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Background. Previous studies recruited unrepresentative samples of Chinese patients with cataract and reported a wide range of prevalence of depressive symptoms in this patient population (18.0-89.7%). The present study determined the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among a consecutive sample of Chinese patients with cataract treated in tertiary general hospitals. Methods. A total of 339 patients with cataract were consecutively selected from ophthalmology departments of two large general hospitals in Wuhan, China. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Chinese Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that were associated with depression. Results. The prevalence of depressive symptoms was 23.9% (95% CI [19.4-28.4]%) among patients with cataract. Correlates for depressive symptoms include an education level of primary school and below (OR = 1.93, P = 0:038), marital status of ''others'' (OR = 3.15, P <0:001), poor family economic status (OR = 2.26, P = 0:010), nuclear cataract (OR = 4.32, P < 0:001), and mixed cataract (OR = 2.76, P = 0:017). Conclusions. Depressive symptoms are common among Chinese patients with cataract treated in large general hospitals. Patients who are poorly educated, have a marital status other than ''married'', have poor family economic status, and suffer from nuclear and mixed cataracts are at greater risk for depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Parental rural-to-urban migration has a wide range of health effects on children's but its impact on children's refractive status remains unclear. We aim to examine whether parental rural-to-urban migration could influence the refractive status of their children in rural areas of China. Methods: Among the 2346 grade 7 students in the Mojiang Myopia Progression Study, information regarding parental migration was collected by questionnaires and was successfully obtained in 2105 participants. Refractive error was measured in diopters (D) with cycloplegia using an autorefractor and axial length (AL) was measured using an IOL Master. One-to-one nearest-neighbor matching techniques with a 0.01 caliper level were used to estimate the propensity score matching (PSM) models. Results: Among all the participants, 472 pairs (1 student with vs. 1 student without migrant parents) were successfully matched based on propensity scores. Students with migrant parents had a lower proportion of myopia (29.2% vs. 40.7%; P <.001) and more hyperopic refractions (−0.25D vs. −0.31D; P =.04) compared with those without. They also had shorter ALs (23.4 mm vs. 23.6 mm) but the difference was not significance (P =.18). In addition, students with migrant parents spent less time reading after school per day (0.87 vs. 1.01 hours; P =.01). Conclusions: Myopia is less prevalent among children with migrant parents compared with those without. This study indicated that living without parents might be a protect factor for myopia in Chinese school student via giving them less pressure on study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the distribution and determinants of central corneal thickness (CCT) including birth weight and gestational age in a school-based samples of Grade 7 students in rural China. Methods: 2346 (93.5%) grade 7 students with a mean age of 13.8 years participated in the study. CCT was measured for both eyes using the LenStar LS900. Information regarding birth weight and gestational age was retrieved from the participants' delivery records. A linear regression model was established to examine the relationship of birth weight, gestational age and other factors with CCT. Results: The mean CCT in this population was 534.7 µm and boys had a greater CCT compared with girls (P =.06). CCT was positively related to axial length (r = 0.056) while negatively related to anterior chamber depth (r = −0.076) and corneal power (r = −0.105). In multivariate analyses, the cornea was 19.35µm thinner in individuals with low birth weight compared with those with normal. In addition, the cornea was 25.25µm thinner in prematurely born adolescents compared with full-term ones. The combined effect of birth weight and gestational age on CCT was not statistically significant (P for interaction = 0.12) Conclusions: Low birth weight and small gestational age are associated with thinner corneas in adolescence. This disparity across groups with different levels of birth parameters should be taken into account by future studies investigating CCT as risk factors or diagnostic tests for glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To determine the prevalence, types and awareness of glaucoma in a rural community in China and to examine possible ethnic variations. Methods The Yunnan Minority Eye Study was a multi-ethnic community-based eye survey using random cluster sampling strategies. 2133 Bai, 2205 Han and 2208 Yi Chinese aged 50 years or older participated in this study. Glaucoma including primary open-angle glaucoma ( POAG), primary angle-closure glaucoma ( PACG) and secondary glaucoma was defined based on the International Society of Geographical and Epidemiological Ophthalmology criteria. Results The overall age-standardized prevalence of all glaucoma was 2.6% (95% confidence interval [ CI]: 2.2-3.1%) in this population. It was 1.8% (95% CI: 1.1-1.9%) for POAG and 0.5% (95% CI: 0.9-1.6%) for PACG, respectively. Among 29 people with secondary glaucoma, 27 (93%) were blind in at least one eye. The presence of primary open-angle glaucoma was associated with male gender (odds ratio [ OR] = 2.94; comparing men with women), Yi ethnicity ( OR = 2.27; comparing Yi with Han people), higher IOP ( OR = 1.09 per mmHg increase), and the presence of myopia ( OR = 1.84). Of the 212 participants with glaucoma, only 38 (18%) were aware of the disease and had been diagnosed previously as having glaucoma or suspected glaucoma. Patients who were better educated tended to be aware of the disease. Conclusions Significant ethnic difference in the prevalence of POAG was observed in this study. The low awareness of glaucoma highlights the pressing need to increase public awareness of this potentially blinding condition in rural China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Few studies have investigated the association between body mass index (BMI) and breast cancer with consideration to estrogen/progesterone/human epidermal growth factor type 2 receptor status (ER/PR/HER2) in the breast tissue among Chinese pre- and post-menopausal women. Methods: Four thousand two hundred and eleven breast cancer patients were selected randomly from seven geographic regions of China from 1999 to 2008. Demographic data, risk factors, pathologic features, and biological receptor status of cases were collected from the medical charts. Chi-square test, fisher exact test, rank-correlation analysis, and multivariate logistic regression model were adopted to explore whether BMI differed according to biological receptor status in pre- and post-menopausal women. Results: Three thousand two hundred and eighty one eligible cases with BMI data were included. No statistically significant differences in demographic characteristics were found between the cases with BMI data and those without. In the rank-correlation analysis, the rates of PR+ and HER2+ were positively correlated with increasing BMI among post-menopausal women (rs BMI, PR+ = 0.867, P = 0.001; rs BMI, HER2+ = 0.636, P = 0.048), but the ER+ rates did not vary by increasing BMI. Controlling for confounding factors, multivariate logistic regression models with BMI<24 kg/m2 as the reference group were performed and found that BMI≥24 kg/m2 was only positively correlated with PR+ status among post-menopausal breast cancer cases (adjusted OR = 1.420, 95% CI: 1.116–1.808, Wald = 8.116, P = 0.004). Conclusions: Post-menopausal women with high BMI (≥24 kg/m2) have a higher proportion of PR+ breast cancer. In addition to effects mediated via the estrogen metabolism pathway, high BMI might increase the risk of breast cancer by other routes, which should be examined further in future etiological mechanism studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the prevalence and visual acuity (VA) outcomes of cataract surgery in adults of the Bai Nationality populations in rural China. Methods: We conducted a population-based cross-sectional survey (from randomly selected block groups) of Chinese Bai Nationality aged ≥50 years in southwestern China. Presenting visual acuity (PVA), best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were recorded and a detailed eye examination was carried out. For all aphakic and pseudophakic subjects identified, information on the date, setting, type, and complications of cataract surgery were recorded. In eyes with VA <20/63, the principal cause of visual impairment was identified. Results: Of 2133 (77.8% of 2742) subjects, 99 people (129 eyes) had undergone cataract surgery. The prevalence of cataract surgery was 4.6%. Surgical coverage among those with PVA <20/200 in both eyes because of cataract was 52.8%. Unoperated cataract was associated with older age. The main barrier to cataract surgery was lack of awareness and knowledge, cost, and fear. Among the 129 cataract-operated eyes, 22.5% had PVA of ≥20/32, 25.6% had PVA of 20/40 to 20/63, 23.3% had PVA <20/63 to 20/200, and 28.7% had PVA<20/200. With BCVA, the percentages were 42.6%, 23.3%, 10.9%, and 23.3%, respectively. Aphakia (odds ratio [OR], 8.49; P<0.001) and no education (OR, 10.18; P = 0.001) or less education (OR, 6.49; P = 0.014) were significantly associated with postoperative visual impairment defined by PVA, while aphakia (OR, 8.49; P<0.001) and female gender (OR, 4.19; P = 0.004) were significantly associated with postoperative visual impairment by BCVA. The main causes of postoperative visual impairment were refractive error, retinal disorders and glaucoma. Conclusions: Half of those with bilateral visual impairment or blindness because of cataract remain in need of cataract surgery in Bai population. Surgical uptake and visual outcomes should be further improved in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We aim to determine the association of iris surface features including crypts, color and contraction furrows with anterior chamber depth (ACD) in a school-based sample of Chinese teenagers.Methods: Totally, 2346 students aged 13 to 14 years in Mojiang located in the Southwestern part of China contributed to this analysis. Iris surface features were graded based on standardized slit-lamp photographs. Ocular biometric parameters including ACD were measured using an IOL Master. Generalized estimating equation was incorporated in the linear regression models to assess the relationship between iris surface features and ACD.Results: A significant trend of increasing ACDs with more contraction furrows were observed. On average, the mean ACD was 3.03 mm in participants with contraction furrows of grade 1 while it was 3.10 mm in those with grade 3 (mean difference, 0.07 mm, P = 0.01). Adjusting for other potential confounders such as gender, height and weight did not significantly changed the associations. Compared with individuals with contraction furrows of grade 1, those with grade 3 had a greater ACD of 0.06 mm (95% confidence interval: 0.01, 0.11) in multivariate-adjusted model. There were no significant relationships between ACD and iris crypts or color. (P > 0.10).Conclusions: More iris contraction furrows are associated with greater ACDs while the association with iris color and crypts were not significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To determine the one-year incidence and progression rates of myopia and its association with baseline ocular biometric parameters in school-based samples of children and adolescents in China.Methods: Two thousand four hundred thirty two grade 1 and 2346 grade 7 students living in the southwest part of China participated in the baseline survey. After 1 year, 2310 (95.0%) grade 1 and 2191 (93.4%) grade 7 students attended the follow-up examination. Refractive error was measured after cycloplegia using the same autorefractor and by the same optometrists in the baseline and follow-up examination. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent of less than - 0.50 diopter.Results: The overall one-year incidence of myopia was 33.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.7-35.5) among grade 1 students and 54.0% (95% CI: 51.5-56.5) for grade 7 students. The one-year myopia progression rate was - 0.97 D (95% CI: -1.22 to - 0.71) in grade 1 students and - 1.02 D (95% CI: -1.07 to - 0.96) in grade 7 students. Per mm increase in baseline axial lengths increased the risk of myopia onset by 28% among grade 1 students and 22% among grade 7 students after 1 year. The incidence rates of myopia were found to be higher in grade 7 students with thinner premyopic lenses.Conclusions: The incidence and progression rates of myopia were very high in Chinese children and adolescents in recent years. Premyopic eyes were characterized with longer axial lengths and thinner lenses. These data had considerable implications for formulating myopia prevention strategies in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]