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Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck malignancy. Research on essential oils (EOs) has shown important cytotoxic and anti-tumor properties, among others. Piperaceae species are rich in EOs and here we highlight Piper rivinoides Kunth. We investigated the crude EOs from P. rivinoides, their pure major constituents and an enriched fraction with the main EO compounds (EF) as cytotoxic and selective OSCC agents. EOs presented as main compounds (-)-α-pinene, (-)-β-pinene and limonene. EOs showed an IC50 lower than all isolated compounds, except for (-)-β-pinene in OSCC cells. The (-)-β-pinene induced cell death with apoptotic characteristics. Commercial standards showed greater selectivity than EOs, and (-)-β-pinene was the most selective among them. EF showed higher selectivity compared to crude EOs and carboplatin, turning it into a good candidate as an anticancer fraction. These results are important for the possible development of new treatments for OSCC.

Hyssop [Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. angustifolius (Bieb.)] belonging to the family Lamiaceae, is an important medicinal and aromatic plant in Iranian folk medicine. The herb grows wildly in the alpine regions from northwestern to southwestern of Iran. A GC-FID and GC/MS analysis of essential oils isolated from the inflorescences of two Iranian landraces of this herb including white and purple flowers identified 25, and 22 constituents, respectively (accounting for 98 % of the total oils). The essential oil yields were 0.40 and 0.45 ml/100 g based on the dry weight of plant material for white and purple flowers, respectively. The major constituents of the essential oil from purple landrace were cis-pinocamphone (55.14 %), β-pinene (17.06 %), and trans-pinocamphone (3.50 %). However, camphor (31.85 %), cis-pinocamphone (30.11%), β-pinene (12.26 %), and trans-pinocamphone (6.09 %) were the main compositions of the essential oil from white landrace of hyssop. Antioxidant activity of the essential oils was determined by DPPH assay and the essential oils of both landraces showed moderate antioxidant activity. This potential applicability can be used as antioxidant agents for food and pharmaceutical industries. The essential oils of the two studied hyssop landraces sourced in the alpine region of southwestern Iran were rich in oxygenated monoterpenes. Generally, the herb proved to be relatively good sources of chemical products and medicinal compounds such as camphor, pinocamphone and β-pinene that are widely used in food and drug industries.

Essential oils have received considerable attention because they are important sources for the discovery of new antimicrobial agents. The use of essential oils for food preservation has emerged as a promising approach to reduce the microbial growth of food. Taxodium plants are fast-growing and long-lived trees that are widely cultivated in many countries for landscape and ecological purposes. The trees are famous for their extremely rot and termite resistant wood. The essential oil of Taxodium was used in folk medicine to treat infections, gastrointestinal and respiratory ailments. This study aimed to determine the composition of the essential oil obtained from the leaves of T. distichum var distichum (L.) Rich. GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of 37 compounds for the first time, representing 99.5% of the oil content. α-Pinene was the major component, accounting for 83.1% of the oil content, followed by cis-thujopsene (1.9%), camphene (1.8%), β-pinene (1.6%), β-myrcene (1.4%), and D-limonene (1.1%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons represented the predominant components (90.4%), followed by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (4%), oxygenated monoterpenes (2.9%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.5%), and oxygenated diterpenes (0.5%). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the essential oil was tested using agar diffusion method. The inhibition zones and MIC were determined. It was clear that T. distichum essential oil showed growth inhibition of most tested strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as well as fungi. Most notably, Bacillus subtilis andmethicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) were more susceptible to the oil with MIC values of 9.8 and 39 μg/mL, respectively. The oil produced the largest inhibition zones for these two Gram-positive microorganisms (32.9 and 21.9 mm, respectively). T. distichum oil exhibited a potent activity against Klebsiella pneumonia (MIC of 4.9 μg/mL, zone of inhibition of 33.9 mm), which is very comparable to gentamycin (MIC of 1 μg/mL, zone of inhibition of 21.2 mm). Salmonella typhimurium was also susceptible to the oil (MIC of 78.1 μg/mL, inhibition zone of 17 mm). T. distichum essential oil showed a very potent antifungal effect against Asperigullus fumigatus (MIC of 9.8 μg/mL, zone of inhibition of 25.9 mm) when compared with ketoconazole (MIC of 50 μg/mL, zone of inhibition of 21.0 mm). T. distichum essential oil exhibited a potent anti-mycobacterial effect in Alamar Blue assay (63% inhibition, MIC of 1.95 μg/mL) when compared with isoniazid (100% inhibition, MIC of 0.12 μg/mL). It can be concluded that T. distichum essential oil is a promising antimicrobial agent against different pathogens. The oil components could enhance the activity of other antimicrobial agents through synergism. This could be of great interest in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical applications.

In this research, we used Pistacia atlantica gum during cooling phase of oil-heat treatment of poplar wood (Populus deltoids) to improve its resistance to the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and growth of the mold fungus Penicillium expansum. Thermal modification was carried out using rapeseed oil at 180 °C, 200 °C and 220 °C for 2 hours and 4 hours. The modified wood specimens were then directly cooled in the oil containing 0 %, 5 % and 10 % (w/w) of the gum at 25 °C for 30 minutes. The chemical constituents of the essential oil extracted with a Clevenger type apparatus were determined by chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The amounts of α-pinene, β-pinene and α-terpinolene of the essential oil were 60,2 %, 8,7 % and 3,9 %, respectively. The mold resistance was greatly improved, while the improvement against the decay fungus was only observed for the specimens modified at 180 °C. Our results confirmed that the enhanced fungal resistance was not only due to the presence of monoterpenes in the essential oil, but also to a further reduction in the hygroscopicity of the treated wood.

The aim of this research was to determine for the first the chemical constituents of essential oils derived from the leaves, pseudostems and rhizomes of Alpinia strobiliformis T. L. Wu & S....

Cupressus atlantica Gaussen is an endemic and threatened forest tree mainly located at the western High Atlas Mountains of Morocco. This study is a pleading for protection and restoration of this particular Mediterranean cypress species, through the characterization of chemical variability of its essential oils (EOs) and their recovery in different fields, especially as protective treatment against wood decaying fungi. Composite samples of leaves, twigs, and cones were collected within five populations. Sapwood and heartwood sawdust oils were also analyzed. EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. C. atlantica oils are characterized by high chemical variability between types of biomass and populations. Thus, leaves and twigs oils are dominated by hydrocarbon monoterpenes; those of wood by oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated sesqueterpenes, and those of cones by hydrocarbon monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. Three chemical profiles have been identified in leaves oils within s...

Aim of study: The objectives in this study were to determine the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils from nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) and cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum).Material and Methods: The essential oil was obtained from nutmeg and cardamom seeds through hydrodistillation method. The chemical composition of nutmeg and cardamom essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. The antimicrobial activity of essential oil was investigated against Bacillus subtilis DSMZ 1971, Candida albicans DSMZ 1386, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSMZ 50071, Pseudomonas fluorescence P1, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella typhimurium SL 1344, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Staphylococcus epidermidis DSMZ 20044 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) method.Main results: GC-MS analyzes shows that γ-terpinene (19.16%), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (14.08%), α-pinene (6.75%), myristicin (6.18%), β-pinene (4.85%), sylvestrene (4.72%), elemicin (4.68%) and safrole (4.17%) identified in nutmeg essential oil. Also, α-terpinyl acetate (34.55%), eucalyptol (24.91%), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (10.63%), linalool (7.69%) and neryl butyrate (6.58%) compounds identified in cardamom essential oil as major compounds. Nutmeg and cardamom essential oil showed an antimicrobial activity against almost all test microorganisms.Research highlights: This study suggests that nutmeg and cardamom essential oil may be useful in the medicinal application and food industry as a preservative., Çalışmanın amacı: Bu çalışmanın amacı, muskat (Myristica fragrans) ve kakule (Elettaria cardamomum) ‘den elde edilen uçucu yağlarının kimyasal içeriğinin ve antimikrobiyal aktivite özelliklerinin tespit edilmesidir.Materyal ve Yöntem: Muskat ve kakule tohumlarından uçucu yağ eldesi hidro distilasyon yöntemi ile yapılmıştır. Söz konusu bu uçucu yağların kimyasal içeriği GC-MS cihazı ile analiz edilmiştir. Anti mikrobiyal aktivite deneyi Bacillus subtilis DSMZ 1971, Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048, Enterococcus durans, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria innocua, Pseudomonas aeruginosa DSMZ 50071, Pseudomonas fluorescence P1, Salmonella enteritidis ATCC 13076, Salmonella infantis, Salmonella kentucky, Salmonella typhimurium SL 1344, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 ve Staphylococcus epidermidis DSMZ 20044 mikroorganizmalarına karşı minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyonu (MIC) yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir.Sonuçlar: GC-MS analizi sonucunda muskat uçucu yağında γ-terpinene (19.16%), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (14.08%), α-pinene (6.75%), myristicin (6.18%), β-pinene (4.85%), sylvestrene (4.72%), elemicin (4.68%) and safrole (4.17%) ana bileşenler olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, α-terpinyl acetate (34.55%), eucalyptol (24.91%), (-)-terpinen-4-ol (10.63%), linalool (7.69%) ve neryl butyrate (6.58%) bileşikleri de kakule uçucu yağının ana bileşenleri olarak tespit edilmiştir. Muskat ve kakule uçucu yağlarının deney mikroorganizmalar karşı antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri tespit edilmiştir.Araştırma vurguları: Uçucu yağın tıp ve gıda endüstrisinde koruyucu olarak kullanılması önerilmiştir.

The steam volatile constituents from the aerial parts and roots of Selinum vaginatum C. B. Clarke (Apiaceae) growing wild in the central Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India were isolated by steam distillation and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of thirty-one and forty-six constituents, representing 97.7 % and 96.7 % of the total oil composition were identified from the aerial parts and roots of S. vaginatum, respectively. The aerial parts oil consisted mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons (48.7 %), with 2E,6E-farnesol (36.0 %), γ-terpinene (24.3 %) and β-pinene (16.3 %) as a major constituents while the roots oil mainly contains oxygenated sesquiterpenes (72.8 %), with maximum content of 2E,6Z-farnesol (60.0 %) and elemol (5.0 %). The oil samples showed significant antibacterial activity against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Klebsiella pneumoniae. Minimum i...

Zingiber officinale Roscoe leaves oil was hydrodistilled and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for the first time from the Egyptian chemotype. Ninety compounds (96.63% of total peak area) were identified. Methyl cinnamate (29.21%) represented the most abundant oxygenated compound. Monoterpene hydrocarbons (23.83%) were rich in β-pinene (8.59%) and terpinolene (7.46%). δ-Cadinene (7.05%) represented the majority of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (20.86%). A nanoemulsion (diameter of 151.4 nm) was formulated by low-energy method using Tween-80 as surfactant, with polydispersity index of 0.27, zeta potential of -13.75 mV and pH value of 4. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the nanometric-sized particles. The formulation was stable by keeping in the refrigerator for one month. The nanoemulsion antimicrobial activity was tested against Streptococcus mutans (compared to clindamycin) with MIC value of 62.5 µL/mL, confirmed by TEM showing bacterial scattering with impaired biofilm formation, and by in-silico molecular docking of methyl cinnamate to the C-terminal region of S. mutans surface protein antigen. To our knowledge, the formulation and its anticariogenic activity validation were carried out for the first time. Thus, ginger leaves oil is rich in valuable phytoconstituents; its nanoemulsion showed efficacy on S. mutans, yet further studies are required for testing its applicability as a gargle.

Gas chromatographic analysis of Citrus tachibana (Makino) Tanaka peel essential oil showed that the volatile composition contained 111 components including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and oxygenat...

Heracleum candicans Wall. (Apiaceae) is one of the important endangered aromatic species within the genus Heracleum. Owing to multiple uses, high market demand and endangered status of species, a w...

Chemical constituents of the essential oil isolated from Salvia sahendica at different growth stages (vegetative, flowering and seeding (S-S) were identified. Among 50 identified oil constituents, ...

WOS: 000435102100003, The composition of the essential oil produced from aerial parts of Salvia montbretii Benth.(Lamiaceae), was analyzed by GC and GC-MS. Forty-six compounds constituting about 97.7% of the essential oil were characterized. The main compounds were characterized as beta-caryophyllene (32.8%), beta-pinene (9.8%), alpha-humulene (8.2%), 12-hydroxy-beta-caryophyllene acetate (6.6%), germacrene D (4.9%) and alpha-pinene (4.5%).

Junipers (Juniperus spp.) are some of the most widespread species in the world with a wide ecological adaptation. Juniper galbuli (cones or berries) and their extracts have extensive applications in pharmaceuticals, perfumery, aromatherapy, alcoholic beverages, and cooking. The objective of this study was to evaluate EO composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of EO fractions captured at different timeframes during the hydrodistillation of Juniperus communis and J. excelsa galbuli. The EO fractions were captured at eight sequential timeframes after the beginning of the hydrodistillation: (0–3, 3–5, 5–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–80, 80–160, and 160–240 min). The results showed that essential oil fractions from 80 to 160 and 160 to 240 min had 2–5 times greater antioxidant capacity than fractions captured at the beginning of the distillation or from the whole oil. The strongest antimicrobial activity of J. communis EO against Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica was observed in the EO obtained at the 0–3 min distillation timeframe (DT, in minutes). The EO of J. communis obtained at the 0 to 3, 3 to 5, and 80 to 160 min DTs showed greater antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumonia, compared with the EO obtained from the 160 to 240 DT. The strongest activity of J. communis EO against Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus and Candida glabrata was observed with EO from the 160 to 240 DT. J. excelsa EO from the 0 to 3 and 5 to 10 min DTs had greater activity against S. enterica and K. pneumonia compared with the EO from the 160 to 240 DT. Conversely, the J. excelsa EO from the 160 to 240 min DT had greater activity against Clostridium perfringens and Candida glabrata. This research revealed that EO with different profiles could be obtained from the same batch of galbuli, suggesting the possibility of generating natural unadulterated oils with specific targeted profiles. Essential oils with a high content of α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, sabinene, or limonene was obtained from J. communis galbuli hydrodistilled for 3 min. Essential oil with a high content of α-pinene, β-pinene, β-myrcene, or γ-terpinene was obtained from J. excelsa galbuli when hydrodistilled for 3 min. The galbuli of J. communis and J. excelsa can yield essential oil fractions with novel chemical composition and bioactivity.

In the present work, volatile constituents from the dried stems, leaves and fruits of Artemisia tschernieviana obtained by hydrodistillation (HD), solvent-free microwave extraction (SFME) and headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) techniques, were subsequently analyzed by means of GC and GC-MS instruments. It was concluded that approximately in all oils and volatiles, chemical compositions were mainly consisted of monoterpene hydrocarbons. However, in the stem oil and fruit volatiles isolated by SFME and HS-SPME methods, oxygenated monoterpenes and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were the most abundant constituting fractions. Additionally, the common major compounds in all essences and volatiles were recognized being β-pinene, cubenol, limonene, bornyl acetate and γ-terpinene. Moreover, a straightforward model has been developed to model the retention indices (RIs) of diverse natural compounds present in the obtained essential oils and volatile fractions basing on a quantitative structure-reten...

Black pepper (Piper nigrum) is historically one of the most important spices and herbal medicines, and is now cultivated in tropical regions worldwide. The essential oil of black pepper fruits has shown a myriad of biological activities and is a commercially important commodity. In this work, five black pepper essential oils from eastern coastal region of Madagascar and six black pepper essential oils from the Amazon region of Brazil were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components of the essential oils were &alpha, pinene, sabinene, &beta, pinene, &delta, 3-carene, limonene, and &beta, caryophyllene. A comparison of the Madagascar and Brazilian essential oils with black pepper essential oils from various geographical regions reported in the literature was carried out. A hierarchical cluster analysis using the data obtained in this study and those reported in the literature revealed four clearly defined clusters based on the relative concentrations of the major components.

The chemical composition and biological activity of essential oils isolated from the leaves of Siparuna aspera, Siparuna macrotepala, Piper leticianum, Piper augustum and the rhizome of Hedychium coronarium were evaluated. These species are used medicinally in different ways by the Amazonian communities that live near the Kutuk&uacute, mountain range. Chemical studies revealed that the main components for the two Siparuna species were germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, &alpha, pinene, &delta, cadinene, &delta, elemene, &alpha, copaene and &beta, caryophyllene, for the two Piper species &beta, caryophyllene, germacrene D, &alpha, (E,E)-farnesene, &beta, elemene, bicyclogermacrene, &delta, cadinene and for H. coronarium 1,8-cineole, &beta, pinene, &alpha, pinene and &alpha, terpineol. The antioxidant activity of all essential oils was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2&prime, azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), photochemiluminescence (PCL) quantitative assays, and DPPH and ABTS bioautographic profiles, with different results for each of them. Antimicrobial activity studies were carried out on three yeasts, six Gram positive and four Gram negative bacteria, by means of the disc diffusion method. The essential oil of H. coronarium showed the most relevant results on L. grayi, K. oxytoca and S. mutans, P. augustum and P. leticianum on S. mutans. An antibacterial bioautographic test for H. coronarium was also carried out and highlighted the potential activity of terpinen-4-ol and 1,8-cineole.

The hydrodistilled essential oils (EOs) from flowers of five Adriatic populations of Anthemis maritima were analyzed by GC-FID and GC/MS. Anthemis maritima is a psammophilous plant living generally on coastal sand dunes but occasionally on sea cliffs and shingle beaches. A total of 163 chemical compounds were identified, accounting for 90.5% of the oils. The main classes of compounds represented in the EOs were monoterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated monoterpenes, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, oxygenated sesquiterpenes, and terpene esters.The multivariate chemometric techniques, in particular cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis, used to classify the samples, highlighted three different chemotypes linked to a geographic origin. One group living in northern Italy was characterized by the highest content of β-pinene, γ-terpinene, and β-caryophyllene, a second chemotype was in central Italy with the highest amount of trans-chrysanthenyl acetate and a third group living in southern Italy with a more heterogeneous volatile profile was characterized by the highest values of cis-chrysanthenyl acetate, trans-chrysanthenyl isobutyrate, cis-carveol propionate, α-zingiberene, and cubenol. Moreover, the comparison of the Adriatic populations with the Tyrrhenian samples, analyzed in a previous research, showed that cubenol (absent in all the Tyrrhenian populations) and (E)-β-farnesene (absent in all the Adriatic samples) play a crucial role in discriminating the Italian populations.

The oils extracted by hydro distillation from the aerial parts of Artemisia scoparia waldst. & kitag growing wild in two regions on Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau were analyzed by GC-MS. Eighty-three components were identified representing 97.5% of the total components detected. The major constituents of the oil from the samples obtained in the eastern of Riyue Mountain (2700 - 3200 m) were 2-ethenyl-naphthalene (45.1%), beta-pinene (11.2%), 3-carene (8.7%), 3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6- octatriene (7.9%), limonene (5.4%), alpha-pinene (3.5%) and beta-myrcene (2.0%). Whereas the oil from the plant collected in Qilian Mountain (3300 - 3500 m) was composed mainly of thujone (21.4%), 1,8-cineole (18.9%), camphor (9.1%), 4-methyl-1-(1-methyl ethyl)-3-cyclo hexen-1-ol (7.8%), 4-methyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-bicyclo[3.1.0]hexan-3-one (5.3%) and 2-isopropyl-5-methyl- 3-cyclohexen-1-one(5.0%).

Essential oils (EOs) were obtained by hydrodistillation of various parts of Ferula ovina (Boiss.) Boiss., Ferula iliensis Krasn. ex. Korovin, and Ferula akitschkensis B. Fedtsch. ex Koso-Pol., collected in the flowering/budding and fruiting stages. Eight samples of EOs isolated from F. ovina and four samples from F. akitsckensis were analyzed by gas chromatography&ndash, mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major constituents of F. ovina EOs were &alpha, pinene (6.9&ndash, 47.8%), &beta, pinene (1.5&ndash, 7.1%), sabinene (0.1&ndash, 20.5%), &beta, phellandrene (0&ndash, 6.5%), trans-verbenol (0.9&ndash, 7.4%), eremophilene (3.1&ndash, 12%), and 6Z-2,5,5,10-tetramethyl-undeca-2,6,9-trien-8-one (0&ndash, 13.7%). The major constituents of F. akitsckensis EOs were &alpha, pinene (0&ndash, 46.2%), &beta, 47.9%), sabinene (0&ndash, 28.3%), eremophilene (0&ndash, 10.6), &beta, caryophyllene (0&ndash, 7.5%), himachalen-7-ol (0&ndash, 28.2%), and an himachalol derivative (0&ndash, 8.3%). Samples of EOs from F. ovina, F. iliensis, and F. akitsckensis were evaluated for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pulse-field gel electrophoresis type USA300 (LAC). EOs from F. ovina exhibited the highest antibacterial activity compared to samples from other Ferula spp., with the most potent EOs being isolated from roots at the flowering and fruiting stages and stems at the fruiting stage (IC50 values of 19.1, 20.9, and 22.9 &micro, g/mL, respectively). Although EOs demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of MRSA growth, analysis of the major constituents (&alpha, pinene, &beta, pinene, and sabinene) showed that they had low activity, suggesting that other components were likely responsible for the observed bioactivity of the unfractionated EOs. Indeed, correlation of the GC-MS data with antibacterial activity suggested that the putative components responsible for antibacterial activity were, either individually or in combination, eremophilene and trans-verbenol. Overall, these results suggest that the EOs from F. ovina could have potential for use as alternative remedies for the treatment of infectious diseases caused by MRSA.

Extracts of essential oils have various properties in different applications This work focuses on the chemical characterization of the aromatic compositions of two citrus species Citrus Aurantium CA and Citrus Reticulata CR which belongs to the Rutaceae family The essential oils were extracted by hydro distillation of the aerial parts stems leaves and flowers of citrus and analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry GC MS Linalool alpha terpineol gamma Terpinene cis Linalool oxide Nerol Caryophyllene oxide Carvacrol beta Citronellol Spathulenol beta pinene and beta Oplopenone were obtained as majority compounds with a percentage of In essential oil of Citrus Aurantium CA Limonene gamma Terpinene Nerol and alpha pinene were obtained as major compounds with a percentage of The highest yields were recorded with Citrus Aurantium CA and Citrus Reticulata CR

Main conclusionSynechocystis (a cyanobacterium) was employed as an alternative host for the production of plant essential oil constituents. β-Phellandrene synthase (PHLS) genes from different plants, when expressed in Synechocystis, enabled synthesis of variable monoterpene hydrocarbon blends, converting Synechocystis into a cell factory that photosynthesized and released useful products. Monoterpene synthases are secondary metabolism enzymes that catalyze the generation of essential oil constituents in terrestrial plants. Essential oils, including monoterpene hydrocarbons, are of interest for their commercial application and value. Therefore, heterologous expression of monoterpene synthases for high-capacity essential oil production in photosynthetic microorganism transformants is of current interest. In the present work, the cyanobacterium Synechocystsis PCC 6803 was employed as an alternative host for the production of plant essential oil constituents. As a case study, β-phellandrene synthase (PHLS) genes from different plants were heterologously expressed in Synechocystis. Genomic integration of individual PHLS-encoding sequences endowed Synechocystis with constitutive monoterpene hydrocarbons generation, occurring concomitant with photosynthesis and cell growth. Specifically, the β-phellandrene synthase from Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato), Pinus banksiana (pine), Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) and Abies grandis (grand fir) were active in Synechocystis transformants but, instead of a single product, they generated a blend of terpene hydrocarbons comprising β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-pinene, and δ-carene with variable percentage ratios ranging from 90% in different product combinations and proportions. Our results suggested that PHLS enzyme conformation and function depends on the cytosolic environment in which they reside, with the biochemical properties of the latter causing catalytic deviations from the products naturally observed in the corresponding gene-encoding plants, giving rise to the terpene hydrocarbon blends described in this work. These findings may have commercial application in the generation of designer essential oil blends and will further assist the development of heterologous cyanobacterial platforms for the generation of desired monoterpene hydrocarbon products.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the insecticidal potential of the essential oil from ripened and unripened fruit of the plant Schinus terebinthifolius and compare the toxic effects of artificial blends made with selected constituents of these oils [limonene, (E)-nerolidol, α-terpineol, β-terpineol, terpinolene, α-pinene and β-pinene] on the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (family -order). No statistically significant difference was found between the oils in the time periods tested (24, 48 and 72 h). Rhyzopertha dominica was more susceptible to limonene, terpinolene, α-pinene and β-pinene. Among the complete artificial blends tested at the proportions identified chemically, only that prepared with the constituents of the ripened fruit oil demonstrated toxicity on the same level as the essential oil. The analysis of the constituents revealed that limonene and α-terpineol contributed most to toxicity of the ripened fruit oil, whereas only limonene contributed to the toxicity of the unripened fruit oil. The present findings demonstrate that the toxicity of the ripened and unripened fruit oils cannot be attributed only to the individual toxicity of the constituents, but also the proportion at which these compounds are found and the types of interactions among the compounds. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el potencial insecticida de los aceites esenciales de los frutos maduros y no maduros de la planta Schinus terebinthifolius y comparar los efectos tóxicos de mezclas artificiales con los constituyentes seleccionados de estos aceites [limoneno, (E)-nerolidol, α-terpineol, β-terpineol, terpinoleno, α-pineno y β-pineno] en el barrenador de grano pequeño, Rhyzopertha dominica. La susceptibilidad de la plaga a los aceites aumentó con el tiempo. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los aceites en los períodos de tiempo evaluados (24, 48 y 72 h). Rhyzopertha dominica fue más susceptible al limoneno, terpinoleno, α-pineno y β-pineno. Entre las mezclas artificiales completas, ensayadas en las proporciones caracterizadas químicamente, solamente la preparada con los componentes del aceite de fruta madura demostró toxicidad al mismo nivel que el aceite esencial. El análisis de los constituyentes reveló que el limoneno y el α-terpineol contribuyeron más a la toxicidad del aceite de fruta madura, mientras que unicamente el limoneno contribuyó a la toxicidad del aceite de fruta no madura. Los presentes hallazgos demuestran que la toxicidad de los aceites de frutas maduras y no maduras no puede atribuirse únicamente a la toxicidad individual de los constituyentes, sino también a la proporción en que se encuentran estos compuestos y al tipo de interaccion entre estos.

The hydro-distilled essential oil of Citrus reticulata Blanco var. kinnow was analyzed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Five constituents out of fifteen constituents were identified from seeded C. reticulata oil representing 74.66% of the oil. The major constituent of the oil was ?- phellandrene (62.00%). ?-pinene(6.53%), ?-myrcene(2.81%), limonene(2.81%) and caryophyllene(0.51%) were present in considerable amount. From the low seeded C. reticulata oil, six components out of seventeen compounds were identified constituting 54.74% of the oil and the main component was ?-phellandrene (37.35%). ?-pinene(2.79%), ?-pinene(3.26%), ?-myrcene(4.16%), limonene(5.77%), caryophyllene(1.41%) were present in considerable amount. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i3.22132 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(3), 181-184, 2014

The chemical composition of the essential oils from the aerial parts of Helosciadium nodiflorum Apiaceae), obtained from two different localities in Italy, were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sample 1 (collected from Sulmona) was dominated by phenylpropanoids (49.1%) with myristicin (49.1%), ( Z )-β-ocimene (19.0%), limonene (7.8%) and terpinolene (7.1%) as major constituents. Sample 2 (collected from Colfiorito) was mainly composed of monoterpene hydrocarbons (58.7%) and the main compounds of the oil were limonene (40.6%), myristicin (24.3%), dillapiol (9.4%) and β-pinene (5.5%). In order to determine relationships between the chemical composition and insecticidal activity of the oils, comparative and synergistic interactions of the main constituents of H. nodiflorum essential oils were investigated in third-instar larvae of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni , via a contact toxicity bioassay. In the case of sample 1, myristicin was identified as a major active principle while in sample 2, limonene, myristicin and dillapiol were main insecticidal constituents. Several combinations of these compounds were synergistic when topically applied, especially myristicin and ( Z )-β-ocimene, or limonene.

WOS: 000398611100005, The chemical composition of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from the different parts of Daucus aristidis Coss. (syn. Ammiopsis aristidis Batt.) (Apiaceae) from two locations (Ghoufi and Bousaada) in East of Algeria, was investigated for the first time by GC and GC-MS and evaluated for their in vitro acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activity, the enzymes linked to Alzheimer's disease, by a spectrophotometric method of Ellman using ELISA microplate reader at 100 mu g/mL. The main components of D. aristidis oils from Ghoufi and Bousaada were a-pinene (74.1%-49%) and beta-pinene (11.9% - 19.2%). This suggests that beta-pinene was the main component from Bousaada. The oils exhibited a moderate inhibitory activity (over 50%) against both of the enzymes., National Fund for Scientific Research; CNEPRU projects; Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Algeria [F01220140021], This project is supported by the National Fund for Scientific Research, CNEPRU projects, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research, Algeria. Code No: F01220140021

Abies nebrodensis (Lojac.) Mattei (Pinaceae) is a species occurring in a very small population only in a restricted area of Sicily. Its taxonomic classification as different species has been object of discussion. In this work the chemical composition of the essential oil from the leaves is presented for the first time and compared to the essential oils from other euroasiatic species reported in literature. Peculiar characteristics of the essential oil of A. nebrodensis are highlighted.

The essential oil composition of the leaves, bark and cones of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. oxycedrus collected from natural habitats in Bursa (Turkey) were determined by hydrodistillation, in 0.7, 0.9 and 0.7% (weight/weight) yields, respectively. The essential oils were analysed by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A total of 75 compounds have been identified constituting 99.5% in bark, 89.3% in leaves and 97.7% in cones of the essential oils of the taxon. The predominant compounds were α-pinene (42.9, 72.8 and 20.9%), β-pinene (3.8, 10.7 and 8.9%), β-myrcene (3.9, 5.5 and 21.7%) and limonene (17.8, 1.9 and 3.4%) in the oils from the leaves, bark and cones, respectively. Quantitative and qualitative variations were determined in the essential oil composition of different parts of the studied plant. The high amount of monoterpenes α- and β-pinene, β-myrcene, limonene and the sesquiterpene germacrene D make the studied taxon a privileged potential source for pharmaceutical...

The essential oil obtained by hydro distillation of flowers of Bauhinia variegata were analyzed by GC and GC-MS analysis. Fifty one compounds have been identified in the flowers oil, representing 87.3 % of total oil. The major components were identified as α-pinene (5.1 %), β-pinene (2.2 %), β-elemene (2.6 %), γ-elemene (19.0 %), δ-cadinene (3.6 %), occidentalol (2.3 %), cis-murrol-5-en-4-α-ol (24.4 %) and α-cadinol (4.4 %). This is the first report on chemical composition of B. variegata flowers essential oil of north Indian origin.

This study aimed to explore the potential of an invasive alien species, Sphagneticola trilobata (L.) Pruski, that grows in foothill region of northern India. The volatile oil from the aerial parts of S. trilobata was isolated by hydrodistillation method and analysed using capillary gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) during different seasons. Volatile oil yield varied from 0.18 to 0.25% in different seasons, with the maximum in winter season. Altogether, 43 constituents, representing 96.1–97.3% of the total oil composition were identified. Major constituents of the oils were α-pinene (78.6–83.3%), α-phellandrene (1.3–4.1%), sabinene (1.4–1.9%), limonene (1.2–1.9%), β-pinene (1.0–1.6%), camphene (0.7–2.0%), 10-nor-calamenen-10-one (

The essential oil of Nigella sativa extracted by standard hydrodistillation method from Cleavenger’s apparatus was done for Gas Chromatography (GC) and Gas Chromatography-Magnetic Separation (GC-MS) analysis. The oil yield was 0.35% (v/w) and had the presence of 17 volatile components representing 97.54% of the total oil which were identified. The major components of essential oil were para-cymene (54.13%), alpha-thujene (10.43%), hydrocarveol (10.40%), longifolene (6.97%), beta-pinene (3.10%), and other components were present in trace amounts. The in vitro antimicrobial activity against five pathogenic fungi was done by disc diffusion method and microdilution method. The oil represents the strong antimicrobial activity against Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton simii with diameter of inhibition zone and activity index 38 mm (AI: 1.90), 20 mm (AI: 1.33) and 35 mm (AI: 1.09), respectively as compared with Chrysosporium tropicum with diameter of inhibition zone 26 mm (AI: 0.86) and Chrysosporium evolceanui with diameter of inhibition zone 25 mm (AI: 0.71). Key words: Essential oil, antimicrobial, microdilution, dermatophytes.

Aerial parts of Xanthium italicum in an air tight container greatly inhibited root elongation of radish, implying that this invasive plant could release biologically active volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the environment to affect other plants’ growth. This phenomenon was further studied by evaluating the phytotoxic effects of X. italicum essential oil against two dicot plants, amaranth (Amaranthus mangostanus L.) and lettuce (Lectuca sativa L.), and two monocot plants, wheat (Triticum aestivum Linn) and ryegrass (Lolium multiforum), and analyzing the chemical composition of the oil. Among the 4 test species, amaranth was the most sensitive plant, 0.5μl/mL essential oil application resulted in a 50% reduction on root elongation, and 2.5 μl/mL essential oil almost completely inhibited its seedling growth. Wheat was the least sensitive species, whose root growth was reduced to 36% of control by 5 μl/mL essential oil. The essential oil exerted moderate inhibitory effect on both lettuce and ryegrass. Compared to a commercial herbicide-Harness, X. italicum oil exhibited stronger phytotoxicity on amaranth, lettuce and wheat, but weaker activity on ryegrass. The chemical composition of the essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from the aerial parts of X. italicum Moretti was analyzed by GC/MS. Thirty two compounds were identified, representing 94.89% of total oil, which was found to be rich in monoterpene hydrocarbons (60.71%). The main constituents of the oil were limonene (51.61%), germacrene B (6.98%), δ-cadinol (5.94%), β-pinene (5.23%), α-caryophyllene (5.1%) and bornyl acetate (3.15%). Bioassay revealed the dominant constituent-limonene, was unlikely the responsible phytotoxic compound due to its low biological activity; rather, there might be other oil constituent( s) that either act alone, or work together, and possibly assisted by synergistic effect, to display the phytotoxic activity. Our results suggested that X. italicum might produce allelopathic VOCs to facilitate its invasion success. This is the first report on the phytotoxic activity and the chemical composition of the essential oil of X. italicum Moretti from China.

The present study describes the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from Salvia potentillifolia Boiss. & Heldr. ex Benth., which is endemic for Turkey. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and components of the essential oil were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The major components of S. potentillifolia essential oil were 1.8-cineole (19.33%), b-pinene (11.97%) and a-pinene (8.99%). Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was investigated against standard control and resistant strains, using disc diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) methods. The essential oil of S. potentillifolia showed relatively low levels of antimicrobial activity against the bacteria tested. However, the oil was as effective as the antibiotic tested againstStaphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 [methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)], Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 51299 [vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VRE)], Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 49247 strains. The most bactericidal activity was obtained against Haemophilus species (4 μg/ml). Key words: Salvia, lamiaceae, essential oil, GC-MS analysis, antimicrobial effect, MRSA,VRE

In this study are presented the results of studies for oregano in 16 locations (sites) of Albania for the content of the quantity of oils and their fractions.Albaniais the one of the important diversity centers for Oregano because of their adaptation to diverse agro ecological conditions as a result of natural selection. The design of the experiment was based on split plot methods. From the total samples collected, were selected 16 mostly widespread samples of natural populations of origano (Origanum vulgare L. sp. vulgare and sp. hirtum). Essential oil isolation from oregano was performed by hydro distillation. Identification of the components was made by comparing mass spectra of components in essential oils with those from Nist, Wiley and Adams mass spectra libraries. The results show that the total oil content varies from 3.45% to 0.1%. The populations of Oregano in the part of southern Albania have a higher amount of etheric oil compared with those of the North part. The higher content of carvacrol in 55.63%, of the samples was determined in sites of the southern part of Albania, while in the other two investigated area central and north part it was 55.63% and 48.49% respectively. The same indicators were realised also for content of linalool and thymol, while North area has sites with high content of caryophyllen-oxide and β-pinen 3. But, in all sites, the oils of thymol and carvacrolit were dominant.

Due to the biological properties associated to the Baccharis genus and the limited information on its antimicrobial properties, the present work investigates the chemical composition and antibacterial, antifungal and antiprotozoal activities of the essential oils of two species, B. uncinella from Campo Alegre and B. semiserrata from Atalanta, both places located in Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and were analyzed by gas chromatography–flame ionization detector (GC–FID) and GC–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The dry leaf essential oil yield from B. uncinella was 0.65% (m/m), and 0.50% and 0.22% (m/m) for dry leaf and twig from B. semiserrata, respectively. The main components in the oil from B. uncinella were α-pinene (9.0%), β-pinene (9.2%), limonene (11.5%), β-caryophyllene (13.2%) and spathulenol (9.3%). The following major compounds were identified in the leaf essential oil from B. semiserrata: α-pinene (4.3%), β-pinene (11.4%), limonene (6.7%), β-caryophyllen...

Exposure to sustained low intensity microwaves can constitute a stress for the plants, but its effects on plant secondary chemistry are poorly known. We studied the influence of GSM and WLAN-frequency microwaves on emissions of volatile organic compounds and content of essential oil in the aromatic plant Ocimum basilicum L. hypothesizing that microwave exposure leads to enhanced emissions of stress volatiles and overall greater investment in secondary compounds. Compared to the control plants, microwave irradiation led to decreased emissions of β-pinene, α-phellandrene, bornyl acetate, β-myrcene, α-caryophyllene and benzaldehyde, but increased emissions of eucalyptol, estragole, caryophyllene oxide, and α-bergamotene. The highest increase in emission, 21 times greater compared to control, was observed for caryophyllene oxide. The irradiation resulted in increases in the essential oil content, except for the content of phytol which decreased by 41% in the case of GSM-frequency, and 82% in the case of WLAN-frequency microwave irradiation. The strongest increase in response to WLAN irradiation, >17 times greater, was observed for hexadecane and octane contents. Comparisons of volatile compositions by multivariate analyses demonstrated a clear separation of different irradiance treatments, and according to the changes in the volatile emissions, the WLAN-frequency irradiation represented a more severe stress than the GSM-frequency irradiation. Overall, these results demonstrating important modifications in the emission rates, essential oil content and composition indicate that microwave irradiation influences the quality of herbage of this economically important spice plant.

People Programme (Marie Curie Actions) of the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Union (FP7) under REA grant; The ability to be used as an alternative solvent of a cis-rich pinane (cis/trans: 7/3), which was obtained for the first time at the multigram scale through an environmentally friendly catalytic hydrogenation of alpha/beta-pinenes or turpentine oil under neat conditions over a Pd/C catalyst, was investigated and compared to n-hexane for the extraction of several bioactive compounds. Experimental evaluation as well as a simulation of the cis-rich pinane extraction capacity have been undertaken. The predictive approach was performed using the simulation software COSMO-RS (conductor like screening model for realistic solvents), which uses a statistical thermodynamics approach based on the result of quantum chemical calculation, for the understanding of dissolving mechanism. COSMO-RS simulation showed that the bio-based solvent is a good solvent to solubilize carotenoids, oil from rapeseed and aromas from caraway seeds. The experimental results indicated that the highest carotenoid yield was obtained with the cis-rich pinane with 95.4% of the maximum carotenoid content in carrots while n-hexane was only able to extract 78.1% of them. With respect to the extraction of oil from rapeseeds, both solvents showed similar extraction yields and no differences were observed in the fatty acid profiles. In relation to the aromas, the characterization of the essential oil extracted by the two solvents showed a similar composition, where carvone (64%) was the main component followed by limonene (34%). No selectivity of the solvents was observed for any of the two major compounds. The results indicate that the bio-based solvent could be a promising solvent for n-hexane substitution.

Damjanovic-VratnicaB.,�ĐakovT.,�Sukovic �D.,�Damjanovic � J.�(2011):�Antimicrobial effect of essen - tial oil isolated from Eucalyptus globulus Labill. from Montenegro .�CzechJ.�FoodSci.,�29:�277-284. Chemicalcompositionoftheessentialoilof Eucalyptus globulusLabill., �growninMontenegro, �wasanalysedbygas� chromatography-massspectrometryanditsantimicrobialactivitywasevaluatedagainst �17�microorganisms, �including� foodpoisoningandspoilagebacteriaandhumanpathogens.The Eucalyptusessentialoilyieldwas �1.8%�(w/w) �onthe� freshweightbasis, �whereastheanalysisresultedintheidentificationofatotalof�11�constituents, �1.8�cineole �(85.8%),� α-pinene � (7.2%),� and� β-myrcene � (1.5%)� beingthemaincomponents. � Othercompoundsidentifiedintheoilwere� � β-pinene, �limonene, �α-phellandrene, �γ-terpinene,�linalool, �pinocarveol, �terpinen-4-ol, �and�α-terpineol. �Theresultsof� theantimicrobialactivitytestsrevealedthattheessentialoilofE. globulushasratherastrongantimicrobialactivity,� especiallyagainstStreptococcus pyogenes ,�Escherichia coli ,� Candida albicans ,�Staphylococcus aureus ,� acinetobacter baumannii ,�andklebsiella pneumoniae .�MinimuminhibitoryconcentrationrevealedthelowestactivityagainstPseu- domonas aeruginosaandSalmonela infantis �(3.13�mg/ml) �whilethehighestactivitywasagainstS. aureus, E. coli ,�and� S. pyogenes (0.09�mg/ml).

Wild and cultivated Murraya koenigii leaf essential oils collected from ten Indian locations were investigated for their chemical diversity. The essential oil yields ranged from 1.2–2.5 ml/kg biomass. GC and GC-MS analyses revealed ninety compounds, constituting 93.8–99.9% of the essential oils. The highest concentrations of α-pinene (55.7%) and β-pinene (10.6%) were found in the essential oil of wild plants. α-Pinene (13.5–35.7%) and/or β-phellandrene (14.7–50.2%) were the dominant essential oil constituents of seven locations. (E)-Caryophyllene (26.5%, 31.5%) and α-selinene (9.5%, 10.4%) were the principal essential oil components of two locations. The odour profiles of the essential oils were distinctly different. Tetradecanoic acid, hexadecanoic acid, piperitone, cada-1,4-diene,1,10-di-epi-cubenol, γ-eudesmol, α-muurolol, (Z,E)-farnesol and (Z,Z)-farnesol are identified for the first time in curry leaf essential oil. The chemical diversity of the oils offers opportunity to flavourists to choose curry leaves and essential oils with preferential flavour composition.

The peel essential oils from four selected Tunisian Citrus species: sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck), mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco); sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) and pummelo (Citrus grandis Osbeck), cultivated under the same pedoclimatic and cultural conditions have been analysed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The essential oils content ranged from 1.06% to 4.62% (w/w) in pummelo and mandarin, respectively. The qualitative and quantitative analysis led to the identification of 70 components in all oil samples. The analysed oils consist mainly in monoterpene hydrocarbons (97.59–99.3%), with limonene (92.52–97.3%) and β-pinene (1.37–1.82) being the major constituents. The remaining chemical classes were weakly represented (

The essential oil of fresh aerial parts of Hypericum annulatum Moris obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. One-hundred-sixteen constituents identified accounted for 98.9% of the total oil. The major components of the oil were: α-pinene (56.3%), (E)-β-ocimene (10.2%), undecane (6.3%), myrcene (4.3%) and β-pinene (4.2%). The volatile profile of H. annulatum differs significantly from that of the rest of the taxa belonging to the section Adenosepalum, as well as from previously investigated Hypericum species growing in the same region (southeastern Serbia).

The volatile composition of ten fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) varieties was investigated during two successive growing seasons under temperate climatic conditions in Central Italy. The freshly plant inflorescences were hydrodistilled and the essential oils (EOs) were characterized by GC–MS. In addition, the composition of the aroma emitted spontaneously from the freshly plant inflorescences were analysed by SPME-GC–MS. The EO yields of eight dioecious (Carmagnola, C.S., Red Petiole, Pop 1, Pop 2, Pop 3, Pop 4, Pop 5) and two monoecious (Codimono and Felina 34) cultivars ranged from 0.11 to 0.25% (w/w) and showed a significant production of α-pinene (3–20%), β-pinene (1–8%), E-ocimene (1–10%), myrcene (8–45%) and terpinolene (0.12–22%). The monoterpene composition was useful to distinguish the monoecious cultivars from the dioecious ones. β-Caryophyllene (7–28%), α-humulene (3–12%), and caryophyllene oxide (2–6%) were the main sesquiterpenes. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was present in traces in the EOs of only two dioecious cultivars cultivated in 2005. Cannabinol (CBN) was not detected in the essential oils, while the no-hallucinogenous cannabidiol (CBD) was found as typical volatile constituent in several analysed cultivars. These findings were also confirmed by the headspace GC–MS analysis carried out on the same samples. The analysed EOs obtained from fibre hemp varieties cultivated in Central Italy were characterized by an interesting and specific terpene composition with a legal and safe cannabinoid content. They were obtained from freshly plant inflorescences, which usually represent a waste material from C. sativa L. fibre varieties. The present study strengths the hypothesis to grow hemp as a multi-use crop through a complete utilization of the plant material using inflorescences to produce essential oils as natural flavour and fragrance additives.

The chemical constituents of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Zingiber vuquangensis Lý N.S., Lê T.H., Trịnh T. H., Nguyễn V.H., Đỗ N.Đ. and Zingiber castaneum Škorničk. & Q.B. Nguyễn collected from Vu Quang National Park, Hà Tĩnh Province, Vietnam were analysed by GC and GC-MS. β-Pinene (24.7% and 26.1%) and β-caryophyllene (12.3% and 13.9%) were the main constituents in the leaf oil and stem oil of Zingiber vuquangensis. On the other hand the root oil contained bornyl acetate (20.9%), zerumbone (14.1%) and α-humulene (9.6%) while β-pinene (19.6%), 1,8-cineole (15.6%), α-pinene (10.3%) and β-caryophyllene (10.4%) were the significant compounds of the fruit oil. The leaf oil Zingiber castaneum was dominated by β-pinene (30.6%), α-pinene (9.5%), β-caryophyllene (9.4%) and bicycloelemene (9.1%). The compounds occurring in higher quantity in the stem oil were β-caryophyllene (14.7%), δ-cadinene (9.8%), bicycloelemene (8.4%) and α-cubebene (7.8%). However, camphene (15.1%), 1,8-cineole (13.6%), linalool (11.3%) and δ-3-carene (8.5%) were the main compounds of the root oil while ( E)-nerolidol (23.2%), ( Z)-9-octadecenamide (17.3%) and β-caryophyllene (10.8%) were the main constituents of the fruit oil. The essential oil did not exhibit noticeable antimicrobial effects. This is the first report on the volatile compositions of Z. vuquangensis and Z. castaneum.

Differences in essential oil composition of wild Achillea millefolium L., collected at five habitats in Lithuania, where plants with pink (f. rosea) and white (f. millefolium) flowers grow together, were reported. For the first time, oils of different plant organs (inflorescences and leaves) of both forms from every population were analysed in detail. Chemical analysis was performed by GC and GC-MS. The most predominant constituents of the oils were nerolidol (9.4–31.9%, in 11 out of 20 samples), caryophyllene oxide (8.4–23.0%, 4 leaf oils), ß-pinene (8.0–15.2%, 2 samples), eudesmol (11.8–15.8%, 2 leaf oils) and 1,8-cineole (11.9%, one inflorescence oil). Domination of nerolidol was mostly characteristic of A. millefolium f. rosea essential oils (in 8 out of 10 oils). The inflorescences biosynthesised markedly larger amounts of nerolidol and ß-pinene than those of the leaves. An opposite correlation was observed for caryophyllene oxide and eudesmol. Chamazulene (≤2.7%) was determined only in six oils. The 65 identified constituents made up 75.4–96.5% of the oils.

As part of their continuing studies on the constituents of the genus Duguetia, these authors have studied the composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils obtained from the leaves of two species, and the results are reported here. A hydrodistilled oils obtained from the leaves of Duguetia gardneriana and Duguetia moricandiana were analyzed by GC/MS. The oils showed a total of 33 components. Germacrene D (28.1%), viridiflorene (24.0%), β-pinene (12.6%), α-pinene (9.1%) and β-caryophyllene (5.6%) were found to be the major individual constituents of D. gardneriana oil. The leaf oil of D. moricandiana was dominated by germacrene D (44.3%), α-pinene (13.0%), viridiflorene (9.3%), β-pinene (9.2%) and β-caryophyllene (6.8%). The oils were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 11 pathogenic microorganisms using standard gel diffusion method. The essential oil of D. gardneriana showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida guilliermondii, while the essential oil of D...

Artemisia dracunculus L. (Tarragon) is an important species of Asteraceae. Plants were collected at flowering stage from naturally growing population of Shansha (Himachal Pradesh), North-West Himalaya, India. Air dried shoots (room temperature 25–35 °C) were used to extract essential oil using Clevenger-type apparatus for 3 h and analyzed. Twenty-four compounds were identified using GC-FID and GC–MS analysis. Major constituent of essential oil was capillene (58.38%), whereas other constituents were Z-β-ocimene (8.63%), β-phellandrene (7.03%), terpinenolene (5.87%), camphene (4.16%), spathulenol (2.02%), β-pinene (1.02%), etc. Chemical composition of essential oil is described and compared with earlier studies. The population is categorized as chemotype of A. dracunculus . As capillene is major constituents, this chemotype may be useful for industrial exploitation as well as chemotaxonomic characterization.

The composition of the essential oil from leaves and branches of Beilschmiedia pendula growing wild in Costa Rica was determined by capillary GC-FID and GC/MS. Sixty eight and 67 compounds were identified in the leaf and branch oils respectively corresponding to about 84.3% and 96.7% of the total amount of the oils. The leaf oil consists mainly of monoterpene hydrocarbons (27.4%), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (33.0%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (16.3%). The major components of the leaf oil were β-pinene (10.4%), β-caryophyllene (8.6%), α-pinene (7.9%) and bicyclogermacrene (7.2%). The branch oil consists mainly of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (59.3%) and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (24.9%). The major components of the branch oil were β-caryophyllene (17.3%), β-selinene (9.1%), bicyclogermacrene (8.9%), α-cadinol (5.8%) and spathulenol (4.6%).

Tribolium castaneum is one of the important stored-product pests in tropical countries. Fumigation with phosphine is the most commonly method to control T. castaneum. However, long-term application of phosphine will cause resistance. The aims of this research were to study the effects of fumigant and repellent of peppermint oil Mentha piperita fraction against T. castaneum, and to identify the compounds contained in the active fraction. This research was conducted in Entomology Laboratory Seameo Biotrop and Forensic Laboratory of Indonesian Police Headquarters Jakarta, from January to October 2016. Peppermint oil was extracted by distillation from the leaves of M. piperita. Peppermint oil was fractionated by counter-current distribution method using three solvents: n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol. Then, the three fractions were tested as fumigant and repellent against T. castaneum. The active fraction of essential oils were identified by GC-MS. The n-hexane fraction of peppermint (HFP) was the active fraction caused mortality on larvae and adults of T. castaneum at 72 hours after fumigation. The LC95 values for the adults and larvae was 1.9 % and 9.43 % , respectively. Sublethal concentration of HFP showed inhibitory activity on larvae development. Percentage of pupae transformed from treated larvae was 48.67-74.91 % and percentage of adults emerged was 9.12-16.59 %. The repellent activity of HFP on adults of T. castaneum was 86.7 % at 72 hours after treatment. The dominant compounds of HFP was β-pinene, limonene, isopulegol, menthone, isomenthon, menthol, pulegone, and trans-carane. The HFP or its compounds was potential to be develoved as botanical insecticides.

Three samples of Ferula kuhistanica were collected from two different locations in the central part of Tajikistan. The essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. A total of 77 compounds were identified representing 95.8-99.9 % of total oil compositions. The essential oils of the roots of F. kuhistanica were dominated by the monoterpene hydrocarbons α-pinene (57.7-70.6%), β-pinene (8.2-27.1%), β-phellandrene (0.1-7.2%), and myrcene (1.5-2%). To our best knowledge, this is the first report concerning the chemical composition of the essential oil obtained from the roots of F. kuhistanica.

During the study of variability and biodiversity of some selected genus of wild medicinal plants in the Czech Republic also the content of essential oil of Salvia verticillata and Salvia pratensis was evaluated. At least 5 plants from 7 natural sites in the case of S. verticillata and from 12 localities in the case of S. pratensis were used for experiments. These plants came from 4 protected landscape areas in the Czech Republic and content and composition of essential oil was evaluated ex situ in a field nursery in Olomouc during the period 2006-2008 in two repetitions every year. The yield of essential oil was found between 0.026 and 0.057% of dry mass in S. verticillata and 0.008-0.067% in S. pratensis. Statistically significant differences were found between the content of essential oil from individual localities. Also the study of essential oil quality showed different results between both evaluated species as well as between the populations of identical species from different original localities. Only 11 compounds of essential oil were successfully identified and its relationship was evaluated. From that number of compounds the biggest part of S. verticillata essential oil consists of caryophyllene (57.6% at average) and humulene (23.7%) whereas S. pratensis contains mainly caryophyllene (91.6%). On the other hand also the population of S. verticillata with almost 29% of b-pinene and 14% of limonene was found and other exceptions.