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The REACH Regulation establishes several chemical regulatory regimes, which operate, by and large, as stand-alone, but ostensibly complementary programmes. The two key REACH programmes for direct 'command and control' regulation of chemical risk are 'restriction' and 'authorization'. In the case of substances of very high concern, both restriction and authorization are available as risk management measures. Because REACH fails to establish an independent, coherent and unbiased framework for chemical risk assessment and policy analysis of these alternative regulatory options, their deployment has been fraught with difficulties. This article reviews the REACH provisions governing the restriction and authorization programmes, and the differences, similarities and interrelations between them. In the second part, the problems arising in the application of the two regimes are illustrated with reference to the case of dipolar aprotic solvents. This case study demonstrates that the most appropriate regulatory instrument may be a regime other than REACH. The third part sets forth some recommendations to improve current practice and move towards a predictable, reasonable and balanced REACH application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the court case ATC and Others v Commission which involves Animal Trading Co. It states that animal trading deals with the duties of the institutions in administrative proceedings, precautionary principle, and proportionality principle. It says that the European Union (EU) has enjoyed a wide discretion in deciding what measures could be imposed to control risks correlated with avian flu.

At the international and European levels, there is no shortage of laws, regulations and guidelines for medical research involving human beings. In addition to this, there are also international and European Union regulatory instruments on medical human research. A series of principles relevant to medical research involving human beings are listed. The three common principles which could be identified are a) the autonomy principle b) the proportionality principle c) the principle of prior authorization.