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Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je utvrditi razliku u percepciji anatomskih varijacija prednjih zuba i okolnih struktura s obzirom na stupanj edukacije procjenjivača, a u tu su skupinu uključeni opća populacija, opći doktori dentalne medicine, specijalisti ortodoncije, specijalisti protetike i specijalisti parodontologije. U prvom dijelu istraživanja nastojali smo utvrditi postoji li statistički značajna razlika u procjeni anatomskih varijacija zuba s obzirom na stupanj edukacije, dob i spol procjenjivača. Isto tako nastojali smo utvrditi koliko vrsta specijalizacije, dob i spol pojedinačno i zajedno utječu na procjenu prilikom ispunjavanja OES upitnika (Orofacijalna estetska skala). Drugi dio istraživanja sastoji se od analize i procjene kompjuterski manipuliranih fotografija osmijeha i donje trećine lica te koliki raspon varijacija svjetline zuba sve navedene skupine procjenjivača prihvaćaju i kada su zapazili da je promjena uočljiva te do koje granice smatraju da je ta promjena prihvatljiva. Na ostalim manipuliranim fotografijama se osim boje zuba procjenjivala varijacija svjetline zubnog mesa oko zuba i do koje granice procjenjivači smatraju fotografiju prihvatljivom. Dalje se također procjenjivao raspon varijacije položaja rotacije zuba i kada su procjenjivači zapazili da je promjena uočljiva i do koje granice smatraju da je fotografija prihvatljiva. Rezultati ovog istraživanja su pokazali da su sva veća odstupanja od idealne estetike bila ocjenjena lošijim ocjenama od strane procjenjivača. Specijalisti parodontologije su dali najniže ocjene te su najkritičnija skupina među doktorima dentalne medicine i kritičniji su od opće populacije. Specijalisti protetike su generalno manje kritični i više tolerantni na promjene estetike donje trećine lica što se može objasniti njihovim velikim znanjem i iskustvom o kompleksnosti postizanja idealne estetike. Opća populacija je najlošije zapažala promjene u boji zuba i zubnog mesa te rotaciji zuba, što pokazuje koliko je edukacija doktora dentalne medicine važna za njihov klinički rad i sposobnost zapažanja. Specijalisti protetike i specijalisti parodontologije su prvi zapazili promjene boje zuba i promjene zubnog mesa. Specijalisti ortodoncije su kao i opći doktori dentalne medicine i opća populacija srednje kritični naspram estetike osmijeha. Specijalisti ortodoncije su tek nakon specijalista protetike i parodontologije što se tiče zapažanja promjene u položaju zuba i bili su najkritičniji po tom pitanju narušavanja estetike donje trećine lica. Introduction: The traditional focus of stomatology was, in the past, based mainly on biology and the aspects of its functions, but the modern approach is increasingly being directed towards patients and aesthetics, which nowadays is considered an important and integral part of a patient's oral hygiene. Therefore, nowadays when we discuss the improvement of quality of an individual's life we refer to removing oral pain and problems linked to chewing and speaking as well as improving their aesthetics. Thus, dental practitioners should not only pay attention to oral problems, but also consider the patient in general and evaluate how the entirety of the therapy in oral cavity will affect their overall health and quality of life. Aim: The aim of this research is to determine the difference in perception of anatomical variations of front teeth and surrounding structures considering the evaluator's degree of education, and the group includes: general population, general dental practitioners, orthodontic specialists, prosthetics specialists and periodontology specialists. Participants and Methods: The research consists of two parts: the first part of the research consisted of evaluating the photographs of multiple examinees (60 examinee photographs were chosen), and the second part consisted of evaluating manipulated photographs of a sole examinee, that is the photograph that frequently stands out as a typical example, was chosen for the second part of the research. During the first part of the research we attempted to determine whether there was a statistically significant difference in the evaluation of anatomical variations of teeth based on the examinee's age and gender. We also attempted to determine how many types of specialisations, age and gender individually and collectively affected the evaluation during the process of filling out the OES questionnaire. At the end of the first part of the research we compared its results with similar studies that were also conducted by using the standardized OES questionnaire. The second part of the research comprises the analysis and the evaluation of technologically manipulated photographs of smiles and the lower third of the face, and the range of variations of teeth brightness that all groups of evaluators accept as well as the point when they noticed that the change was apparent and to which extent do they consider it to be acceptable. Other manipulated photographs were used to evaluate, apart from the colour of the teeth, the variation of brightness of gums around the teeth and to which extent the evaluators considered the photograph to be acceptable. Later the evaluation included variations of positions of the teeth rotation and the point when evaluators noticed that the change was noticeable and to which extent they considered the photograph to be acceptable. Research results have shown that all major deviations from the ideal aesthetics were given lower marks from the evaluators. Results: Specialists od periodontology gave the lowest marks, and were the most critical group among dental practitioners and were proven to be more critical than the general population. Specialists of prosthetics were generally less critical and more tolerant to aesthetic changes to the lower third of the face which can be explained thanks to their great knowledge and experience of the complexities of achieving ideal aesthetics. The general population was the least successful at noticing changes to the color of the teeth and gums as well as the rotation of the teeth, which demonstrates the importance of education for dental practitioners, their clinical work and their perceptive abilities. Specialists of prosthodontics and periodontology were the first ones to notice the change in teeth and gum colour. Orthodontists, much like general dental practitioners and the general population are moderately critical of smile aesthetics. Orthodontists place second after prosthodontists and periodontologists in noticing changes to the position of teeth and were the most critical regarding the disruption of aesthetics to the lower third of the face. The evaluators' age did not significantly affect their mark for aesthetic teeth shape and colour, the appearance of dental arches and lips, and the evaluation of gingiva and the overall appearance of the lower third of the face. However, the research has proven that women were more critical than men when evaluating the appearance of the mouth and gums, and that they focused on these two characteristics of the smile. Conclusion: Based on the results of this research we can conclude the following: all evaluating groups gave worse marks to each deviation from the ideal aesthetics and were increasingly more critical as the deviation strayed further from the ideal. Specialists of periodontology gave the lowest marks, which means that they were the most critical group of dental practitioners and are more critical in comparison to the general population. Despite the fact that specialists of prosthodontics are better at noticing changes than the general population and most dental practitioners, they are generally less critical and more tolerant of aesthetic changes to the lower third of the face, which can be explained thanks to their great knowledge of the complexity of achieving the ideal aesthetics. General population was the worst at noticing teeth and gingiva colour and teeth rotation, which demonstrates the importance of education for dental practitioners, their clinical work and their perceptive abilities. It was expected that specialists of prosthodontics to be the first ones to notice changes to the teeth colour, and specialists of periodontology to be the first ones to notice changes to the colour of gingiva, which was partially proved to be correct because both groups of specialists evaluated both of these changes almost equally. Orthodontic specialists were similar to general dental practitioners and the general population based on their evaluations, which proved them to be moderately critical of smile aesthetics. It was expected of them to be the first ones to notice changes in the rotation of teeth, while prosthodontists and periodontologists were unexpectedly the first ones to notice changes in the position of the teeth and were the most critical in regards to it disrupting the aesthetics of the lower third of the face. The biggest differences between dental practitioners in regards to aesthetics of the lower third of the face were between specialists of prosthodontics and periodontology, whilst orthodontists and general dental practitioners fell in the middle in regards to the criticism of the appearance of the mouth, dental arches, tooth shape and gums, meanwhile all dental practitioners were equally critical of teeth colour. Prosthodontists and periodontologists displayed minor differences in their observational capabilities and were equally critical of the changes in teeth and gingiva colour and teeth rotation. The evaluators' age had no effect during the evaluation of aesthetics of the shape and color of the teeth, appearance of dental arches and lips, nor the evaluation of gingiva and the overall appearance of the lower third of the face. It was proved that women were more critical than men only in regards to evaluating the appearance of the mouth and gums, i.e. in comparison to men they tend to focus more on these two characteristics of the smile. The stated results may help dental practitioners in planning therapies and additional education for specific specialists. It is necessary to additionally increase the number of evaluators in order to define the effect of their age on the evaluation process, as well as other aesthetic factors that are important to dental practitioners and their assessment of aesthetics of the lower third of the face.

U modernoj dentalnoj protetici estetika igra veliku ulogu. Standardi u modernoj stomatološkoj ordinaciji rastu iz dana u dan potaknuti sve višim estetskim kriterijima kako pacijenta tako i doktora dentalne medicine. Fiknosprotetska terapija, u eri estetske stomatologije, nezamisliva je bez potpunih keramičkih nadomjestaka. Otkrićem jetkanja i adhezije omogućeni su drugačiji principi rada i planiranja protetske sanacije koji se temelje na poštednim tehnikama preparacije tvrdih zubnih tkiva te je samim time došlo do potrebe za razvojem novih vrsta keramičkih nadomjestaka. Ovaj rad govori o implementaciji novih materijala i tehnika rada koje definiraju nove protokole u minimalno invazivnoj dentalnoj protetici. Aesthetic plays a great role in dentistry as the standards and patients aesthetic demands in modern dental practice rise every day. Today, fixed prosthodontic therapy is unimaginable without all ceramic restorations. Etching and adhesion have enabled progress in both therapy planning and the execution of it, based on the minimally invasive tooth preparation principles which further created the need for the development of new types of ceramic materials and restorations. This paper presents new materials and techniques whose implementation changes the established procedures of minimal invasive prosthodontics.

Rehabilitacija dentalnim implantatima svojom predvidivošću i visokim postotkom uspješnosti postaje terapija izbora prilikom nadoknade izgubljenog zuba. Gubitak zuba predstavlja velik problem, ne samo zbog narušene estetske, fonetske i funkcijske komponente stomatognatnog sustava već uzrokuje i duševne traume osobito kada se radi o nedostatku zuba u interkaninom segmentu. Slijedom navedenog, nedostatak zuba u prednjoj estetskoj zoni predstavlja jedan od najzahtjevnijih zadataka za kliničara zbog važnosti postizanja optimalnog estetskog rezultata. Predvidivo oblikovanje mekih tkiva uokolo implantata stvarajući idealni izlazni profil pomoću privremene i trajne krunice te postizanje stabilnosti i harmonije mekih i tvrdih tkiva jedan su od ključnih faktora estetike na implantatima. Bitan faktor uspješnosti su i implantatne nadogradnje te izbor materijala od kojeg su građene. U prednjem segmentu je iz estetskih razloga materijal izbora za implantatnu nadogradnju cirkonij-oksid zbog postizanja ljepšeg završnog protetskog rezultata. Ovaj rad opisuje tehniku postizanja optimalnog izgleda mekih tkiva nakon imedijatne ugradnje dentalnog implantata u estetskoj zoni. Prikazuje se atramuatska tehnika ekstrakcije zuba uz očuvanje okolnih tkiva, postava dentalnog implantata te postava imedijatne privremene krunice. Nakon perioda oseointegracije prikazuje se faza prijenosa postignutog rezultata pomoću individualno prilagođenog otisnog prijenosnika, odabir optimalne implantatne nadogradnje te završni rezultat trajne krunice. Dental implant rehabilitation, with its predictability and a high success rate, becomes the therapy of choice for the replacement of a lost tooth. Tooth loss is a major problem because not only does it cause the disturbed aesthetic, phonetic, and functional components of the stomatognathic system, but it can also afflict emotional trauma, especially when it comes to missing teeth in the intercanine segment. Consequently, the lack of teeth in the anterior aesthetic zone is one of the most challenging tasks for the clinician due to the importance of achieving optimum aesthetic outcome. Predicting the soft tissue profile changes around implants, creating an ideal emergence profile using temporary and permanent crown, and achieving stability and harmony of soft and hard tissues are key factors in implant aesthetics. Important success factors are implant abutments and the choice of material they are made of. In the anterior segment, the material of choice for implant abutments is zirconium oxide due to the improved aesthetic appearance. This paper describes a technique for achieving an optimum soft tissue appearance after the immediate implantation of a dental implant in the aesthetic zone. The atraumatic tooth extraction with the preservation of surrounding tissues, the placement of a dental implant, and the placement of an immediate temporary crown are presented. After a period of osseointegration, impression phase of the achieved result is shown using individually tailored implant impression coping, a proper abutment selection, and definitive crown placement results are also shown.

Estetika predstavlja bitan segment gotovo svakog modernog stomatološkog zahvata. Štoviše, sve se više pacijenata javlja s isključivo estetskim zahtjevima te je takve zahvate potrebno provesti minimalno invazivno. Danas nam to omogućavaju ljuskice koje su zamah doživjele razvojem adhezivne tehnike. Indikacije za izradu ljuskica uključuju korekcije veličine, oblika i boje zuba te ostale. Uz to, okluzalne se ljuskice mogu koristiti za korekciju visine zagriza. Prema materijalu izrade, razlikuju se kompozitne i keramičke ljuskice, s tim da keramičke predstavljaju standard u modernoj stomatologiji. Sve korake u izradi ljuskica, od samog planiranja, preko odabira materijala, preparacije zuba, otiskivanja, probe te konačno cementiranja, potrebno je provoditi sinkronizirano kako bi se postigao što bolji rezultat. Danas su u tome od pomoći suvremene računalne metode kojima je moguće jasnije vizualizirati željene ishode te digitalnim otiskivanjem i strojnom izradom ljuskice znatno skratiti vrijeme potrebno za izradu. Terapija ljuskicama danas je općeprihvaćena metoda za rješavanje brojnih kliničkih situacija koje zahtijevaju fiksnoprotetsku terapiju te će novi napretci rezultirati uspješnijom terapijom i zadovoljnijim pacijentima. Aesthetics is an essential segment of almost every modern-day dental procedure. Moreover, growing number of patients seeks treatment exclusively for aesthetic reasons and such procedures need to be minimally invasive. Nowadays, those requirements can be accomplished by using dental veneers, which have steadily been developing since the introduction of adhesive techniques. Indications for providing veneers include the size, shape and colour correction of the tooth, etc. In addition, occlusal veneers can be used in the correction of the vertical dimension of the teeth. According to the fabrication material, there are composite and ceramic veneers; ceramic veneers being the standard in modern-day dentistry. All the steps the therapy of providing veneers, from planning to material selection, tooth preparation, dental impressions, fitting and finally cementing, need to be executed synchronously to achieve optimal results. Today, numerous modern computational methods make it possible to visualize the desired outcomes more clearly and by digital printing and machine fabrication significantly shorten the time it takes to achieve the desired outcome. Veneers therapy is a commonly accepted method for solving a number of clinical situations requiring fixed-prosthetic therapy and new advances will result in more successful therapy and more satisfied patients.

Estetske keramičke ljuske su nadomjesci koji predstavljaju predvidljivu i trajnu terapijsku mogućnost koja, ne samo da obnavlja funkciju zubi, nego i poboljšava estetski izgled. Važan aspekt minimalno invazivne preparacije je očuvanje zdrave cakline. Keramičke ljuske dugo su se smatrale jedinim nadomjeskom s isključivo estetskim indikacijama, međutim, raspon nji-hovih indikacija stalno se proširivao, što ih je učinilo prihvatljivom alternativom klasičnim, daleko invazivnijim, oblicima restaurativne terapije. Danas se keramičke ljuske koriste kod diskoloriranih zubi koji se ne mogu zadovoljavajuće izbijeliti, kod pogrešnog položaja zuba i kod zatvaranja dijastema. U ovom radu opisuju se načela suvremene tehnologije izrade ljusaka na temelju kliničkog primjera. To uključuje analizu slučaja, definiranje cilja terapije pomoću dijagnostičkog navoštavanja, određivanje prave boje, pronalaženje najboljeg oblika preparacije, odabir naj-prikladnijeg keramičkog materijala i koncepta cementiranja. Također se analizira dugoročna prognoza keramičkih ljusaka na temelju brojnih objavljenih znanstvenih istraživanja. Aesthetic ceramic veneers are substitutes that provide a predictable and lasting therapeutic option which not only rejuvenates the function of the teeth but also improves aesthetic appearance. An important aspect of a minimally invasive preparation is the preservation of a healthy enamel. Ceramic veneers have long been considered only a substitute exhibiting solely aesthetic indications; however, the range of indications is continually expanding, making them an acceptable alternative to classical, but far more invasive forms of restorative therapy. Today, ceramic veneers are used for discoloured teeth which cannot be properly bleached, for malpositioned teeth and when closing diastemas. This paper describes the principles of modern technology in producing veneers on the basis of clinical samples. It includes a case study, defining the therapy goal by means of a diagnostic wax-up, determining the right colour, finding the best form of preparation, choosing the most appropriate ceramic material and cementing concept. The long-term prognosis for ceramic veneers is also analysed on the basis of numerous published scientific studies.

Bezubost se danas sve više sanira implantatima. Uzroci bezubosti razni su, od trauma pa do kroničnih bolesti kao što su parodontopatije. Indikacije za implantoprotetsku terapiju mogu biti od potpune bezubosti pa do nedostatka jednog zuba. Nakon ugradnje implantat se može opteretiti imedijatno ili odgođeno, a svaki način ima svoje prednosti i nedostatke. Privremeni rad može se izraditi odmah nakon ugradnje u prednjoj regiji što je danas iznimno važno jer je pacijentima estetika vrlo bitna u svakodnevnom funkcioniranju i socijalnoj interakciji. Učvrstiti se može cementiranjem ili vijčanom vezom. Svaka ima prednosti i nedostatke, a na terapeutu je da procijeni koju od te dvije metode će upotrijebiti i koja je za pacijenta bolja opcija. Nowadays, the problem of edentulism is most commonly dealt with dental implants. Causes of edentulism are various, from trauma to chronic diseases such as periodontitis. Indications for implantoprothetic therapy can be anything from total edentulism to deficiency of a single tooth. After the procedure, the implant can be loaded immediately or it can be postponed, both ways have their advantages and disadvantages. Temporary prosthetic work, which can be done immediately after the procedure in the frontal area, is very important nowadays because aesthetics is high on peoples’ priority list in everyday life and social interaction. The temporary prosthetic can be fixed by implants with cement or screw. Both possibilities have their advantages and disadvantages but it is the therapist’s decision which method to choose and which is better for the patient.

Danas estetski dentalni materijali posjeduju široku kliničku primjenu te imaju veliki broj indikacija. U fiksnoj protetici koriste se u prednjem te isto tako u stražnjem segmentu čeljusti za izradu ljuskica, inleja, onleja, pojedinačnih krunica te mosnih konstrukcija do dva međučlana. Uz gliničnu keramiku, danas na tržištu postoje staklokeramika, staklom infiltrirana keramika te oksidna keramika. Najbolja mehanička svojstva posjeduje oksidna keramika, ali s druge strane najbolja optička svojstva posjeduje keramika s visokim postotkom stakla u svom sastavu. Za izradu keramičkih nadomjestka koriste se ručne te strojne metode. Tehnologija izrade koja se koristi ovisi o vrsti keramičkog materijala. Tehnika slojevanja koristi se kod glinične keramike te staklokeramike, tehnika prešanja kod staklokeramike te CAD/CAM tenologija kod staklokeramike i oksidne keramike. Kao nadopuna keramici materijal izbora je kompozit. Danas se najčešće koriste česticama ojačani kompoziti te vlaknima ojačani kompoziti u izradi ljuskica, inleja te onleja Today esthetic dental materials have a large number of indication in clinical use. In fixed prosthodontics they are used in the anterior and also in the posterior regions of the jaw and they are indicated for veneers, inlays, onlays, single crowns and up to four-unit bridges. Today on the market beside feldspathic ceramics there are glass-ceramics, glass-infiltrated ceramics and oxide ceramics. The best mechanical properties possess oxide ceramics and it can stand high occlusal forces. On the other hand, feldspetic ceramics and glass-ceramics has the best optical characteristics. Processing methods which are used for all-ceramic dental restoration are divided into manual and machine processing. The type of processing technique used depends on the type of ceramic material. Layering technique is used for feldspathic and glass-ceramics, the pressing for glass-ceramics, and CAD/CAM technologies is used for glass-ceramics and oxide ceramics. Beside all-ceramic dental restoration the choice of material is composite. Today commonly use composites are composite with fillers and fiber-reinforced composite. Their indication in clinical use are veneers, inlays, onlays

Rad ne sadrži sažetak. Nowadays, patients are becoming increasingly interested in cosmetic dentistry. There is an increasing interest from patients in having white nice teeth. Teeth whitening is among the most popular cosmetic dentistry procedures. The procedure is well researched and scientifically proven and therefore safe for the patient. There are external and internal teeth whitening. Materials used include hydrogen and carbamide peroxide as well as sodium perborate, which release active oxygen in the process of oxidation. Not every patient is a candidate for teeth whitening and a full dental examination is mandatory to assess things that can have an impact on the success of whitening. In accordance with the EU Directive (2011/84/EU), cosmetic products are those products containing more than 0.1% and up to 6% of hydrogen peroxide release and may be used only by dentists, or by patients under their direct supervision for aesthetic purposes. Products containing more than 6% of hydrogen peroxide are classified as medical products. Whitening can have adverse effects on oral hard and soft tissues. One of the most important adverse effects is root resorption which may result in tooth loss. There are several teeth whitening techniques. Internal (non-vital) whitening techniques include laser, thermocatalytic and "walking bleach" techniques, performed in-office under the supervision of a dentist. External whitening techniques include enamel microabrasion, "power bleach" and whitening using a whitening tray at home. Best results are produced by combining in-office whitening using a Zoom lamp, and at-home methods for additional two weeks. The patient becomes more motivated, and the procedure results in outstanding long-term outcomes.

Boja zuba u dentalnoj medicini značajno utječe na doživljaj cjelokupne estetike zubi i lica. Percepcija boje ovisi o mnogim čimbenicima, kao što su ljudski faktor, osvjetljenje, okolina, boja pozadine i drugi optički fenomeni. Odabir boje u dentalnoj medicini najčešće se vrši vizualno pomoću tvorničkih ključeva boja koji se temelje na tonu boje, zasićenosti ili svjetlini. Boje iz ključa se uspoređuju s bojom zubnog niza pacijenta. Takav način odabira boje vrlo je subjektivan te je tako odabranu boju teško reproducirati. Iz tog razloga kreirane su objektivne, instrumentalne metode određivanja boje pomoću različitih uređaja kao što su digitalne kamere, kolorimetar i spektrofotometar. Boja zuba odabrana ovim metodama daje rezultate koji su kvantificirani, objektivizirani, lako ponovljivi i reproducirani u dentalnom laboratoriju., The color of teeth in dental medicine significantly affects the overall aesthetics of the teeth and face. Color perception depends on many factors, such as human factor, lighting, environment, background color, and other optical phenomena. Choosing the color in dental medicine is most often done visually using the factory-made color shade guide that are based on the tone of color, saturation or brightness. Colors from the prefabricated shade guide are compared to the color of the dental arch of the patient. Such a color assessment mode is very subjective and the selected color is difficult to reproduce. Therefore, objective and instrumental methods of determining the color were created using different devices such as digital cameras, a colorimeter and a spectrophotometer. Tooth color selected by these methods give results that are quantified, objectified, easily repeatable and reproduced in dental laboratory.

Keramičke ljuske minimalno su invazivni protetski nadomjestci koji se izrađuju u području estetske zone (fronte). Idealan je materijal za njihovu izradu keramika jer nije porozna, estetski je stabilna i ne izaziva upalu gingive. Snaga sveze između zuba i nadomjestka povećava se jetkanjem i aplikacijom silana. Najveća prednost za uporabu takvih fiksnoprotetskih nadomjestaka čuvanje je tvrdih zubnih tkiva i vrhunska estetika. Estetske ljuske pripadaju djelokrugu estetske stomatologije jer mogu pružiti sjajan bijeli osmijeh lijepo postavljenih i oblikovanih zuba. Moderni dentalni materijali, poput translucencije i transparencije dentalne keramike, pružaju prirodniji izgled što je u prošlosti bilo teško postići. S obzirom na to da se ljuske lijepe na prednju površinu cakline, ne dolazi do iritacije i povlačenja zubnog mesa pa je tako, zbog minimalnog brušenja i izostanka brušenja pod zubnim mesom, izrada keramičkih ljusaka najmanje invazivan protetski zahvat za zub i zubno meso. Zubi se bruse tako da im se odstrani samo vanjski dio zubne cakline te se na taj način napravi prostor za postavljanje tankih ljuska. Kod izrade ljuski prednost je i što pacijent ne mora nositi nikakav privremeni nadomjestak (provizorij) jer je brušenje za ljuske minimalno i gotovo neprimjetno golim okom. Nakon brušenja zuba uzima se otisak i ljuske se izrađuju u zubotehničkom laboratoriju press tehnikom ili CAD/CAM tehnologijom. Nakon što zubni tehničar izradi ljusku, doktor dentalne medicine u ordinaciji vrši probu fiksnoprotetskog nadomjestka. Ukoliko ljuskica odgovara brušenom zubu te je pacijent zadovoljan estetikom, slijedi završna faza u kojoj stomatolog cementira nadomjestak. Veneers are minimally invasive prosthodontic appliances created in the area of aesthetic zone (anterior teeth). Ceramics is an ideal material for their construction, because it is not porous, it is aesthetically stable and it does not cause gingivitis. The strength of connection between the teeth and appliances increases by etching or applying silane. The biggest advantage of using such fixed-prosthodontic appliances is protecting firm dental tissue, as well as supreme aesthetics. Aesthetic veneers belong to a field of aesthetic dental medicine because they can offer shiny white smile of well-set and shaped teeth. Modern dental materials like translucency and transparency of dental ceramics offer more natural appearance, which was difficult to achieve during past. According to the fact that veneers are supposed to be pasted to the front surface of the enamel, there are no irritations or gum recession. Due to these facts, construction of ceramic veneers, because of minimal grinding or absence of grinding under the gums, is the least invasive prosthodontic intervention, both for tooth and gums. Teeth are grinded in a way that just the outer part of the enamel is removed from them in order to make more space for putting thin veneers. When it comes to construction veneers, the advantage is that the patient does not have to wear any temporary supplementation (provisory) because the grinding process for veneers is minimal and almost invisible with the naked eye. After grinding of the teeth, the imprint is taken and veneers are made in a dental technical laboratory with a press technique or by CAD/CAM technology. After a dental technician makes a veneer, a doctor of dental medicine in a dispensary performs a trial of a fixed-prosthodontic appliance. In case the veneer fits a grinded tooth, and the patient is satisfied with the aesthetics, a final phase, where the dentist cements the appliance, follows. order to strengthen the connection.

Suvremena dentalna medicina osim na funkcionalnost, sve više stavlja naglasak na estetiku. Koliko je lijep osmijeh bitna karika u ţivotu svakog pojedinca pokazuju brojna istraţivanja u kojima je nezadovoljstvo bojom zubi pri samom vrhu poimanja vlastite vanjštine. Kako bismo mogli mijenjati postojeću boju zubi, moramo ju najprije definirati. Boja je osjetilni podraţaj koji nastaje pobuĊivanjem fotoreceptora svjetlosnim zrakama na mreţnici oka. Prouĉavanjem boje bavio se profesor Munsell i razloţio ju na tri komponente: nijansu, svjetlinu i zasićenost. Kasnije su uvedeni L*a*b i L*C*h sustavi za detaljniji prikaz sastavnica boja. Boju zubi moţemo odrediti konvencionalno pomoću kljuĉa boja ili digitalno pomoću kolorimetra ili spektrofotometra. Postupci izbjeljivanja zubi dijele se na intenzivno izbjeljivanje u ordinaciji pomoću vodikova peroksida visoke koncentracije te izbjeljivanje udlagama kod kuće pomoću karbamidova ili vodikova peroksida niţih koncentracija. Prednost intenzivnog izbjeljivanja je brzo postignut efekt, no postoje rizici od oštećenja gingive i preosjetljivosti. Prednosti izbjeljivanja udlagama su mala pojavnost preosjetljivosti i dulja postojanost boje, stoga se smatra zlatnim standardom. U ovom radu prikazani su rezultati promjene boje zubi tijekom postupka izbjeljivanja udlagama mjereni spektrofotometrom. Naime, matematiĉkim izraĉunom došlo se do podatka kako se boja zubi u dva tjedna promjenila za 6.48 jedinica, što predstavlja razliku uoĉljivu promatraĉu. Nadalje, svjetlina se povećala, zasićenost smanjila, vrijednosti a* i b* su se pomakle prema hladnim tonovima, a indeks izbjeljivanja pomaknuo se za tri jedinice ulijevo na kljuĉu boja. Navedeni rezultati daju nam do znanja da je boja zubi postala bjelja, što je i bio cilj postupka izbjeljivanja. Contemporary dental medicine, besides functionality, emphasizes aesthetics. The importance of a beautiful smile in life for each individual is shown in many researches in which dissatisfaction with teeth color is at the top of people’s appearance. In order to change the existing teeth color, we must first define it. Color represents sensory stimulus generated by excitation of photoreceptors with light beams on eye mesh. Professor Munsell studied color and divided it into three components: shade, brightness and saturation. L*a*b and L*C*h systems were introduced later for a more detailed representation of color components. The tooth color can be determined conventionally using a shade guide or digitally by a colorimeter or spectrophotometer. Teeth whitening procedures are divided into intensive bleaching in office using high concentration of hydrogen peroxide and bleaching at home using lower concentrations of carbamide or hydrogen peroxide. The advantage of intensive bleaching is a rapidly achieved effect, but there are risks of gingivitis and hypersensitivity. The benefits of splints bleaching include a small occurrence of hypersensitivity and longer lasting color so it is a gold standard. This paper presents the results of change of tooth color during the bleaching process measured by a spectrophotometer. Mathematical calculations showed that teeth color in two weeks changed by 6.48 units, which is the difference visible to observer. Furthermore, brightness increased, saturation decreased, a* and b* values shifted to cold tones, bleaching index shifted for three units to the left on shade guide. The results indicate that tooth color became whiter, which was the goal of bleaching.

Ciljevi : Cilj ovog rada bio je utvrditi uticaj dobi, pola, frakture zuba i plak indeksa na zadovoljstvo s izgledom zuba. Ispitanici i postupci : U istraživanju je učestvovalo 700 ispitanika u dobi od 18-86 godina (medijan 45 godina). Istraživanje je bazirano na kliničkom pregledu i ispunjavanju upitnika koji je uključivao pitanja bazirana na samoproceni zadovoljstva s izgledom gornjih prednjih zuba. Rezultati: Regresijska analiza je pokazala da dentalni plak, frakture zuba, kompozitni ispuni i krunice imaju statistički značajan uticaj te su negativni prediktori zadovoljstva izgledom zuba. Učesnici s plakom na gornjim prednjim zubima (p

Boja u dentalnoj medicini igra jedan od važnijih čimbenika u percepciji cjelokupne estetike zubi i lica. Boja općenito je doživljaj te je percepcija boje ovisna o mnogim čimbenicima, kao što su ljudski faktor, osvjetljenje, okolina, boja pozadine i drugi optički fenomeni. Odabir boje u dentalnoj medicini najčešće se vrši vizualno pomoću tvorničkih ključeva boja koji se temelje na tonu boje, zasićenosti ili svjetlini, te se boje u skali uspoređuju s bojom zubnog niza pacijenta. Takav način odabira boje je vrlo subjektivan te je tako odabranu boju teško reproducirati. Iz tog razloga kreirane su objektivne instrumentalne metode određivanja boje pomoću raznih uređaja. Takvi uređaji su kolorimetar, spektrofotometar, digitalne kamere, čiji su rezultati kvantificirani, objektivizirani, lako ponovljivi i reproducirani u dentalnom laboratoriju. Colour in dental medicine plays the big role in perception of dental esthetics and esthetic of the face. Colour is a phenomenon and its perception depends on number of factors like human factor, lightning int he dental office, colour of surroundings and other optical illusions. Choosing the right colour shade is usually performed by using standardized factory colour guides, which are based on different hues, values and chromas, and the colors are selected when a colour in scale is proximate as the colour of the tooth. This visual mean of tooth colour selection is very subjective and the chosen colour is hard to reproduce. That is why the objective instrument methods of colour selection were created. The electronic instruments that are designed for choosing colour shade in dentistry are colorimeters, spectrophotometers and digital cameras. The results of choosing colour with this methods are objective, quantifiable, repeatable and easily reproduced in dental laboratory

Estetsku rekonstrukciju prednjih zuba moguće je ostvariti primjenom kompozita i potpune keramike. Kompozitni materijali se svakodnevno koriste u restorativnoj dentalnoj medicini za izradu ispuna, dok u fiksnoj protetici predstavljaju materijal izbora za izradu privremenih nadomjestaka. Za izradu trajnih nadomjestaka koriste se potpuno keramički sustavi koji osim vrhunske estetike i funkcionalnosti pokazuju bolju dugoročnu prognozu. Aesthetic reconstruction of the anterior teeth can be achieved using composite materials and all-ceramic systems. Composite materials are used in restorative dentistry for fillings, while in fixed prosthodontics constitute the material of choice for temporary restorations. All-ceramic systems are used for making permanent restorations. They allow high aesthetic and functionality, and are used as long-term restorations.

Razumijevanje prirode i percepcije boje je veoma bitno u rastućem polju estetske stomatologije. Iako ograničenja u materijalima i tehnologiji može odmoći u odabiru odgovarajuće boje, gotovo uvijek možemo postići idealnu restauraciju. Odabiru boje treba pristupiti planski i organizirano, jer to kliničaru daje bolju i kvalitetniju suradnju s laboratorijem. Korištenje novorazvijenih sustava i uređaja može pomoći kliničaru u postizanju boljih krajnjih rezultata. Isto tako, jednako je važno postići dobar oblik i veličinu same restauracije. Znanje o optimalnim proporcijama zuba, kao i njihov smještaj u zubnom luku i odnos prema mekim strukturama također je od izuzetne važnosti za sam rad. The understanding of science of color and color perception is crucial for success in the ever-expanding field of esthetic restorative dentistry. Although lirnitations in materials and techniques may make a perfect color match impossible, a harmonious restoration can almost always be achieved. Shade matching should be approached in a methodical and organized manner. This enables the practitioner to make the best choice and communicate it accurately to the laboratory. Newly developed shade systems and instruments may help the practitioner achieve a reliable restoration match. The size and shape of restorations are equally important when a highly esthetic result is sought. Knowledge of the optimal proportion and the relative position of the teeth to each other and the soft tissues is essential.

Cilj istraživanja: Sve donedavno se restaurativna stomatologija bavila uglavnom funkcionalnim zahtjevima. Danas je, uz smanjenje prevalencije karijesa, fokus stavljen na estetiku. Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je procijeniti faktore koji utječu na zadovoljstvo bolesnika pojavom gornjih prednjih zuba. Materijali i metode: U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 75 odraslih osoba (29 muškaraca i 46 žena, srednje dobi 25 ± 3,5 godina). Oni su ispunjavali upitnik vezano uz zadovoljstvo trenutnim estetskim dentalnim statusom, kao što su zadovoljstvo izgledom, bojom, oblikom i postavom gornjih prednjih zuba. Odgovori su uspoređeni s trenutnim statusom (tip restaurativnog ili protetskoga rada), bojom, veličinom i oblikom gornjih prednjih zuba. Rezultati: Od 75 ispitanika, njih 40 (53 %) bilo je nezadovoljno svojim izgledom gornjih prednjih zuba. Primarni razlog nezadovoljstva je boja zuba (31 od 40 ispitanika, 77,5 %), zatim oblik zuba (26 od 40 ispitanika, 65 %) i loša postava zuba (25 od 40 ispitanika, 62,5 %). Osamdeset posto ispitanika koji su bili nezadovoljni (32 ispitanika), navodi želju za poboljšanjem u izgledu zuba općenito. Značajna pozitivna korelacija dobivena je između zadovoljstva bolesnika izgledom i bojom zuba, omjerom širine/dužine zuba te trenutnim statusom gornjih prednjih zuba (p < 0,001). Zaključak: Zadovoljstvo bolesnika izgledom gornjih prednjih zuba bila je nisko (više od 50 %), stoga estetika mora imati važnu ulogu u liječenju zuba, a boja zuba treba imati posebnu važnost., Aim: Until recently, restorative dentistry considered mostly functional demands. Today, with the decrease in caries prevalence, the focus has shifted toward dental esthetics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors influencing patient’s satisfaction with dental appearance of maxillary anterior teeth. Methods: The study population consisted of 75 adults (28 men and 46 women; mean age 25 ± 3.5 years). They completed a questionnaire regarding satisfaction with current dental esthetics issues, such as satisfaction with tooth appearance, color, shape and alignment of maxillary anterior teeth. The answers were compared with the current status (type of the restorative or prosthetic appliance), color, size and the shape of the maxillary anterior teeth. Results: Of the 75 subjects, 40 (53 %) were dissatisfied with their dental appearance. Teeth color was the primary reason for dissatisfaction (31 of 40 subjects; 77.5 %), followed by teeth shape (26 of 40 subjects; 65 %) and poor teeth alignment (25 of 40 subjects; 62.5 %). Eighty percent (32 subjects) of the subjects who were dissatisfied reported the desire for improvement in teeth appearance in general. A significant positive correlation was obtained between the patient’s satisfaction with teeth appearance and color, width/length ratio and current status of the maxillary anterior teeth (p