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Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable thermoplastic polyester. In 2010, PLA became the second highest consumed bioplastic in the world due to its wide application. Conventionally, PLA is produced by direct condensation of lactic acid monomer and ring opening polymerization of lactide, resulting in lower molecular weight and lesser strength of polymer. Furthermore, conventional methods of PLA production require a catalyst which makes it inappropriate for biomedical applications. Newer method utilizes metabolic engineering of microorganism for direct production of PLA through fermentation which produces good quality and high molecular weight and yield as compared to conventional methods. PLA is used as decomposing packaging material, sheet casting, medical implants in the form of screw, plate, and rod pin, etc. The main focus of the review is to highlight the synthesis of PLA by various polymerization methods that mainly include metabolic engineering fermentation as well as salient biomedical applications of PLA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipases are important hydrolytic enzymes that hydrolyze long chain triacylglycerol into diacylglycerol, monoacylglycerol, glycerol and fatty acids. Lipases are found in microorganisms, fungi, plants and animals. Commercially, useful extracellular lipases are isolated from different bacterial species, including Bacillus, Achromobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus and Chromobacterium species. Among the Pseudomonas species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. cepacia and P. fluorescence are the major producers of lipases. Bacterial lipases have great industrial applications because of their stability, selectivity and broad substrate specificity. Due to their large scale application in industrial sectors, attention is given to isolate Pseudomonas lipases. In this review, purification strategies for lipases isolated from Pseudomonas species have been focussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]