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Different drying techniques may alter the chemical composition of plant extracts and consequently affect their bioactivity potential. The current study was designed to reveal the effect of four different drying methods on the phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of hydrodistilled essential oil (HD-EO) and methanolic (APM) extract obtained from the aerial part of Anthemis palestina from Jordan. Aerial parts of A. palestina in their fresh (FR) form and after drying in shade (ShD), sun (SD), oven at 40 °C (O40D) and 60 °C (O60D), in addition to microwave (MWD), were used to extract their essential oils by hydrodistillation and to prepare the different methanolic extracts (APM). GC/MS analysis of the different HD-EOs revealed qualitative and quantitative differences among the different samples. While FR, O40D, O60D, and MWD EO samples contained mainly sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (35.43%, 29.04%, 53.69%, and 59.38%, respectively), ShD sample was rich in oxygenated monoterpenes (33.57%), and SD-EO contained mainly oxygenated sesquiterpenes (40.36%). Principal component analysis (PCA) and Cluster analysis (CA) grouped the different drying methods based on their impact on the concentration of chemical constituents. SD-EO demonstrated high DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity (1.31 ± 0.03) × 10−2; (1.66 ± 0.06) × 10−2 μg/mL, respectively). Furthermore, A. paleistina methanolic extracts (APM) obtained after subjecting the plant to different drying methods showed interesting patterns in terms of their TPC, TFC, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical profiling. Of all extracts, SD-APM extract had the highest TPC (105.37 ± 0.19 mg GA/g DE), highest TFC (305.16 ± 3.93 mg Q/g DE) and demonstrated the highest DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities ((4.42 ± 0.02) × 10−2; (3.87 ± 0.02) × 10−2 mg/mL, respectively); all were supported by correlation studies. LC-MS/MS analysis of the different extracts revealed the richness of the SD-APM extract in phenolic acids and flavonoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Scrophularia is one of the largest genera belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. Different members of the genus exhibit an interesting, wide spectrum of bioactivities. Accordingly, the current study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition of the essential oil of Scrophularia peyronii Post. from Jordan. Additionally, extracts obtained from the aerial parts with solvents of different polarities were assayed for their phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activities. The major constituents detected in the essential oil, as revealed by GC/MS analysis, contained mainly Z,Z-farnesyl acetone (11.04%), β-elemene (6.36%), n-octanal (5.98%), and spathulenol (4.58%). Each of the aqueous methanol (Sp-M) and butanol (Sp-B) extracts contained flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinone, and glycosides. Both extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and their in vitro antioxidant activity, which were assayed using the DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging methods. Additionally, the two extracts were then subjected to LC-ESI-MS/MS for the qualitative determination of their secondary metabolite content, especially in flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The results showed that the Sp-B extract of S. peyronii had the highest contents of both phenolic compounds and flavonoids and showed high radical scavenging activity, as determined by the two assay methods, when compared with the Sp-M extract. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis resulted in the detection of 21 compounds, including 8 flavonoids, 6 phenolic acids, 6 iridoids, and 2 acids. Although the majority of compounds were detected in both extracts, it was noticed that scropolioside B, 6′-O-cinnamoylharpagide, isoferulic acid, and 6-O-methylcatapol were only detected in the Sp-M fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex C.Presl from Jordan has been elucidated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, aqueous methanol (BsA), Butanol (BsB) and water (BsW) extracts were screened for their total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities using the 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) methods. The most potent extracts were screened for their phenolic acids and flavonoid content using liquid the chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique. The results indicated that the essential oil predominantly contained cis-pinane (14.76%), β-caryophyllene (8.91%) and allo-aromadendrene epoxide (6.39%). Among the different extracts investigated, the BsB fraction had the most TPC and TFC (455.79 ± 1.03 µg gallic acid/g dry extract; 272.62 ± 8.28 µg quercetin/g dry extract, respectively) and had the best radical and radical cation scavenging activities, as determined using the DPPH and ABTS methods. Quantitative and qualitative LC-MS analyses of BsA and BsB using LC-MS revealed each of the kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (30.29%), chrysoeriol-7-glucoside (7.93%) and luteolin 7-o-glucoside (7.76%) as the main constituents of the BsA fraction. The BsB fraction was rich in 7,4′-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone (34.68%), kaempferol-3,7,4′-trimethyl ether (29.17%) and corymbosin (9.66%) and lower concentration levels of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (1.63%) and chrysoeriol-7-glucoside (0.51%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oils from flowers and leaves of P. incisa and P. crispa were extracted using two methods, hydro-distillation (HD) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME). The essential oils were analyzed using GS-MS whilst their contents were quantitatively determined using GC-FID. The analysis revealed the following: For P. incisa, SPME oils from flowers and leaves were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (cis-verbenol, 2E-octene and E-caryophyllene from flowers and thymoquinone, methyl-γ-ionone and butylated hydroxyanisole from leaves). Comparatively HD oils were dominated by phenolic compounds (butylated hydroxyanisole, 7-epi-α-Eudesmol and methyl-γ-ionone from flowers and leaves). For P. crispa, SPME oils from flowers were dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes (crysanthenone, cis-thujopsenic acid and Z-jasmone) and those from leaves were dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (7-epi-α-eudesmol, 11-acetoxyeudesman-4-α-ol and cembrene). Comparatively, the oxygenated monoterpenes crysanthenone, p-cymene-8-ol and 2,6-dimethyl phenol were determined in the HD oils from flowers, while crysanthenone, p-cymene-8-ol and vanillin were identified in those from leaves. The essential oils extracted from flowers and leaves P. incisa and P. crispa showed good antioxidant as well as anticancer activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Volatile oils from flowers and leaves of C. creticus L. and C. salviifolius L. were extracted by two extraction methods; namely, hydrodistillation and solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME). The chemical composition of essential oils was analyzed by GC and GC–MS. The volatile extracted from leaves and flowers of C. criticus using SPME was dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbon with α-pinene, camphene and α-cubebene as major components. In hydrodistillation, the oil extracted from leaves was dominated by oxygenated diterpenes and diterpenes hydrocarbon with manoyl oxide and sclarene as major components, whereas, the oil extracted from flowers was dominated by oxygenated diterpenes and diterpenes hydrocarbon with manoyl oxide and abietatriene as major components. The volatile from flowers and leaves of C. salviifolius obtained by SPME were dominated by monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes with δ-3-carene, α-pinene, β-pinene, and E-caryophyllene as major constituents. On the other hand, the oils from flowers and leaves of C. salviifolius obtained by hydrodistillation were dominated by oxygenated diterpenes, diterpenes hydrocarbon and esters with dehydro abietol, abietol, manoyl oxide and methyl octadecenoate as major components. In the leaves, the major components of the oil were manoyl oxide, E-ethyl cinnamate, and Z-ethyl cinnamate. These oils showed weak antioxidant activity when compared to the positive controls α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and EDTA, while the crude extracts aq. MeOH, butanol, and water showed good antioxidant activity. Discriminating between the studied plants based on the extraction method was also possible upon applying Principle component analysis (PCA) to the obtained GC–MS data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the composition of the essential oil, flavonoid and phenolic contents, and the antioxidant activities of three Phlomis species from Jordan (P. viscosa Poiret., P. platystegia Post. and P. brachyodon Boiss.) were examined. The essential oil from fresh and air dried aerial parts of these Phlomis species was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC-MS. Germacrene B, E-caryophyllene and γ- muuroleneas were the major constituents of the oil from P. viscosa, while viridiflorol, β-eudesmol, Linalool and γ-cadieneneas dominated in P. platystegia, and γ-muurolene, α-humulene, γ-himachalene and Linalool were the chief components of the oil from P. brachyodon. Comparatively, the different oils extracted from the air-dried parts of the three Phlomis species showed less content in monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and higher amounts of oxygenated monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes than the oils from the same fresh areal parts. The total phenol and flavonoid contents from crude fractions obtained from these three species were determined by using Folin-Ciocalteu and AlCl3 assays. And four biochemical assays, namely 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,22 -azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), hydrogen peroxide scavenging (hydroxyl) and ferrous ion chelating (FIC) were used to evaluate antioxidant activities. The butanol fractions from the different species showed the highest content of both total phenol and flavonoid, when compared to aqueous and methanol extracts. Similarly, the butanol fraction showed the highest antioxidant capacity among the other extracts, as revealed by DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ABTS free radical scavenging assay, Hydroxyl radical assay and ferrous ion chelating assays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antioxidant activity of the essential oils obtained fromOnonis NatrixL.andOnonis SiculaGuss were investigated by the DPPH and ATBS methods. The oils exhibited good to moderate antioxidant activity in a concentration-dependent manner. Essential oils of the two plants were analyzed by GC and GC- MS. Seventy-seven components (95.60 %) were characterized in the essential oil ofO. Sicula. The oil was rich in oxygenated sesquiterpenes (66.29 %), sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (20.10 %) including selin-11-en-4-α-ol (12.76 %) and α-selinene (6.27 %) as the major constituents. From the 85 identified compounds (97.11 %) in the oil ofO. Natrix(2E,6E)-farnesol (18.83 %), dodecanal (12.58 %) and 2-phenyl ethyl tiglate (5.20 %) were the main constituents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of drug resistant strains of microbial pathogens provides an urgent need to develop novel therapeutical regimes with resistance-combating capacity. In this study, the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activities of essential oils from Cleome droserifolia and Cleome trinervia growing in Jordan desert were investigated. Hydro-distilled oils were analyzed using GC–MS and evaluated for antibacterial activity in vitro against a selection of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by the agar-well diffusion and the micro-dilution methods. Sixty five compounds representing 99.3% of the total composition were detected in oil of C . droserifolia , whereas 30 compounds corresponding to 95.9% of the total were detected in oil of C. trinervia . The principal constituents of C . droserifolia oil were (E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-decatrien (11.8%), carotol (10.1%), δ-cadinene (8.9%), β-eudesmol (7.0%) and benzyl isothiocyanate (5.9%). The chief constituents of C. trinervia oil were 1,5-hexandien-3-ol (28.3%), santene (20.0%), 3-methyl-2-methylenebutanitrile (14.9%), Z-myroxide (9.3%) and 3,5-dimethyl-1,2,4-trithiolane (7.0%). The chemical profiles revealed the preponderance of sesquiterpenes (86.6%) and monoterpenes (31.1%) in C. droserifolia and C. trinervia oils, respectively. Appreciable proportions of nitrogen and sulfur-containing compounds were found in the examined oils (8.5% in C. droserifolia and 27.1% in C. trinervia ). Scanning electron microscopy of C . droserifolia and C. trinervia petioles and leaf surfaces showed that the two species are coated with capitate-type glandular hairs consistent with enrichment of such species with essential oils. The antibacterial activity screen study showed that the oils exerted marked growth inhibitory effects. Most bacterial species tested were suppressed, despite the varying degrees of inhibition observed (MIC values of 150–550 μg ml − 1 ). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]