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Competing Interests: The author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article related to the author or any immediate family members. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request.

Competing Interests: The author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article related to the author or any immediate family members. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request.

Competing Interests: The author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article related to the author or any immediate family members. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request.

Competing Interests: The author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article related to the author or any immediate family members. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research ® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request.

Competing Interests: The author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article related to the author or any immediate family members. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request.

Competing Interests: The author certifies that there are no funding or commercial associations (consultancies, stock ownership, equity interest, patent/licensing arrangements, etc.) that might pose a conflict of interest in connection with the submitted article related to the author or any immediate family members. All ICMJE Conflict of Interest Forms for authors and Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research® editors and board members are on file with the publication and can be viewed on request.

Introduction: Orthopaedic surgery is among the least diverse fields in all of medicine. To promote the recruitment of minorities, a commonly proposed strategy is to increase the exposure of minority medical students to orthopaedic surgeons and residents who are minorities themselves. This study examines the degree to which the racial/ethnic diversity of the orthopaedic faculty and residency program influences underrepresented in medicine (URM) medical students at that institution to pursue a career in orthopaedics., Methods: Using data provided by the Association of American Medical Colleges, we identified all US medical schools that were affiliated with an orthopaedic department and an orthopaedic residency program (n = 110). For each institution, data were collected on URM representation among the orthopaedic faculty and residents (2013 to 2017), as well as the proportion of URM medical students who applied to an orthopaedic residency program (2014 to 2018). The association between institutional factors and the URM medical student orthopaedic application rate was then assessed., Results: Of 11,887 URM students who graduated from medical school during the 5-year study period, 647 applied to an orthopaedic residency program (5.4%). URM students who attended medical school at institutions with high URM representation on the orthopaedic faculty were more likely to apply in orthopaedics (odds ratio 1.27, 95% confidence interval 1.04 to 1.55, P = 0.020), as were URM students at institutions with high URM representation in the residency program (odds ratio 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 1.79, P < 0.001)., Discussion: The benefits of a diverse orthopaedic workforce are widely acknowledged. In this study, we found that increased URM representation among the orthopaedic faculty and residents was associated with a greater likelihood that URM medical students at that institution would apply in orthopaedics. We also suggest a set of strategies to break the cycle and promote the recruitment of minorities into the field of orthopaedic surgery.

Background: Pain management is a complex and evolving topic. Treatment of pain must account for biochemical as well as social and economic factors. Sex, gender, and ethnic differences exist in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and provision of care for patients with pain., Questions/purposes: We sought to identify the sex, gender, and ethnic disparities leading to care inequalities with respect to pain management. Our purposes were to (1) clarify the state of where we are now, (2) outline ways to approach where we need to go, and (3) generate solutions for how we get there. WHERE ARE WE NOW?: Studies are beginning to uncover the biologic mechanisms underlying the pain response in sex, gender, and ethnic subgroups. Patient characteristics that increase the risk of postoperative pain are being identified. WHERE DO WE NEED TO GO?: Much work needs to be done in medical education with respect to sex, gender, and ethnic disparities in pain management. Research efforts must better describe differences in physiology of pain, incidence of pain, coping strategies, patient-doctor relationships, and gender/ethnic-specific modes of care for the patient with pain. HOW DO WE GET THERE?: Future work will involve combined efforts with pain/anesthesia specialty societies, developing a disparities and pain management curriculum for medical providers, endorsing health literacy, performing high-quality Level I/II research, and exploring systems processes in pain management in the acute hospital setting.

Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC1y0abggQZXdtwnfKZBYtws= on 04/05/2021 Downloaded from http://journals.lww.com/clinorthop by BhDMf5ePHKav1zEoum1tQfN4a+kJLhEZgbsIHo4XMi0hCywCX1AWnYQp/IlQrHD3i3D0OdRyi7TvSFl4Cf3VC1y0abggQZXdtwnfKZBYtws= on 04/05/2021 Clin Orthop Relat Res (2021) 479:233-235 DOI 10.1097/CORR.0000000000001586 Equity 360: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity Published online: 5 January 2021 Copyright © 2021 by the Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons Equity360: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity: Heroes, Rep. John R. Lewis, and Orthopaedics MaryI.O'ConnorMD,FAOA,FAAHKS,FAAOS W hen I think of how one defines "heroism", I fall back on this quote from Arthur Ashe, the first and only Black man to win the Wimbledon Men's Singles title:"Trueheroismisremarkablysober, very undramatic. The questions that I had prepared for Rep. Lewis focused on health equity, racism, and the pandemic. Despite his "record", Rep. Lewis was elected to Congress in 1986 and served for 17 terms in the US House of Representatives. In response to these statistics, Rep. Lewis wrote legislation [2]torequire that social determinants of health be considered in the context of new healthcarepayment policies. [Extracted from the article]

Equity 360: Gender, Race, and Ethnicity - Are Women Better Physicians than Men?. [Extracted from the article]

Each July, orthopaedic surgeons read the latest I U.S. News and World Report (US News) i rankings of the "best hospitals" in the nation and the top orthopaedic programs. The I US News i report also found that approximately 80% of US hospitals have patient populations that are not representative of the communities surrounding the hospital. Hospitals that have patient populations who are not representative of their surrounding communities could start by performing an honest internal assessment regarding the perception of the hospital in the community. This initial effort to highlight health inequities by I US News i is truly laudable, and I hope the publication will strengthen its commitment to health equity by incorporating health equity measures into their rankings of best hospitals for next year. [Extracted from the article]

The article offers information on changing demographics in the U.S. which leads to shift in the patient landscape for medicine. Topics discussed include information on increasing obesity in orthopaedic patient; information on growth oriented orthopaedic practice that attracts patients of color, especially women; economic shifts across racial and ethnic groups as a result of social-mobility dynamics.

The article discusses about the gender, race and ethnicity and the concept of privilege. Topics discussed include situations which involving racism without being seen as emotional or self-serving; eliminating the negatives for non-whites and women; and also mentions about the advantages for the white Orthopaedic from the privilege of being a man and disadvantages related to race.