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The intellectual history of the early modern Atlantic world is populated by a great number of white European men and their male descendants. White women, indigenous American men and women, and indi...

During the eighteenth century, the Rodrigues da Cruz and the Vieira da Costa families rose to relative prominence in thecomarcaof Rio das Velhas, a judicial district of the captaincy of Minas Gerais (Figure 1). Both families had as their patriarch a wealthy Portuguese man whose fortune was built on the gold-mining industry that dominated the regional economy in the early part of the century. Both families were also the product of relationships between Portuguese gold miners and slave women. The second and third generations of the two families similarly comprised freed or free persons of mixed European and African descent whose own standing in society relied in part on their families' ability to manage the social and legal implications of the circumstances of their birth. The Rodrigues da Cruz and Vieira da Costa families were thus part of a large and rising population ofpardos(light-skinned persons) ormulatos(persons of mixed descent) in eighteenth-century Minas Gerais—not of solely Portuguese origin or descent (brancos), solely African origin (preto), nor solely African descent but born in Brazil (crioulo). Their ambiguous social standing could lie somewhere between the elite status of most brancos and the slave status of most pretos or crioulos.

Resumo: Esse artigo examina a mobilidade social de pessoas de ascendência africana na vila e termo de Sabará, Minas Gerais, no século XVIII, a partir do questionamento da possibilidade de ascenção social disponíveis a mulheres negras e seus descendentes. Através da análise de documentos cartoriais (inventários, testamentos, escrituras de venda, etc.) e documentos da Câmara Municipal de Sabará, esse estudo investiga as oportunidades de sucesso econômico disponíveis às mulheres de cor e os limites da mobilidade social; os efeitos do processo sucessório na transferência de vantagens sócio-econômicas de uma geração para outra; e as estratégias usadas por mulheres negras para garantir que a sucessão de bens pudesse se traduzir em vantagens (e ascensão) sociais para seus filhos. Abstract: Through a critical examination of the possibilities of social improvement available to black women and their descendants, this article discusses social mobility among Afro-descending people in the town and precincts of Sabará, Minas Gerais, in the eighteenth century. Using various notarial documents (inventories, wills, deeds of sale, etc.) and papers from the municipal council of Sabará, this study investigates the types of economic success enjoyed by women of Afro-descent and the limits to their social mobility; the impact of inheritance procedures on the transfer of socio-economic resources from one generation to the next; and the strategies black women employed to ensure that transmission of their property to their children would translate into social advantages.

The history of black political activism in the Americas is not, as scholars of the African Diaspora often remind us, a recent development. The Atlantic slave trade and plantation slavery threatened...