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The expansive soil has serious impact due to its unstable volumetric behaviour when it undergoes seasonal variations. In order to utilise the problematic expansive soil for any kind of work it needs to alter the behaviour of soil by stabilisation using addition of admixtures. From the economical point of view using industrial waste materials is the cost-effective technique. In this work the selection of industrial waste materials which comes from tile manufacturing such as Tile Waste Powder (TWP) and Foundry Sand (FS) outcome of metal casting industries as an admixture. The Tiles Waste Powder has the nature to improve the compaction behaviour of expansive soil because of its high lime content and Foundry sand are used to develop the strength behaviour of problematic soil due to the presence rich silica content. In this paper, untreated soil got treated using the different proportions such as 5,10, 15,20 and 25% of Tile waste powder and their corresponding the compaction and strength characteristics of the soil sample were determined under different curing periods. Also the tests have been conducted for optimum percentage of tile waste mixed along with varying percentage of Foundry Sand (4, 6, 8, 10 and 12%) in soil sample. The results was obtained from the standard proctor test, UCC and CBR test and it further analysis shows that the increasing the proportion of TWP rises the peak strength of the treated soil up to 20% for the maximum 28 days curing. Also, from the result analysis for the combination of FS and TWP by optimum percentage of Tiles Waste Powder (20%) with 12% of Foundry sand shows the increment in the strength characteristics of soil. The TWP and Foundry Sand can be effectively used in stabilization works in order to utilise the waste by effective minimization of disposal problems.

Agriculture plays the major role in economics and survival of people in India. The purpose of this project is to provide embedded based system for soil monitoring and irrigation to reduce the manual monitoring of the field and get the information via mobile application. The system is proposed to help the farmers to increase the agricultural production. The soil is tested using various sensors such as pH sensor, temperature sensor, and humidity sensor. Based on the result, the farmers can cultivate the appropriate crop that suits the soil. The obtained sensor values are sent to the field manager through the Wi-Fi router and the crop suggestion is made through the mobile application. Automatic irrigation system is carried out when the soil temperature is high. Crop image is captured and it is sent to the field manager to suggest pesticides.

Since ancient times, a number of stabilization methods are being used to improve soil properties. Various studies have been carried out on expansive soil after stabilization with additives such as cement, lime, cement kiln dust, rice husk ash etc. which shown promising results. Now-a-days easily available industrial by-products are used for the enrichment of soil properties. In present study, effects of stabilizing agents like Phosphogypsum (PG) and Flyash (FA) have been studied for strength improvement in varying percentages. This paper describes a study carried out to check the improvements in the properties of soil with phosphogypsum in various percentages (i.e., 2, 4 and 6%) with fixed quantity of flyash (5%). The unconfined compression test (UCC) and microstructure analysis of the soil with different percentage of additives were determined separately after curing the specimens for 3 days and 7 days. Strength of stabilised soil is increase with increased amount of stabiliser and curing periods. Expansive soils were been a tough task for Civil Engineers in the design and construction of Infrastructure projects. The major problems with clays, including low strength and high compressibility, can cause severe damage to civil engineering structures and can lead to very serious economic loss and environmental hazards. Therefore, these soils must be treated before commencing the construction operation to achieve desired properties. This has led to the development of soil stabilization techniques. Since the nature and properties of natural soil vary widely, a suitable stabilization technique has to be adopted for a particular situation after considering the soil properties. The chemical technique is a common soil stabilization approach, since it produces a better quality soil with higher strength and durability than mechanical and physical techniques. In many countries of the world, stabilization of soils is especially done if locally available natural/industrial resources are available. The use of Phosphogypsum (PG) and Flyash (FA) in soil stabilization can lead to low-cost construction and can provide an environmentally friendly means of their disposal and also enhance the engineering properties of soil. Phosphogypsum is a by-product in the wet process for manufacture of phosphoric acid (ammonium phosphate fertilizer) by the action of sulphuric acid on the rock phosphate. Flyash is one of the residues generated during the combustion of pulverized coal and is transported from the combustion chamber by exhaust gases. Flyash is mainly used as stabilizer considering its construction potential as a pozzolanic material. In this paper, the study is aimed to investigate the strength and the microstructure of treated clay using unconfined compressive strength test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. II. LITERATURE REVIEW

Background/Objectives: In India the increase in population and industrialisation, there is a much need for the soil to be used for various activities. There is a need to improve the properties of soil, if the soil at any particular locality is unsuited, wholly or partially selected for the construction. With increasing awareness of environmental issues, there has been a remarkable shift toward “green” and sustainable technologies. In view of these attempt is made to study the new sustainable method of biogeochemical techniques to improve the soil properties. Methods: In this work test for the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) for soils were conducted as per IS to know variation in strength characteristics with the addition of two bacteria namely Acetobacter and Bacillus of different incubation periods and curing periods. For the same soil samples, the free swell index values were also determined to know the effect of addition of bacteria by stabilisation. Findings: The UCC test results for the soil samples treated with bacteria showed an increase in strength of soil with the increase in age of bacteria. The increase in Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) value at 60 day curing period is about 175% for soil treated with Acetobacter and 520% for Bacillus. Swelling characteristics also reduced by the treatment with Acetobacter and Bacillus bacteria. Improvement/Applications: Biostabilisation with bacteria proved the increase in strength and decrease in swell it can be used as an innovative stabiliser for stabilising problematic soils, which is cost-effective, non intrusive, low energy demanding and ecofriendly.

Background/Objectives: Buildable land with good natural bearing capacity is reducing and it leads to the construction of buildings on poor soils which are finally leads to structural foundation failures. This necessitated the use of available admixtures for the improvement of soil characteristics economically. Among the available resources, industrial by- products can be effectively used as admixtures since it can solve the hazardous problems due to its disposal. Methods: Grain size analysis and Atterberg’s limits tests are conducted to classify the soils used in this study. To evaluate the effect of admixtures, strengths characteristics of soils were observed by Unconfined Compressive Strength and California Bearing Ratio tests. Weak soils having high expansive characteristics are used to study the activation of 5% fly ash blended with Phospho Gypsum (PG) at varying percentages of 2%, 4% and 6% with two weak soils at different curing conditions. Findings: Results shows higher strength development upto a percentage of 4% PG with 5% flyash with both the soils. Effect of curing periods on strength characteristics of treated soils at 7, 28 and 60 days were also considered in this study. Microstructural studies are also showing an improvement in microstructure which is examined in SEM micrographs and XRD results. The influence of flyash with different percentages of phosphogypsum on swelling characteristics shows a decrease in swell potential of treated soil with increase in curing periods. Improvement: This study gives an effective application of Phospho Gypsum and Fly Ash in geotechnical field by using it as a relevant soil stabilizer. Increase in CBR values were obtained with Fly Ash and Phospho Gypsum combinations with soils, which reduces the thickness of pavement and making more productive use of industrial wastes with considerable environmental benefits.