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Coal spoil-heaps cause man-made pressure on the environment of the coal mining area. Coal mining, and in recent years the mass closure of mines has been accompanied by a negative impact on natural objects and engineering structures - the basements of houses and buildings are flooded, walls and wooden fences rot, crops, trees and bushes are destroyed. Reclamation is carried out on spoil-heaps of coal mines to reduce man-made pressure. However, in the process of rock dumping on the spoil-heaps a neorelief begins to emerge causing the vegetation development. The emergence of vegetation groups is a positive phenomenon, as phytomass decomposition promotes the formation of humus. The development of vegetation on the surface of coal spoil-heaps is called vegetative reclamation or phytomelioration. Efficiency of vegetative reclamation is calculated in points and is an indicator of the suitability of a particular man-made object for natural overgrowth. The aim of the work is to establish the features of spatial arrangement of plants in populations on the surface of coal spoil-heaps. It is established that on the coal spoil-heaps, as well as in natural conditions, vegetation tends to aggregate, thus forming phytogenic fields. It should be noted that at different stages of successions, phytogenic fields are formed in different ways. Monocentric phytogenic field arises on the waste heaps during the syngenetic stage of succession. The initial endecogenetic stage of succession provides the formation of phytogenic fields of two types. The first type is the initial polycentric phytogenic field. It is characterized by the ability to combine several individuals of the same species. The second type is a mature polycentric phytogenic field. It is characterized by higher resistance, and plant community is already able to convert geoprocesses. The mature endoecogenic stage of succession is characterized by the development and expansion of tree species, and the phytogenic field is acentric and global. This kind of phytogenic fields is found on tailings with artificial vegetative reclamation.

Objective of the study is to research peculiarities of phytogenic fields formation of natural and artificial plantations of shrub and ruderal vegetation on coal mining waste heaps within the Novovolynsk mining area (Ukraine). The biometric analysis of the growth of artificial plantations on tailings has been carried out applying forest inventory methodology, which involves laying temporary experimental areas, measuring the diameter of tree species at a height of 1.3 m, the total height of trees and the parameters of crowns. Variation was applied to study the spatial structure of vegetation on reclaimed and damped waste heaps. The models of artificial phytocenoses and ameliorants on waste heaps of coal mines, which are formed during forest reclamation, have been described. The paper presents an analysis of forest inventory characteristics of the crops phytocenosis on waste heaps. The spatial structure of phytogenic fields basing on variation of the most common species in natural and artificial plantations on waste heaps has been established. This allows us to select an assortment of species to conduct effective vegetative reclamation on the surface of tailings. The article presents result of studies on the formation of phytogenic fields on waste heaps of coal mines, which presuppose formation of aggregations. It has been proved that formation of phytogenic fields is inextricably connected with vegetative reclamation. The conducted research of the origin and distribution of phytogenic fields makes it possible to assess the degree of suitability of tailings for afforestation, regardless of the country in which they are formed. Research of phytogenic fields on tailings and waste heaps of coal mines will improve bioindication research methodology for studying forest crops on their surface and suggest innovative methods of handling. In particular, it is possible to raise the level of environmental safety and aesthetics of the devastated territories, and to reduce cost of vegetative reclamation.

Екологічна небезпека шахтних породних відвалів в умовах урбанізованого середовища є високою. Для її оцінювання у кожному конкретному випадку потрібно проводити екологічний моніторинг для розроблення природоохоронних заходів з мінімізації негативних їх чинників. Наголошено на чинниках, які призводять до самозаймання вугільних відвалів, та на підставі наукових джерел детально описано хімізм досліджуваних процесів. Окиснення і горіння породних відвалів супроводжується значним виділенням водяної пари, яка є мінералоутворюючим середовищем для більшої частини мінералів: сульфатів, гідрокарбонатів, карбонатів, фосфатів, арсенатів. Окрім цього, внаслідок окиснення виділяється вуглекислота, нітроген оксид (IV), який з водою утворює нітратну кислоту. У разі нестачі кисню в осередках горіння в парогазових викидах міститися сірководень, вуглеводні, амоніак, оксид карбону (II). Акцентовано увагу на тому, що важливе значення в процесах окиснення належить сірці. Окиснення вугілля посилюється на дрібних частинках, через збільшення площі поверхні, що доступна для окиснення. Висвітлено, що найнадійнішим способом захисту від самозаймання вугільних відвалів є створення на їх поверхні рослинного покриву. Процес формування рослинного покриву є дуже важливим, адже при цьому відбувається як накопичення важких металів у рослинах, так і зв'язування субстрату їхніми коренями й кореневищами, що зменшує процес вивітрювання та вимивання породи, яка містить велику кількість важких металів. Встановлено показники температури займання та самозаймання зразків деревних порід відвалів вугільних шахт згідно з ДСТУ8829:2019. Дослідження показників займання та самозаймання твердих речовин і матеріалів здійснювали у весняний та літній періоди. Досліджуваними об'єктами були проби листя та деревина з терикону шахти Нововолинського гірничопромислового району (Волинська область, м. Нововолинськ). Встановлено, що для сосни звичайної температура займання становить: +225 °C, а самозаймання +475 °C. Температура займання берези повислої +260 °C, дуба звичайного +275 °C, козячої верби +280 °C, температура самозаймання – берези повислої +470 °C, дуба звичайного +475 °C, верби козячої +473 °C. Температура займання берези повислої, дуба звичайного, верби козячої ніж сосни звичайної робить їх перспективними породами дерев для запобігання самозайманню вугільних відвалів.

Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus(Jacq. ex Fr.)P. Kumm.) is involved in the destruction of dead wood which is the main place of settlement of several living organisms.After humification, dead wood also becomes an important component of forest soils.The purpose of the research is to study temperature and moisture conditions of extensive cultivation of oyster mushrooms on various wood substrates.To accomplish this goal, the following tasks were set: to determine the amount of effective stress temperatures and moisture content of substrates and their influence on the appearance of fruiting bodies of the oyster mushroom;to study the featuresof the extensive cultivation of oyster mushrooms on the tree stumps of cutover areas, in the hollows of broadleaved trees, using brushwood, on inoculated log sections in trenches, on log sections ofdead dry trees. The oyster mushroom fruiting bodies collected in the suburban forest formed the basis of the experiment on the inoculation of different types of substrates.The inoculation of the log sections was carried with a relative air humidity of 85%, the process of overgrowing lasted from 2 to 3 months.The edaphic-climatic factors of different types of space -closed and open -were taken into account.The amountof effective temperatures necessary for the development of fruiting bodies has been determined. It was foundthat the intensive growth of the mushroom fruiting bodies begins after a sharp cooling (a drop in night temperatures to 4-8 ° C), which causes a stressful state of the mushroom. The amountof the effective stress temperatures is4.6 ° C. Long-term phenological observations have revealedthat the amountof the effective temperatures in the spring is 76.4 ° C, and in the autumn-59.4 ° C. The duration of fruiting of oyster mushroom on log sectionsof hardwoodsis 14 days in springand 17 days in autumn longer than on softwoods blocks. It was foundthat the biomass of the fruiting bodies is directly dependent on the thickness of the log section, and,therefore,it is recommended to use log sectionsranging from 35 cm to 50 cm in diameter and up to 30 cm in length.

The results of the research showed that hydromorphous soils prevail on the territories adjoined to waste heaps. Swampy meadow and sod soils were defined. During investigation of swampy meadow soils it was determined that the soil is humused at a considerable depth. The soils are saturated with the bases. According to granulometric texture it is sandy loam soils, but with depth go to the middle loamy soils. The analysis for labile forms of heavy metals showed that in these soils the content of investigated heavy metals does not exceed the maximum allowable concentrations, except for lead. The amount of humus in sod soils sharply decreases with depth, the reaction is close to neutral. This soil is of slightly heavier granulometric texture. The content of labile forms of heavy metals doesn’t exceed MACs, except for lead.