ubiquitous in a range of natural archives and especially abundant in peat. Previous work demonstrated that the distribution of bacterial branched GDGTs (brGDGTs) in mineral soils is correlated to environmental factors such as mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and soil pH. However, the influence of these parameters on brGDGT distributions in peat is largely unknown. Here we investigate the distribution of brGDGTs in 470 samples from 96 peatlands around the world with a broad mean annual air temperature (-8 to 27 degrees C) and pH (3-8) range and present the first peat-specific brGDGT-based temperature and pH calibrations. Our results demonstrate that the degree of cyclisation of brGDGTs in peat is positively correlated with pH, pH = 2.49 x CBTpeat + 8.07 (n = 51, R-2 = 0.58, RMSE = 0.8) and the degree of methylation of brGDGTs is positively correlated with MAAT, MAAT(peat) (degrees C) = 52.18 x MBT'(5me) - 23.05 (n = 96, R-2 = 0.76, RMSE = 4.7 degrees C). These peat-specific calibrations are distinct from the available mineral soil calibrations. In light of the error in the temperature calibration (similar to 4.7 degrees C), we urge caution in any application to reconstruct late Holocene climate variability, where the climatic signals are relatively small, and the duration of excursions could be brief. Instead, these proxies are well-suited to reconstruct large amplitude, longer-term shifts in climate such as deglacial transitions. Indeed, when applied to a peat deposit spanning the late glacial period (similar to 15.2 kyr), we demonstrate that MAAT(peat) yields absolute temperatures and relative temperature changes that are consistent with those from other proxies. In addition, the application of MAAT(peat) to fossil peat (i.e. lignites) has the potential to reconstruct terrestrial climate during the Cenozoic. We conclude that there is clear potential to use brGDGTs in peats and lignites to reconstruct past terrestrial climate. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2017
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