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Abstract: The equilibrium for the propionic acid extraction by N1923 in three diluents, represented as proton-donator (n-octanol), polar (butyl acetate), inert (hexane) types, have been studied. The diluents had a significant influence on the equilibrium. The loading ratio, Z, was employed to investigate the effect of diluents on the extraction efficiency. When Z exp was lower than 1, N1923 extraction followed the order: n-octanol>butyl acetate>hexane. When the loading ratio Z exp was higher than 1, the order changed to: butyl acetate>hexane>n-octanol. Equilibrium complex constants K 11, K 21, K 31 have been estimated. The results showed that K 11 was much higher than K 21 and K 31, demonstrated K 11 as the dominant factor in the extraction process. Comparing the values of K 11 of all the three diluents, the following order was observed: n-octanol>butyl acetate>hexane. The influence of amine concentration on the extraction equilibrium constant in different diluents was also investigated. The extraction equilibrium constant K 11 decreased with the increase of amine concentration in n-octanol. When hexane and butyl acetate were used as diluent, the extraction equilibrium constant K 11 increased slightly with the increase of amine concentration. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We theoretically study equilibrium and dynamic properties of nanosized magnetic skyrmions in thin magnetic films with broken inversion symmetry, where an electric field couples to magnetization via spin-orbit coupling. Based on a symmetry-based phenomenology and micromagnetic simulations we show that this electric-field coupling, via renormalizing the micromagnetic energy, modifies the equilibrium properties of the skyrmion. This change, in turn, results in a significant alteration of the current-induced skyrmion motion. Particularly, the speed and direction of the skyrmion can be manipulated by designing a desired energy landscape electrically, which we describe within Thiele's analytical model and demonstrate in micromagnetic simulations including electric-field-controlled magnetic anisotropy. We additionally use this electric-field control to construct gates for controlling skyrmion motion exhibiting a transistorlike and multiplexerlike function. The proposed electric-field effect can thus provide a low-energy electrical knob to extend the reach of information processing with skyrmions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]