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We aimed at investigating the influence of clomipramine and selegiline administered in vivo in mice on lymphocyte subsets in lymphoid organs and SRBC-induced humoral immune response. Balb/c mice were given 7 or 14 oral doses (1 mg/kg) of selegiline or clomipramine. Lymphocyte B and T subsets and splenic regulatory T cell (Treg) subset were determined in non-immunized mice 24 and 72 h after the last dose of the drugs. Some mice treated with 7 doses were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) 2 h after the last dose, and their number of antibody forming cells, haemagglutinin titers and splenocyte subsets were determined. An increase in T lymphocytes and a decrease in B cells were visible in peripheral lymphoid organs, especially after 14 doses of selegiline or clomipramine in non-immunized mice, as well as in spleens of SRBC-immunized mice. The most pronounced change was a decrease in CD4 + /CD8 + ratio resulting mainly from an increase in CD8 + subset after seven doses of the drugs in the non-immunized mice. However, it was of a transient nature, as it disappeared after 14 doses of the drugs. The tested drugs only slightly affected thymocyte maturation and did not alter Treg subset. Selegiline and clomipramine transiently stimulated IgG production in SRBC-immunized mice. Both selegiline and clomipramine administered in vivo modulated lymphocyte subsets. This immunomodulatory effect depended on the drug as well as duration of administration., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate immunomodulatory effect of in-vivo administered propentofylline on the subsets and activity of murine lymphocytes. Methods Propentofylline (3 mg/kg) was administered orally to 8-week-old Balb/c mice, once or six times at 12-h intervals. The lymphocyte subsets, regulatory T cells, IL-5 and TNF levels were determined 12 h and 24 h after a single dose or after the sixth dose of the drug in non-immunized mice. Humoral immune response in sheep red blood cells (SRBC)-immunized mice was determined 4, 7 and 14 days after immunization. Key findings Propentofylline inhibited thymocyte maturation (increase in CD4−CD8− thymocyte subset and decrease in the percentage of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes) and modulated the lymphocyte subsets in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. An increase in the absolute count and percentage of splenic regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells) was noticed 24 h after single administration of the drug. Propentofylline lowered serum level of IL-5 and did not affect TNF concentration. Only a weak inhibitory effect on anti-SRBC humoral immune response was observed. Conclusions Propentofylline administration induced inhibition of thymocyte maturation and an increase in Treg subset that might be beneficial for an inhibition of immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may be used as feed additives instead of banned antibiotic-based growth promoters. These bioactive compounds applied in ovo have beneficial effects on intestinal bifidobacteria, decrease the number of detrimental bacteria in the gut, stimulate the development of gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT), and modulate the development of lymphoid organs. The aim of our study was to determine whether the specific in ovo-delivered prebiotics and synbiotics affected the lymphocyte subsets of the bursa of the Fabricius, thymus, and spleen in non-immunized chicken broilers and in birds immunized with T-dependent (sheep red blood cells—SRBC) and T-independent (dextran—DEX) antigens. This study demonstrated that in ovo administration of prebiotics and synbiotics is a promising approach for enhancing chicken immune system functions. We conclude that a combination of inulin and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IBB SL1 was the most effective of the tested compounds in the stimulation of the chicken immune system. The effects of in ovo-delivered prebiotics and synbiotics on the lymphocyte subsets of the lymphoid organs in non-immunized 7-day-old broiler chickens and in non-immunized, sheep red blood cells (SRBC)-immunized, and dextran (DEX)-immunized 21- and 35-day-old birds were studied. The substances were injected on the 12th day of egg incubation: Prebiotic1 group (Pre1) with a solution of inulin, Prebiotic2 group (Pre2) with a solution of Bi2tos (non-digestive transgalacto-oligosaccharides), Synbiotic1 group (Syn1) with inulin and Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IBB SL1, and Synbiotic2 group (Syn2) with Bi2tos and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris IBB SC1. In 7-day-old chicks, a decrease in T splenocytes was noticed in all groups. The most pronounced effect in 21- and 35-day-old birds was an increase in TCRγδ+ cells in Syn1 and Syn2 groups. A decrease in bursal B cells was observed in DEX-immunized Pre1 group (21-day-old birds), and in the Syn1 group in non-immunized and SRBC-immunized 35-day-old birds. An increase in double-positive lymphocytes was observed in Pre1 (35-day-old birds) and Pre2 (immunized 21-day-old birds) groups. In Pre1 and Syn1 groups (21- and 35-day-old), an increase in B splenocytes and a decrease in T splenocytes were observed. We concluded that Syn1 was the most effective in the stimulation of the chicken immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Yolkin is a protein from egg's yolk. • Yolkin stimulates the humoral immune response in mice. • Yolkin provides differentiation signals for Jurkat and WEHI 231 cells. • Yolkin significantly increases B cell content in lymphoid organs. • Yolkin may promote immune system maturation in birds. Yolkin is a product of proteolytic degradation of vitellogenin, a protein contained in eggs' yolk, with already described procognitive properties. Here, we investigated effects of yolkin on the humoral and cellular immune response in mice, phenotype of cells from lymphoid organs and function of innate immunity cells. In vitro studies included effects of yolkin on mitogen-induced thymocyte proliferation, percentage of CD19 cells in bone marrow cells culture, expression of signaling molecules in Jurkat cells, interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) subunits in WEHI 231 cells and susceptibility of these cells to anti-Ig-induced cell death. The results showed that repeatable i.p. injections of yolkin stimulated the humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) irrespective of the time of the treatment. On the other hand, yolkin inhibited contact sensitivity to oxazolone. Treatment of mice with yolkin diminished the percentage of double positive cells and increasing the content of single positive CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the thymus. At the same time an increase of percentage of CD19 + B cells in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes was observed. In addition, the protein, given i.p., diminished ex vivo ability to synthesize nitric oxide by resident, peritoneal macrophages, stimulated with lipopolisaccharide (LPS). In vitro studies showed that yolkin increased CD19+ cell content in bone marrow cell population. The protein also enhanced proliferation of thymocytes to concanavalin A and stimulated expression of MAP kinases in Jurkat cells. In WEHI 231 B cell line yolkin caused a loss of IL-2R gamma chain expression, correlated with an increased resistance of these cells to proapoptotic action of anti-Ig antibodies. In conclusion, this is a first demonstration of immunotropic properties of yolkin in in vitro and in vivo tests. The results provide evidence for induction of maturation and stimulatory signals in immature T and B cells by the protein, suggesting its potential role in the development of an embryo's immune system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]