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This article explains the causes of the Russia–Ukraine war starting in 2014 from the energy and energy markets perspective, based on resource dependency theory and the conceptual framework outlined by Jeffrey D. Colgan (2013). Our findings reveal that Russia is critically dependent on revenue from gas exports to Ukraine and the European Union, but also that Ukraine's energy deposits and pipeline system have the potential to be a direct competitive threat to Russia's energy exports. This paper argues that this was the underlying reason and main causal pathway leading to Russia's annexation of Crimea and the subsequent war in eastern Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eurostat sources document that Chinese bilateral trade with the European Union (EU) has quadrupled since the year 2000. While China has become the centre of attention for its trade expansion in numerous consumer and manufactured goods. A further feature concerns its trade in products more purposely suited to industrial production, transport and which contain medium and higher shares of technology. Th is work fi nds that the export of these commodities to the EU has increased rapidly as a share of total exports between 2007 and 2011, while the EU share has in fact declined. Th e structure and type products exchanged from this sector is categorized by the United Nations under the heading of "Machinery & Transport Equipment" and play a large role in determining the extent and nature of a country's integration into global supply and production networks. Th is paper questions the latter in respect of Chinese bilateral trade co-operation with the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]