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3 results on '"Aivar P"'

2. Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago

Author

Rasmussen, Simon, Allentoft, Morten Erik, Nielsen, Kasper, Orlando, Ludovic, Sikora, Martin, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Pedersen, Anders Gorm, Schubert, Mikkel, Van Dam, Alex, Kapel, Christian Moliin Outzen, Nielsen, Henrik Bjørn, Brunak, Søren, Avetisyan, Pavel, Epimakhov, Andrey, Khalyapin, Mikhail Viktorovich, Gnuni, Artak, Kriiska, Aivar, Lasak, Irena, Metspalu, Mait, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Gromov, Andrei, Pokutta, Dalia, Saag, Lehti, Varul, Liivi, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas, Foley, Robert A, Lahr, Marta Mirazón, Nielsen, Rasmus, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Subjects
Biological Sciences, Genetics, Biodefense, Vaccine Related, Prevention, Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vector-Borne Diseases, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Infection, Animals, Asia, DNA, Bacterial, Europe, History, Ancient, History, Medieval, Humans, Plague, Siphonaptera, Tooth, Yersinia pestis, Medical and Health Sciences, Developmental Biology, Biological sciences, Biomedical and clinical sciences
Abstract

The bacteria Yersinia pestis is the etiological agent of plague and has caused human pandemics with millions of deaths in historic times. How and when it originated remains contentious. Here, we report the oldest direct evidence of Yersinia pestis identified by ancient DNA in human teeth from Asia and Europe dating from 2,800 to 5,000 years ago. By sequencing the genomes, we find that these ancient plague strains are basal to all known Yersinia pestis. We find the origins of the Yersinia pestis lineage to be at least two times older than previous estimates. We also identify a temporal sequence of genetic changes that lead to increased virulence and the emergence of the bubonic plague. Our results show that plague infection was endemic in the human populations of Eurasia at least 3,000 years before any historical recordings of pandemics.

Published
2015

3. Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia

Author

Allentoft, Morten E, Sikora, Martin, Sjögren, Karl-Göran, Rasmussen, Simon, Rasmussen, Morten, Stenderup, Jesper, Damgaard, Peter B, Schroeder, Hannes, Ahlström, Torbjörn, Vinner, Lasse, Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo, Margaryan, Ashot, Higham, Tom, Chivall, David, Lynnerup, Niels, Harvig, Lise, Baron, Justyna, Casa, Philippe Della, Dąbrowski, Paweł, Duffy, Paul R, Ebel, Alexander V, Epimakhov, Andrey, Frei, Karin, Furmanek, Mirosław, Gralak, Tomasz, Gromov, Andrey, Gronkiewicz, Stanisław, Grupe, Gisela, Hajdu, Tamás, Jarysz, Radosław, Khartanovich, Valeri, Khokhlov, Alexandr, Kiss, Viktória, Kolář, Jan, Kriiska, Aivar, Lasak, Irena, Longhi, Cristina, McGlynn, George, Merkevicius, Algimantas, Merkyte, Inga, Metspalu, Mait, Mkrtchyan, Ruzan, Moiseyev, Vyacheslav, Paja, László, Pálfi, György, Pokutta, Dalia, Pospieszny, Łukasz, Price, T Douglas, Saag, Lehti, Sablin, Mikhail, Shishlina, Natalia, Smrčka, Václav, Soenov, Vasilii I, Szeverényi, Vajk, Tóth, Gusztáv, Trifanova, Synaru V, Varul, Liivi, Vicze, Magdolna, Yepiskoposyan, Levon, Zhitenev, Vladislav, Orlando, Ludovic, Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas, Brunak, Søren, Nielsen, Rasmus, Kristiansen, Kristian, and Willerslev, Eske

Subjects
History, Heritage and Archaeology, Human Society, Archaeology, Historical Studies, Anthropology, Asia, Asian People, Cultural Evolution, DNA, Europe, Fossils, Gene Frequency, Genetics, Population, Genome, Human, Genomics, History, Ancient, Human Migration, Humans, Lactose Intolerance, Language, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Skin Pigmentation, White People, General Science & Technology
Abstract

The Bronze Age of Eurasia (around 3000-1000 BC) was a period of major cultural changes. However, there is debate about whether these changes resulted from the circulation of ideas or from human migrations, potentially also facilitating the spread of languages and certain phenotypic traits. We investigated this by using new, improved methods to sequence low-coverage genomes from 101 ancient humans from across Eurasia. We show that the Bronze Age was a highly dynamic period involving large-scale population migrations and replacements, responsible for shaping major parts of present-day demographic structure in both Europe and Asia. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesized spread of Indo-European languages during the Early Bronze Age. We also demonstrate that light skin pigmentation in Europeans was already present at high frequency in the Bronze Age, but not lactose tolerance, indicating a more recent onset of positive selection on lactose tolerance than previously thought.

Published
2015

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