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Moringa is a type of plant that is used both for medicinal and food. Moringa seed (MS) are rich in volatile oil and have initially been employed to treat diseases of the nervous system. Insomnia, a prevalent neurological disorder, has led to this study's aim: to extract the essential oil from MS and analyze its potential to improve sleep. This study utilized petroleum ether for the thermal extraction of the essential oil from MS, which was then subjected to compositional analysis using Gas Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC–MS). P‐chlorophenyl alanine (PCPA) was used to induce an insomnia model in Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats. Following the successful establishment of the model, the MS essential oil was administered at concentrations of 10%, 5%, and 2.5% to investigate its sedative and hypnotic effects. The efficacy of the MS essential oil was assessed by observing the general condition of rats in each group, conducting an open field test, a pentobarbital sodium righting test, and measuring the serum 5‐HT (5‐hydroxytryptamine) levels and hypothalamic GABA (γ‐aminobutyric acid) content. GC–MS analysis of the MS essential oil revealed a rich composition, including oleic acid, palmitoleic acid, stigmasterol, and γ‐stigmasterol, among other substances. Through the assessment of the rats' general condition, behavioral tests, and blood biochemical assays, it was inferred that MS essential oil aromatherapy can reduce the rat's locomotor activity, increase their interest in activity and exploration, enhance the serum 5‐HT levels, and elevate hypothalamic GABA content. Consequently, it can be concluded that MS essential oil has a sedative and hypnotic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The threat of immune escape and the discovery of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, as well as the failure of certain conventional drugs that are already in use for the symptomatic treatment of diseases, have prompted a re-evaluation of ancient therapeutic remedies such as phytotherapy, and aromatherapy. In this context, the present study aims to shed light on some medicinal plants mostly used by the population of the Daraa Tafilalet region to strengthen their immune systems, and to provide an up-to-date literature review on this subject. Materials and Methods: A survey study was conducted using pre-prepared questionnaires addressed to the population of the Daraa Tafilalet region. MS Windows Excel and SPSS software were used for statistical analysis and results presentation. In addition, for the literature review, searches were conducted across several databases, including Google Scholar, Science Direct, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus, using medicinal plants, date products, enhance immunity, and essential oils as keywords. Results: Among 142 participants interviewed, 108 used medicinal plants to improve their immune systems. However, 34 interviewers prefer conventional medicine. Date palm fruits and oregano were the most commonly used medicinal plants by the Daraa Tafilalet population to enhance the immune system, followed by anise, lavender, rosemary, thyme, and pennyroyal. These results are supported by literature data. Conclusion: These results reflect the interesting traditional medical knowledge of this population, which merits being documented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of lavender oil inhalation on work stress and job satisfaction among health professionals. This randomized, experimental study involved 108 health professionals, of whom 36 were randomized into the intervention group, 35 into the placebo group, and 37 into the control group. The intervention was performed during work shifts of the intervention group (8 hours a day during a 5-day period). The intervention group was exposed to lavender oil inhalation through a diffuser and the placebo group was exposed to inhalation of distilled water containing light yellow food dye, but the control group did not receive anything. Data were collected with General Characteristics Form, The Swedish Demand-Control-Support Questionnaire, and The Minnesota Satisfaction Scale. The study was also registered at the Australia-New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12621000239864). Before the intervention, no significant difference was found in work stress and job satisfaction levels between the intervention, placebo, and control groups. After the intervention, the intervention group had a significantly lower work stress level and a significantly higher job satisfaction level than the placebo and control groups (P <.05). Lavender oil inhalation can decrease work stress and improve job satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Palliative care, a cornerstone of comprehensive healthcare, prioritizes quality of life for individuals with life-threatening illnesses. Aromatherapy, with its holistic approach and patient-reported benefits, emerges as a promising complementary therapy for managing symptoms and enhancing well-being in palliative care. Objective: The objective of this systematic review is to assess the efficacy of aromatherapy interventions in symptom management, with a focus on pain, anxiety, nausea, and sleep disturbances among palliative care patients. Design: A comprehensive search was conducted across various databases to identify relevant studies. Eligibility criteria were applied, resulting in the inclusion of eight studies for analysis. The review assessed the efficacy of aromatherapy interventions, primarily through massage, in symptom management. Variations in intervention procedures and outcome measures were noted, necessitating a critical examination of the findings. Results: The review's findings suggest promising outcomes associated with aromatherapy in palliative care. Aromatherapy interventions demonstrated significant efficacy in reducing pain, anxiety, nausea, and improving sleep quality among patients. However, considerable heterogeneity was observed across studies, highlighting the need for standardized methodologies and larger-scale trials. Conclusion: This systematic review underscores the potential of aromatherapy as a complementary intervention in palliative care. While the findings support its efficacy in symptom management, methodological inconsistencies across studies warrant further research. Standardized approaches and larger trials are essential to validate the tailored effectiveness of aromatherapy for different symptoms encountered in palliative care, ultimately enhancing its clinical utility and integration into therapeutic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aromatherapy with an essential oil blend containing lavender, bergamot, ylangylang, and sweet orange, compared with placebo, on perceptions of anxiety in ICU RNs. Methods: Nurses recruited from six adult ICUs and a neonatal ICU participated in this blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled study, which took place over a 30-day intervention period. Results: Although there were no statistically significant changes in anxiety pre- to postintervention or between the intervention and placebo groups, there were also no adverse events or untoward effects. Conclusion: The results of this study may support aromatherapy as an evidence-based strategy to reduce anxiety in ICU nurses. Additional research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores the future of aromatherapy as a profession after the COVID-19 pandemic. Topics discussed include ecological sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability of aromatherapy, sustainability as a profession, application of sustainable agriculture sustainable aromatherapy practice, strategies for ensuring sustainability, and strategies for sustaining the future of the practice of aromatherapy.

The article describes cases of patients who underwent aromapsychology for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and grief. A 58-year old with complex PTSD received cognitive behavioral talk therapy along with box breathing exercises and Levender essential oil therapy. A 53-year old with deep trauma and constipation was introduced to box breathing exercises, Cedarwood, Lavender, Rose and Bergamot essential oils. A 53-year old practiced cognitive reframing, journaling and essential oil protocol.

The article explores the effectiveness and potential of aromatherapy for managing anxiety. It discusses the impact of anxiety in social, occupational and other areas of life. It examines the impact of essential oils and aromatherapy on various anxiety disorders including anxiety in academic and work environment, reproductive anxiety, pregnancy and labor/maternity anxiety, preoperative and surgery anxiety, dental anxiety, procedural anxiety and anxiety in cancer and palliative care.

Glossophobia (fear of public speaking, presentation anxiety) is an anxiety disorder characterized by extreme fear and anxiety about public speaking. Glossophobia is a very common phobia worldwide, reportedly affecting 75% of the population. This study aims to examine the effects of different aroma inhalations (Thyme and Juniper) on public speaking anxiety, and salivary cortisol hormone levels in university students. The sample of the research consisted of a total of 104 university students, male and female, between the ages of 18-20. In the first step, cortisol hormone levels were determined using the ELISA technique in the saliva samples taken from the university students included in the study. The average salivary cortisol hormone level and public speaking anxiety levels of the university students participating in the study showed a positive and statistically significant relationship (p=0.001). There is a significant negative correlation between the participants' public speaking anxiety and post-thyme oil status at a 99% confidence level and a 1% significance level, r=-.318. When public speaking anxiety and juniper oil were analyzed, a significant negative relationship was found at r=-.290, a 99% confidence level, and a 1% significance level. It was also concluded that inhalation of 2% thyme essential oil in individuals with high glossophobia is both safe and beneficial in reducing anxiety levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cinnamomum camphora is a commercially important tree species in China, and it's also a common native tree in the forests of southern China. However, literature on the impact of Cinnamomum camphora essential oil (CCEO) on human psychophysiological activity is scarce. Hence, the primary objective of this study was to examine the effect of exposure to CCEO on the functioning of the human autonomic nervous system, electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, and emotional state. Methods: Forty-three healthy university students participated. The data collected included heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), pulse rate, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2), electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, and the results of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) test. Results: A drop in diastolic pressure (DBP) and pulse rate was also noticed after participants inhaled CCEO. Furthermore, EEG studies have demonstrated notable reductions in absolute beta (AB), absolute gamma (AG), absolute high beta (AHB), and relative gamma (RG) power spectra during exposure to CCEO. Conversely, the relative theta (RT) and power spectra values showed a significant increase. Additionally, the finding from POMS indicated that the fragrance evoked positive emotions and suppressed negative feelings. Conclusion: The results suggest that exposure to CCEO may promote mental and physical relaxation, facilitate cognitive processes such as memory and attention, and enhance mood states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Even after allergic rhinitis is diagnosed and treated, various symptoms such as runny nose, sneezing, and itchy nose recur periodically due to various environmental factors. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted to confirm the effectiveness of mask-based aromatherapy as a method of alleviating allergic rhinitis during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The study participants were adults between the ages of 19 and 60 who were diagnosed with allergic rhinitis and had a Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) of 2 or more. Participants were randomly assigned to an aromatherapy group that was provided aromatherapy essential oils and a control group that did not receive aromatherapy. Participants in the aromatherapy group were asked to drop an aromatherapy essential oil onto a disposable face mask and wear it twice a day for two weeks. Results: The aromatherapy group experience significant alleviation of allergic rhinitis symptoms (visual analogue scale, F = 11.22, p < .001; TNSS, F = 15.82, p < .001). The aromatherapy group also showed significantly higher improvements in fatigue (F = 8.28, p < .001), allergic rhinitis-specific quality of life (F = 11.12, p < . 001). Conclusion: The oils used in this study appeared to be effective in relieving the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. In particular, the mask drop inhalation method was applied in light of mandatory mask-wearing due to the global COVID-19 pandemic during this study period. Mask drop inhalation is a method of inhaling oil close to the nose and is considered an effective method for reducing the inconvenience of applying oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a public health concern due to infections with new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Therefore, finding effective preventive and therapeutic treatments against all SARS-CoV-2 variants is of great interest. In this study, we examined the capacity of eucalyptus essential oil (EEO) and eucalyptol (EOL) to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, using as a model SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudotyped lentivirus (SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus) and 293T cells transfected with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2-293T cells). First, we determined the cytotoxicity of EEO and EOL using the MTT colorimetric assay, selecting non-cytotoxic concentrations ≤ 0.1% (v/v) for further analysis. Subsequently, we evaluated the capacity of EEO and EOL in cell cultures to preclude infection of hACE2-293T cells by SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, using a luciferase-based assay. We found that EEO and EOL significantly reduced SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection, obtaining IC50 values of 0.00895% and 0.0042% (v/v), respectively. Likewise, EEO and EOL also reduced infection by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudovirus, although higher concentrations were required. Hence, EEO and EOL may be able to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection, at least partially, through a Spike-independent pathway, supporting the implementation of aromatherapy with these agents as a cost-effective antiviral measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/background: As part of a scientific study into the effects of aromatherapy, we investigated the effects of lavender essential oil (LEO) treatment on the autonomic nervous system in subjects for whom the sense of smell had been eliminated. Methods: This study used a single-blinded cross-over design for verification. Heart rate variability was measured and effects on the autonomic nervous system were investigated. Results and discussion: Although no significant differences were found, aromatherapy treatment with 1% LEO tended to increase parasympathetic nervous system activity. Further, when differences between values before and during aromatherapy treatment were compared, LEO treatment significantly increased parasympathetic nervous system activity. Given these findings, LEO appears to increase parasympathetic nervous system activity, even in the absence of a psychological effect due to an absence of olfactory stimulation. Conclusion: The present results provide a scientific method for verifying the effects of aromatherapy and will aid in further elucidation of aromatherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Background Design Methods Results Conclusions Relevance to Clinical Practice Patient or Public Contribution Study Registration This study aimed to compare the effect of inhaled aromatherapy using various essential oils on the sleep quality of critically ill patients.Inhalation of essential oils significantly promotes the physiological and psychological health of patients in intensive care units (ICUs). However, research identifying and ranking the effects of different essential oils on the sleep quality of critically ill patients is lacking.This study followed the PRISMA Extension Statement for Reporting of Systematic Reviews Incorporating Network Meta‐Analyses of Health Care Interventions (PRISMA‐NMA) guidelines.A comprehensive search of five databases (Embase, MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, CINAHL and PsycINFO) was conducted from their inception to March 15, 2023 (with an additional eligible study included dated August 14, 2023). Google Scholar was used as a supplementary method. Frequentist NMA was used to determine the effects of various essential oils. Certainty of evidence (CoE) was assessed using Confidence in Network Meta‐Analysis (CINeMA).A total of 11 trials involving 690 critically ill patients were included in the analysis. The NMA of inhaled aromatherapy revealed that the combination of lavender, Matricaria recutita, and neroli essential oils (ratio 6:2:0.5) resulted in the most significant improvement in sleep quality compared to usual care, followed by Rosa damascene, peppermint, Citrus aurantium, pure sunflower oil and lavender oil alone. The overall CoE for the results was rated as low.The results of this study indicate that a combination of lavender, Matricaria recutita and neroli essential oils significantly positively affected sleep quality among critically ill patients. Despite the low quality of evidence, inhaled aromatherapy is non‐invasive and easy to use.Inhaled aromatherapy can effectively improve sleep quality among critically ill patients.No patient or public contribution applies to this work.The study protocol was registered to the PROSPERO International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (protocol number CRD42023433194). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Before the COVID-19 pandemic began, medical staff and academic department workers reported increasing levels of stress and burnout because of strain on the health care system. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this strain and introduced several novel stressors, which included transitioning to remote work. Safe and scalable strategies are needed to help health care workers cope with these stressors. Aromatherapy may help address this need. Objectives: To assess the effect of 2 aromatherapy interventions (essential oil blends termed STILL and FOCUS) on perceived mental/psychological health parameters for academic department workers working from home during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants were advised to use STILL for 5 days (Monday through Friday). After a 2-day washout period (Saturday and Sunday), participants were instructed to use FOCUS for 5 days (Monday through Friday). Participants completed a visual analog scale survey evaluating restlessness, fatigue, anxiety, stress, happiness, energy, relaxation, calmness, and well-being before and after each of the 2 intervention periods. Results: Twenty academic department remote workers participated in the study. Mental/psychological health surveys were completed by 6 participants before and after using STILL and by 10 before and after using FOCUS. Five participants answered all survey questions before and after both interventions. Although mean (SD) perceived stress scores improved after both the STILL (4.3 [2.3] vs 1.8 [1.7], P =.03) and FOCUS (2.9 [2.3] vs 1.5 [1.4], P =.02) interventions, this improvement was not statistically significant after Bonferroni correction (adjusted α =.006). Most participants (73.3%) reported that participating in the study was worthwhile, and 81.3% indicated that they would recommend aromatherapy to others. Conclusions: The STILL and FOCUS aromatherapy interventions did not significantly improve mental/psychological health parameters for remote academic department workers, although perceived stress was marginally improved and participants reported a perceived benefit from using aromatherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Massage and aromatherapy are frequently used by older adults as alternative interventions to enhance immunity and induce relaxation. This pilot study evaluated the effect of massage therapy with oil and aromatherapy alone and in combination using objective biological indices. Methods: Twenty‐eight participants recruited by convenience sampling included adults aged between 25 and 65 years (Group 1), elderly individuals over 65 years without nursing care (Group 2), and older adults over 65 needing long‐term nursing support (Group 3). A multiple‐group pretest‐post‐test design was employed, and the effect among the three groups was compared. Interventions included: (i) oil massage therapy; (ii) aromatherapy; and (iii) aroma oil massage therapy. Each therapy session lasted 5 min, with 3 min of observation before and after the session and 10 min interval between sessions. Group 3 omitted one therapy (2: aromatherapy) to reduce their physical burden. An electroencephalogram (EEG) was recorded for α, β, and θ activities of brain waves. EEG data were collected at three points: before, during, and after each treatment. Salivary secretory immunoglobulin A (s‐IgA) concentration, oxygen saturation (SPO2), and pulse rate were measured before and after each session. Results: Across all therapy modalities, there was a noticeable increase in the α wave, indicative of relaxation, during the treatment. Significant differences were observed before and during the oil massage in both Group 1 and Group 2. Aromatherapy demonstrated a significant difference before and during treatment in Group 1. Among the biological parameters, s‐IgA levels indicated no significant changes. The pulse rate decreased with oil massage. Significant differences were noted before and after therapy in all cases for SPO2 and in Group 2 for pulse rate. Conclusions: Three therapies induced EEG and physiological changes in the adult group and older adults without nursing care. However, these effects are limited in older adults requiring nursing care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combination therapy at appropriately suitable doses presents a promising alternative to monotherapeutic drugs. In this study, Cinnamomum verum and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils and their major compounds have exhibited substantial leishmaniacidal potential against both promastigote and amastigote forms of Leishmania (L.) major. However, they displayed high cytotoxicity against Raw264.7 macrophage cells. Interestingly, when combined with each other or with amphotericin B, they demonstrated a synergistic effect (FIC<0.5) with low cytotoxicity. These combinations are able to modulate the production of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages. Notably, the combination of S. aromaticum Essential oil with amphotericin B stimulates macrophage cells by increasing NO production to eliminate leishmanial parasites. Furthermore, investigation of the molecular mechanism of action of these synergistic combinations reveals potent inhibition of the sterol pathway through the inhibition of the CYP51 gene expression. The findings suggest that combination therapy may offer significant therapeutic benefits in both food and pharmaceutical fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aromatherapy is a popular enrichment that reduces stress. We hypothesize that essential oils positively affect captivated carnivores to cope with stress. The solitary carnivores, namely, Asiatic Wolf, Jungle Cat, Asiatic Lion, Common Leopard, and Stripped Hyena, were studied for this purpose during the pre-enrichment, enrichment, and post-enrichment phases. The focal monitoring method was used to observe animal behaviors for 384 hours over the 2 months. The carnivores were provided sensory enrichment with essential oils: Lavandula angustifolia, Eucalyptus globulus Labill, Citrus limon Linn, and Mentha piperita Linn. The FGCs evaluated the cortisol levels by ELISA. The Asiatic wolf is found to be the most stressed carnivore among all studied animals. The efficacy order of the oils in reducing stress was found to be Lavender > Eucalyptus > Peppermint > Lemon. The frequency of stereotypic behavior and cortisol levels in these carnivores were significantly reduced with the effectiveness of essential oil. The aromatherapy reduced cortisol level values ranged from 82.6±0.927 to 46±0.707, 155±0.707 to 93.4±0.927, 385±0.710 to 289.2±1.067, 285.4±1.029 to 190±0.709 and 205.4±0.930 to 176±0.708 in Asiatic Wolf, Jungle Cat, Common Leopard, Asiatic Lion and Hyena respectively. It is concluded that essential oils and aromatherapy help alleviate stress and anxiety and improve animal behavior. Aromatherapy may be applied as short-term sensory enrichment for captive wildlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The essential oil of Shikuwasa (Citrus depressa Hayata) primarily contains limonene and γ-terpinene, which have potential applications in stress management and relaxation. However, the psychological or physiological relaxation effects of Shikuwasa essential oil on humans are still unknown. This study aims to investigate the short-term relaxation effects of Shikuwasa essential oil, one of the less-studied varieties, compared to inhaling odour-free air in young female adults. Methods: and analysis: This study is a two-arm, parallel-group, open-label, randomised controlled superiority trial. Forty young female adults will be assigned with a 1:1 allocation ratio to either the Shikuwasa essential oil inhalation group or the odour-free air inhalation group. The primary outcome measure will be subjective tense arousal (subscale of the Japanese version of the University of Wales Institute of Science and Technology Mood Adjective Checklist). Secondary outcomes include objective measures: miosis rate and peripheral skin temperature for evaluating autonomic nervous activity, and cerebral blood flow (assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy) for evaluating central nervous activity. Since these objective outcome measures cannot be performed at the same time, we divide our experiment into three phases and participants will inhale sample vials for 2 min in each experiment. We will also evaluate individual preferences/impressions regarding inhaled samples and any adverse events. Ethics and dissemination: The study protocol has been reviewed and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki (reference no: I-0074). The findings of this study will be disseminated to academic and professional audiences via publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at academic conferences, and to the broader public via public talks and media/press releases. All study findings, whether negative or positive, will be reported. Trial registration: UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN-CTR), UMIN000053914. Prospectively registered on March 20, 2024.

Objective: Aromatherapy is a holistic healing method to promote health and well-being by using natural plant extracts. However, its precise mechanism of action and influence on the endocrine system remains unclear. Since recent studies reported that a neuropeptide, oxytocin, can attenuate anxiety, we hypothesized that if oxytocin secretion is promoted through aromatherapy, it may improve mood and anxiety. The present study is aimed to investigate the relationship between oxytocin and the effects of aromatherapy with lavender oil on anxiety level, by measuring salivary oxytocin levels in healthy men and women. Methods: We conducted a randomized open crossover trial in 15 men and 10 women. Each participant received a placebo intervention (control group) and aromatherapy with lavender oil (aromatherapy group). For the aromatherapy group, each participant spent a 30-min session in a room with diffused lavender essential oil, followed by a 10-min hand massage using a carrier oil containing lavender oil. Anxiety was assessed using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) before the intervention, 30-min after the start of intervention, and after hand massage, in both groups. Saliva samples were collected at the same time points of the STAI. Results: In women, either aromatherapy or hand massage was associated with a reduction in anxiety levels, independently. Moreover, salivary oxytocin levels were increased after aromatherapy. On the other hand, in men, anxiety levels were decreased after aromatherapy, as well as after hand massage, regardless of the use of lavender oil. However, there were no significant differences in changes of salivary oxytocin levels between the control and aromatherapy groups during the intervention period. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between anxiety levels and salivary oxytocin levels before the intervention, but a negative correlation was observed after hand massage with lavender oil. Conclusion: The results of the present study indicate that in women, aromatherapy with lavender oil attenuated anxiety with increase in oxytocin level in women, whereas in men, there was no clear relationship of aromatherapy with anxiety or oxytocin levels but, there was a change in correlation between anxiety and oxytocin. The results of the present study suggest that the effect of aromatherapy can vary depending on sex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article explores regenerative agriculture's evolution and definitions, emphasizing its transformation from traditional farming methods to holistic practices that enhance ecological, social, and economic outcomes. It also discusses the integration of medicinal and aromatic plants into regenerative agriculture systems, highlighting their roles in soil health improvement, biodiversity conservation, and economic diversification.

The article explores the historical and contemporary significance of Buchu (Agathosma betulina and A. crenulata) in traditional African medicine and its commercial applications in the flavor and fragrance industries. It also discusses the challenges of sustainable cultivation due to increasing demand and environmental concerns.

The article delves into the unique essential oils derived from plants native to the fynbos biome in South Africa, highlighting their rich botanical diversity and cultural significance. It also discusses the distinctions between African fynbos oils and broader African indigenous oils, as well as the aromatic and medicinal properties of key species like Buchu and Cape Chamomile, which contribute to their appeal in various industries including cosmetics, perfumery, and traditional medicine.

The article explores Egypt's rich botanical heritage, emphasizing its ancient use of plants in daily life, medicine, and religious rituals. It also discusses the economic importance of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) in modern Egypt, aiming to boost agricultural productivity and foreign income through exports.

AIM: This study aims to investigate the effects of aromatherapy massage on the pain severity and quality of life in patients diagnosed with migraine, in addition to medical treatment during a migraine attack. METHODS: The study was performed as a randomized controlled trial. This study was carried out in the emergency department of a State Hospital. It was performed in the Emergency Department of Bitlis State Hospital. Data was collected between April 15, and October 15, 2017. The sample of the study was consisted of a total of 70 migraine patients including 35 experimental and 35 control group, subjects who visited the emergency department with migraine pain, along with the medical treatment, patients of experimental group were massaged for 15 minutes with an aromatic oil mixture applied on the temple and root of the neck for three weeks. RESULTS: It was found that the VAS scores of the experimental group before the application (9.26 ± 0.95) were significantly higher than the control group (8.54 ± 1.69) (p = .03). Migraine quality of life scale total and subscale scores of experimental group after the application were significantly higher than the control group (p < .05). CONCLUSION: In the study, it was concluded that aromatherapy massage had an effect on migraine pain and quality of life of patients with migraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Reporting of aromatherapy-focused research often lacks sufficient quality and detail for replication and subsequent application of results. To our knowledge currently, no quality appraisal tool exists for aromatherapy research reporting. To address this gap, the Aromatic Research Quality Appraisal Taskforce (ARQAT) composed of aromatherapy professionals with varied expert backgrounds came together. Presented here is the Transparent Reporting for Essential oil and Aroma Therapeutic Studies (TREATS) checklist, which is a result of this collaborative effort. Methods: Creation of TREATS followed a three-stage process, including determination of interest/need, development, and dissemination. The shortcomings of existing aromatherapy research reporting quality were evaluated and responses to address these shortcomings were used to create checklist items that were then grouped into sections. Items for each section were brain-stormed with reference to the aromatherapy literature and ARQAT's expert knowledge, and the development of each section followed an iterative process until agreement was reached. An explanatory document was also created to assist more accurate use of the tool; it and the checklist were reviewed by a group of aromatherapy experts. Results: The TREATS checklist with 38 items in four sections was developed along with the explanatory document. The ARQAT and a global group of aromatherapy experts reviewed the TREATS. Their results and comments assisted development of the current version. The TREATS identifies key components of research involving essential oils, their application, and olfactory considerations that ARQAT considers the minimum necessary for high-quality aromatherapy research. Conclusion: The TREATS, explanatory document, and associated website (www.arqat.org) contribute to thorough aromatherapy research critique. The TREATS checklist aids appraisal of quality and can be used with any study design. It lays the foundation for the future development of aromatic research reporting guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atopic dermatitis (AD) has become a common childhood disease that affects a large number of children worldwide and has become a chronic skin disease that causes huge economical and psychological damage to the whole family. Despite the use of steroids, immunosuppressants, and various topical preparation, the prognosis is still poor. Hence, this review aimed to explore the potential of using essential oils (EO) as an active ingredient in managing AD. The review was completed by using Pubmed, Scopus, and Medline to search for relevant articles that study the pathophysiology of AD, the properties of EO, the use of EO in managing AD, and the suitable advanced formulation to incorporate EO. From the review conducted, it was concluded that EO have huge potential in managing AD and can be used as complimentary therapeutic agents in AD treatment. Scientists and industries should venture into commercializing more topical products with EO to help manage AD more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bergamot essential oil (BEO) is an extract of the bergamot fruit with significant neuroprotective effect. This study was to investigate the effects and the underlying mechanism of BEO in mitigating depression. GC–MS were used to identify its constituents. Antidepressive properties of BEO were evaluated by sucrose preference test (SPT), force swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT). Nissl staining was used to determine the number of Nissl bodies in hippocampus (HIPP) of rats. Changes in HIPP dendritic length and dendritic spine density were detected by Golgi‐Cox staining. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the postsynaptic density protein‐95 (PSD‐95) and synaptophysin (SYP) in the HIPP of rats. The enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in the HIPP, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats. Inhaled BEO significantly improved depressive behaviour in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) rats. BEO increased Nissl bodies, dendritic length and spine density, PSD‐95 and SYP protein in the HIPP. Additionally, BEO upregulated serum 5‐HT, serum and CSF IGF‐1, while downregulating serum IL‐1β. Collectively, inhaled BEO mitigates depression by protecting the plasticity of hippocampal neurons, hence, providing novel insights into treatment of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of aromatherapy with lavender essential oil compared to progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) on anxiety and vital signs of patients under spinal anesthesia. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 120 spinal anesthesia candidates who were randomly assigned into three groups of 40 including control, PMR (Jacobsen group), and aromatherapy. The state‑trait anxiety inventory was completed on surgery day and 15 min after the end of the intervention by the samples of all three groups, and at the same time as completing the questionnaire, vital signs were also measured and recorded. Results: The mean score of anxiety after intervention was lower than that before the intervention in the aromatherapy group (P < 0.001). The mean score of anxiety in the aromatherapy group was significantly lower than that in the Jacobsen group (P < 0.001). Moreover, data analysis showed a significant decrease in the mean arterial blood pressure scores of the PMR (P = 008) and aromatherapy (P < 0.001) groups and a statistically significant increase in the mean heart rate scores in the control group (P = 0.002). Conclusion: The use of aromatherapy with lavender is more effective than PMR therapy in reducing the anxiety level of patients undergoing spinal anesthesia. Due to the high level of anxiety and its serious effects on the patient’s hemodynamics, aromatherapy with lavender can be used as an easy and cheap method to reduce anxiety in operation rooms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To facilitate the realization of preparations based on essential oils in aromatherapy, micro-encapsulation on β-cyclodextrin and dissolution in medium chain triglycerides are solutions little known to health professionals. After a review of the literature on their applications, we present the multiple advantages that these solutions have compared to more conventional formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytotherapeutic products in the field of psychiatry are rarely used. However, a significant number of patients take aromatherapy and phytotherapy treatments without informing their nursing staff, and sometimes with very little information from specialists. In this article, we'll look at how, within a mental health day hospital, we set out to explore and implement actions adapted to this particular context. A questionnaire was first distributed to 70 patients to assess their use of both plants and essential oils, and to identify their own needs and their own expectations. A clear demand for information emerged from this survey, which led to the writing of a "Guide to the use of essential oils and plants for relaxation and sleep". Then we set up aromatherapy workshops so that those who volunteered could prepare dilutions of essential oils for anxiolytic, hypnotic or anti-depressive purposes. This initial approach is part of an integrative approach to medicine, providing This initial approach is part of an integrative approach to medicine, providing complementary therapeutic tools to help patients suffering from psychiatric disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The awareness and usage of aromatherapy applications are increasing day by day in society. The current study aims to evaluate the thoughts and attitudes of individuals toward aromatherapy in Türkiye and to determine factors affecting the use of aromatherapy. This community-based descriptive study is conducted throughout Türkiye. Nine hundred eighty-five questionnaires were suitable for data quality. SPSS 23.0 statistical package program was used, and the statistical significance level was accepted as P value of less than.05. Approximately 72.4% of the participants have heard of aromatherapy. The rate of hearing about the concept of aromatherapy was found to be statistically significantly higher among women (P =.000), those residing in a province/district (P =.011), and those working in an income-generating positions (P =.003). It was determined that 58.9% of the participants used any essential oil. The 5 most commonly used essential oils are lavender, tea tree, peppermint, rose, and thyme, respectively. The rate of essential oil use in women is higher than in men (P =.000). The conditions in which essential oils are most frequently used are to provide beauty to the skin (51.7%), skin diseases (51.0%), and respiratory tract diseases (46.0%), respectively. The most common sources of information about the essential oils used by the participants are the Internet/social media (57.6%) and pharmacists (53.4%). The results of this research revealed that the awareness and use of aromatherapy practice in the community are high according to the literature. Considering the high tendency to use these products among the public, physicians, pharmacists, and nurses must provide consultancy services on the use of these products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a case study of a 54-year-old individual with Tinea versicolor and the use of Pineapple Myrtle essential oil in aromatherapy treatment. Topics covered include the case description, the justification for using Pineapple Myrtle for its antifungal characteristics, and the client's favorable response to the treatment protocol, which resulted in improvement in the skin condition over several weeks.

The article focuses on introducing Mango Myrtle as a new essential oil from Australia, highlighting its botanical profile, extraction method, and potential uses in aromatherapy. Topics include the historical background of the plant's traditional uses, its essential oil profile, and the need for further research to explore its therapeutic benefits.

Objective/background: A previous study showed that geranium essential oil predominantly affects the parasympathetic nervous system. This article examined the effects on the autonomic nervous system of linalool, one of the main components of geranium essential oil. Methods: Mice were placed on a narrow elevated open platform and pulse wave measurements were taken while they were awake, with behaviors restricted. Heart rate and heart rate variability were analyzed from the pulse waves obtained and the effects on the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves were examined. Results: The results showed that linalool (5 μL/L air, inhaled) resulted in parasympathetic dominance before and after administration. Conversely, a tendency toward sympathetic dominance was observed with fluoxetine (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) as the positive control in the elevated open-platform test. Conclusion: These results suggest that linalool and essential oils containing linalool regulate the autonomic nervous system by promoting dominance of the parasympathetic nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sensitive gag reflexes prevent dental patients from receiving appropriate treatment. Aromatherapy helps patients relax during dental procedures. However, the effect of aromatherapy on the gag reflex caused by the stimulation of the oral cavity is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate whether aromatherapy reduces gag reflexes during oral stimulation. Methods: In this randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blind, crossover study, the gag reflexes of 24 healthy individuals (12 females and 12 males; mean age: 34.3 ± 9.5 years) were quantified. A standard saliva ejector was slowly guided down the participant's throat to determine the maximum tolerance of the gag reflex, and the insertion distance was measured to quantify the gag reflex. All individuals participated in an aromatherapy session with peppermint essential oil and a placebo session with distilled water. The gag reflex was quantified before (baseline) and after each session. Another measurement was performed using nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation as a positive control. Results: Gag reflex values significantly increased after aromatherapy with both peppermint essential oil and placebo compared to baseline values (paired t-test, P < 0.001 and P = 0.014, respectively). The gag reflex value also increased significantly during nitrous oxide/oxygen inhalation (paired t-test, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the increase rate of gag reflex values between the positive control and aromatherapy interventions, but it was significantly lower after the placebo intervention (repeated measures analysis of variance, P = 0.003; post-hoc test, P = 0.83 and P = 0.02). Conclusion: Aromatherapy with peppermint essential oil has the potential for reducing gag reflex during dental procedures. Trial registration: The study was registered in the University hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trials Registry under the code UMIN000050616 (approved 17/03/2023). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Essential oils, although they are effective due to the compounds they contain, are usually high-cost products that are obtained with low efficiency and have stability problems. Many of these oils, which can be found at various prices on the market and are claimed to be natural by manufacturers, are adulterated with other oils or synthetic substances. This study aims to provide samples of the essential oils, which are used in public, namely clove, neroli, tea tree, and cinnamon essential oils belonging to brands known to be sold widely on the market and to evaluate the compliance of these oils with the pharmacopoeia by conducting pharmacopoeia analysis. Among 25 essential oil samples evaluated with reference to the Turkish Pharmacopoeia (2017) within the scope of the study, only 2 of them were found to comply with the pharmacopoeia in terms of all tests. Investigating the compliance of essential oils with quality criteria is of great importance in preventing harm to the health of consumers and preventing them from purchasing unqualified products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The main objective of this study is to establish a training to restore the olfactory sensation after infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus and the sequel to the disease COVID-19, through the inhalation of a sequence of essential oils (EO), systematically. The secondary objective of this study aims at gathering in an organized way the publications on EO that have in the keywords, short running title, or objective the mucosa anti-inflammatory action, respiratory health action, immunological health action, mental and emotional health action, as well as EO that hinder the viral replication. The EO are lipophilic substances extracted from plant species; they are mainly constituted by terpenic structures that are therapeutic bioactives. Design: This best practice guide has made a brief compilation of previously published data into an easy-to-understand didactic table. Interventions: Based on the research compiled in the table, a sequence of EO for use by inhalation was organized. Results: According to the researchers mentioned in the review, the inhalation of EO resensitizes the neural pathways that allow the identification of aroma and flavor. Thus, when this pathway is damaged, the inhalation of EO can help to restore it in a few months, which the average time is 3 months, and can extend up to 8 months. Conclusions: Currently, the greatest demand for the restoration olfactory is due to the sequelae of disease COVID-19. However, EO can be used for a loss or decrease in smell or taste caused by other factors, such as psychotropic medications, chronic rhinitis and sinusitis, neurological pathologies, cancer treatments, postinfectious and posttraumatic olfactory loss, older people, and other causes.

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Aromatherapy has been used for patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD), but the outcomes are still controversial. Thus, we conducted this study to systematically evaluate the effect of aromatherapy on the quality of life of patients on MHD. We searched the PubMed, Embays, Scopus, Web of Science, and CNKI databases for randomized controlled trials that evaluated the use of aromatherapy in dialysis patients and reported at least one outcome of interest. Twenty-two relevant studies were included in the meta-analysis. The meta-analysis revealed that aromatherapy significantly increased subjective sleep quality (a lower score indicates better sleep quality) [standardized mean difference (SMD) = −1.52, 95% CI (−2.38, −0.67), p < 0.01] and reduced fatigue [SMD = −1.14, 95% CI (−1.95, −0.33), p = 0.01], anxiety [SMD = −1.38, 95% CI (−2.09, −0.67), p < 0.01], symptoms of restless legs syndrome [RLS; SMD = −1.71, 95% CI (−2.09, −1.33), p < 0.01], and arteriovenous fistula puncture pain [SMD= −1.56, 95% CI (−2.60, −0.52), p < 0.01]. Aromatherapy may be used as a novel complementary and alternative therapy to improve sleep quality and reduce fatigue, anxiety, symptoms of RLS, and arteriovenous fistula puncture pain in patients on MHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetes is a serious pathology that affects a significant number of people worldwide. Its progression is rapid and leads to serious complications if glycemic control is missing. The micro and macrovascular complications of diabetes produce disabilities over time that affect the daily lives of patients. The major challenge of diabetes therapy is to reach a stable glycemic state and to delay the onset of specific complications. Aromatherapy is considered an alternative or complementary therapy, but in recent years, there has been a tendency to overuse essential oils. The present study was designed to evaluate and compare the effects produced by the topical and oral administration of fennel essential oil to diabetic rats. Eighteen compounds in fennel essential oil were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. The major compounds were trans-anethole (64.6%) and fenchone (24.5%). The in vivo study revealed that after a four-week treatment with fennel essential oil, the rats' glycemic levels were significantly reduced (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, there were no differences between the two routes of administration. In addition, an ex vivo study underlined the potential effect of this essential oil in the prevention of cataract formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stressful situations, common in the current world scenario, culminate in negative impacts on the mental health. Due to the busy routines, with many hours of work and study each week, academics and health care workers are among the most affected by mood and anxiety disorders, with an increasing incidence of substance abuse. Besides psychotropic medications to combat psychosomatic disorders, other intervention possibilities with fewer reports of adverse effects can be used, such as essential oils (E.O.s). Objective: To conduct a literature review to investigate possible positive effects of selected essential oils on physical and mental impacts arising from stress and anxiety. Methods: A literature review was conducted using Google Scholar, SciELO, and PubMed databases. Original papers that contained clinical research evaluating the effects of E.O.s on physical and mental health were selected. Results: The use of essential oils, most notably lavender (8 studies), lemongrass (6 studies), bergamot (3 studies) and cypress (2 studies), demonstrated to be an effective alternative for the treatment of anxiety, stress, and depression. Conclusion: The use of essential oils is effective in the support of mental disorders and is thus of great relevance to the general well-being of academics and health care professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]