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Copyright of Pedagogy Studies / Pedagogika is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article is devoted to the system of evaluating the effectiveness of the activities of state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan in terms of personnel management. This assessment makes it possible to identify positive and negative trends in the activities of state bodies, identify systemic problems and develop practical recommendations for improving the efficiency of the activities of state bodies in the direction of personnel management. In Kazakhstan, the main approaches to the effective activities of state bodies are defined at the legislative level. Moreover, a methodology has been developed which states that the evaluation of these results is achieved via an objective assessment of the impact of the activities of central state bodies and local executive bodies on the development of the economy and society, alongside an analysis of the achievement of indicators of the results of the activities of the state body. Based on the study of international experience and a comparative analysis of criteria and indicators for evaluating efficiency in Kazakhstan and foreign countries, this study substantiates conclusions and recommendations for improving the system for evaluating the effectiveness of government agencies in terms of the direction of personnel management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Air transport is a sector that connects the world in the most unique and safest way, creating huge value for the global economy. Airlines are a key component of this sector. Air disasters, terrorist attacks or a pandemic can bring airlines to the brink of bankruptcy. These emergencies create the need for an airline to have an emergency plan in place to ensure business continuity. Drawing on specific literature, the factors influencing the assessment of airline business continuity decisions are examined in the context of COVID-19. The study seeks to find out what the airlines' intentions were when making strategic decisions. The study analyses the decisions taken by the airlines in order to achieve business continuity, using a systematic approach, combined with a case study approach, and systematises the factors influencing the evaluation of the decisions. The use of a multi-criteria evaluation approach allowed the solutions to be ranked according to their evaluation results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article was prepared for the conference „How to Tell About Art? Art History, Criticism, Texts and Narratives in Lithuania" which was organized by the Institute of Art Research. The conference description stated: "The aim of art history and criticism is to open the work of art to the imagination of the perceiver." What texts on art best reveal their artistic dimensions? All texts leave traces and affects perception, depending on the influence and symbolic value of the interpreter and the emancipation of the viewer or perceiver. How many and which perceptual references, what plug-ins/crutches does the viewer really need from an art critic? For Jacques Rancière, the emancipation of the viewer begins with the principle of equality. However, the art institution often insists on the 'correct' way to view the work, as well as what to buy, collect and watch, thus enforcing a linear understanding of cultural development. American antropologist Clifford Geertz argues that culture cannot be described by imposing ideas and advocates for the percetion-based, rather than evaluation-based understanding of culture.31 According to the modern paradigm of cultural relativism, it is important to learn the language of those we research, so that we could look over their shoulder, without succumbing to the Darwinian scientific racism. The latter violates the artist's autonomous representation of free thought, as well as the viewer's freedom to choose and interpret works of art according to their own experience. The artist's own 'study' of the authentic origins of an artwork can be considered as a unveiling of the unexposed part of the artwork in textual form. Artists own narrative frees them from the necessity to evaluate and provides material for studies of the peculiar systems of artistic thinking and creative genesis. Speaking about - or rather, with - art and artistic approach presuppose a respectful relationship with the art viewer and perceiver: instead of explaining what the particular experience should/could feel like, it provides more material for perception and further artistic interpretation. Could this help us "open the work of art to the imagination of the perceiver"? It is possible that, when written by a non-canonical artist, such a text with its ambiguous ties to the artwork would not only hamper the viewer's imagination, but also deconstruct any pre-existing fragmentary perception. The art history inventory finds complicated systems inconvenient. Therefore, by asking "Who Wants to Know where Artists live?", I not only emphasise the Who, which refers to the interested party, but also ask weather (who needs it) or why it could be interesting to know all that, and what to do with it. The article presents excerpts from a piece of author's artistic writing which was read as a conference paper. The reader is therefore invited to sample the experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evaluation cultures and evaluation capacity building vary greatly across the European Union. Western European countries, such as Austria, Germany, Denmark and Sweden, have been termed as leading countries in the evaluation as they have built up well-established evaluation cultures and carry out systematic evaluations of programmes and institutions. In contrast, in Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries, efforts continue to establish evaluation practices and further develop the current evaluation culture. In Hungary, for example, an established research and innovation evaluation practice does not exist, not one specifically considering gender equality in research and innovation evaluations with the exception of research and innovation programmes financed by the EU Structural Funds. Based on the results of a Horizon 2020 project, we apply a context-sensitive evaluation concept in Hungary that enables program owners and evaluators to develop a tailor-made design and impact model for their planned or ongoing gender equality interventions. The development of this evaluation was based on a thorough analysis of the literature and 19 case studies, building on documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews. The article shows that this evaluation approach is applicable also in countries with a certain catch-up demand of the existing overall evaluation culture. The special feature of the presented evaluation approach is, on the one hand, that the evaluation is context-sensitive. On the other hand, this approach makes it possible not only to depict effects on gender equality itself, but also to anticipate effects on research and innovation. Such effects can, for example, be a stronger orientation of research towards societal needs, which makes it particularly interesting for private companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Activity Report of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania for 2017 declares that Lithuania's foreign policy is effective and claims that public opinion is the most important criteria for measuring its effectiveness. The article analyses Lithuania's foreign public policy cycle, with the focus on its formation and evaluation peculiarities. It argues that the cycle of Lithuanian foreign public policy is stagnating since its evaluation stage lacks efficiency and misses critical evaluations. The lack of strategic documents does not allow defining core foreign policy goals and in this matter to evaluate their achievement. The ambiguous goals in lower level documents prevent critical evaluation because of political interests. Lithuanian foreign policy is the outcome of close cooperation between President's Office and Ministry of Foreign Affairs which limits criticism between institutions. The Seimas provides greater criticism only when initiative is showed by the opposition. Foreign policy remains the sphere of responsibility of the political elite which has broad consensus and has differences in their views on a tactical level. Media and experts, for the most part, avoid critical evaluations of foreign policy as they want to remain in the dominating discourse and keep close contacts with state institutions. The current evaluation environment and tools are not sufficient to make changes at the agenda-setting stage of foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cultural heritage buildings are an important origin of a country's cultural memory, originality, and attractiveness, which motivated cultural growth, economic development, and social employment. However, cultural heritage buildings threaten to decay regarding the contributing poor funding for cultural heritage buildings preservation and maintenance, increasing urbanization changes. The adaptive reuse of cultural heritage buildings is one of the reasons, helping to preserve heritage buildings. This paper submits qualitative and quantitative criteria and subcriteria for the adaptive reuse of cultural heritage buildings. The set of criteria consists of economic, social, environmental, cultural heritage and legal criterion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Darbai ir Dienos is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper is devoted to the study of the problem of effective quality evaluation of the implementation of municipal target programs in the regions of the Russian Federation. The evaluation of target programs is a methodologically complex process that requires not only specific knowledge, but also well-formed tools (approaches for effectiveness assessment). The authors revealed that there is no all-purpose approach to assess the effectiveness of municipal target programs in municipalities of the Russian Federation. However, municipalities develop different criteria and scales to evaluate the effectiveness of different programs. It is determined that the assessment is mainly based on two indicators, namely, the social outcome and budget efficiency resulting from the assessment of achievement of the planned targets of indicators. The authors emphasize the importance to interconnect the indicators of target programs' implementation and strategic industrybased plans. The method of integral assessment of program effectiveness is developed to make it possible to evaluate the implementation of programs at each stage to compare the results with the planned ones and to record critical moments that affect the effectiveness of program implementation to use tools to eliminate or minimize the impact of the risk events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Memento value in heritage is one of the most essential characteristics facilitating the association between the environment and its users, by connecting structures with space and time, moreover, it helps people to identify their surroundings. However, the emergence of the Modern Movement in the architectural sphere disrupted the reflection of memory and symbols which serve to root the society in its language. Furthermore, it generated an approach that stood against the practice of referring to the past and tradition, which led to the built environment becoming homogeneous and deprived of memento value. This paper focuses on the impact of memento value on the perception and evaluation of cultural heritage. Furthermore, it investigates the notions which are perceived to influence the appraisal of cultural heritage by applying them to the Kaunas dialect of the Modern Movement with an empirical approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the content of taxation justice, it's value and compatibility with other principles of taxation, analyses the features of the Lithuanian tax system formation. The article examines the conception of social responsibility and it's possibilities for assessment too. The research findings show that the principle of taxation justice is implemented only partially in Lithuania. The assessment of social responsibility through quantitative and qualitative indexes shows that some of its principles in Lithuania are being implemented more successful. However, it should be noted that significant amounts of funds for these initiatives and projects are received from the EU. It is very important to continue all the projects when funding from the EU runs out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reveals the qualitative study results which reflect a restructuring of the third phase of the evaluation of health care access, quality changes. Analyzed inpatient services, health care financing and health care institutions network optimization changes. In this paper, evidence is considered best practice for ensuring the success of the changes. To analyze the obtained results of the reform, use of 10 semi-structured interviews with a third restructuring program organizers, implementers and practitioners. The analysis of the research results showed that the main advantage of the third stage of restructuring is the expansion of ambulatory services. These interview participants who work in regional hospitals identified the most negative consequences of the restructuring: worsening of accessibility to health services, lack of financial support, fear of the future reconstructions. However, the process of closing stationery and obstetrics units is evaluated constructively even in the regional hospitals as increasing safety of the services is emphasized. These results demonstrate the potential for future transformational trends and issues that are still unresolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socialiniai Tyrimai is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A stroke is a sudden death of brain cells in a localized area due to inadequate blood flow with neurological symptoms, which do not resolve 24 hours from the beginning of the disease. Disorders like paralysis of right or left side of the body, disbalance and movement coordination, speech and sensory functions impairments are extremely severe. Early rehabilitation is very important for such patients and influences not only the morbidity of disease but also quality of life, which depends a lot on recovery of hand function. Rehabilitation and physical therapy influence recovery of sensomotoric function of the impaired hand, also affect recovery of patients mobility and inpendence, which help patients to integrate into society and live a quality life. In this article we present the most recent information about hand function impairments, their evaluation and principles of physical therapy for patients after stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Res Humanitariae is the property of Res Humanitariae and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Recently, physical activity and physical education has become an integral part of the human and the most important tool for increasing health condition that can liberate from passivity, floppiness and the overload of mental work. The conducted research is focused on determining indexes for physical activity and development of VGTU and MRU students and on evaluating variations in the applied indicators. The surveyed participants represent the faculties of Environmental Engineering, Mechanics, Electronics, Fundamental Sciences, Transport Engineering of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University (VGTU) and the faculties of Law, Social Technologies, Policy and Management, Finances and Economic Management of Mykolas Romeris University (MRU). For evaluating the physical condition of the students, Eurofit tests were used: standing long jump for examining the explosive power of legs, hanging with bent arms for testing the endurance of arm power, the crunch for measuring the strength and stamina of abdominal muscles, the flamingo exercise for checking balance, teping for checking the speed of upper limb motion, pressing a hand for measuring static power, etc. The carried out first testing has disclosed that MRU students are the tallest and make (184.6 (4.2) cm), whereas weight indexes of the surveyed VGTU and MRU students are almost the same. The majority of the participants from VGTU (80.9%) and MRU (88.24%) had normal body weight, and only 14.1% and 11.76% respectively had overweight. During the period between testing, VGTU students statistically (p < 0.001) improved the speed of upper limb motion, the relative force of the hand, the endurance of arms and shoulders. MRU students increased indexes of the stamina of the dynamic strength of abdominal muscles, endurance, agility and the strength of the left and right hand as well as flexibility characteristics. The examined participants showed higher results of the flamingo exercise, crunch and hanging (p < 0.001) than those from other Lithuanian higher education institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Business: Theory & Practice is the property of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Business: Theory & Practice is the property of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Management / Vadyba (16487974) is the property of Lithuania Business University of Applied Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The variation of the regularities of the statistical parameters of wind turbine noise emission is described in the article. The Fast Fourier Transform algorithm was used for establishment of the wind turbine noise emission spectrum. A considerable difference of the wind turbine noise emission spectrum was established in the range of frequencies from 200 to 3 150 Hz. In the spectrum of infrasound, low frequencies (from 16 to 200 Hz) and ultrasound there are found only small changes of the noise components. The wind turbine noise emission has a broadband range and its level increases as wind velocity increases. The level of the noise decreases when the distance from wind turbines increases. The analysis of the literature shows that the wind turbine noise emission depends on aerodynamic processes and the level of the mechanical noise emission. The background noise could be evaluated when the level of the wind turbine noise emission is calculated. The investigation shows that the level of background noise, when wind velocity achieves 12 m/s, becomes equal to wind turbine noise at the distance 100 meters from the wind turbine. The theoretical model for evaluation of wind turbine noise emission depending on the distance was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Public Security & Public Order / Visuomenes Saugumas ir Viesoji Tvarka is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Management / Vadyba (16487974) is the property of Lithuania Business University of Applied Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Education / Socialinis Ugdymas is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Principles and techniques of management and administration are essential not only in the private sector, but in the public enterprises as well. However, nowadays such governmentowned companies often face the critics for lacking effectiveness and having low performance results. The paper presents the analysis of management and administration quality in Lithuania's Government-owned enterprises. The analysis is based upon the Lithuanian Government-owned Business Companies performance analysis, the reports and resolutions of the Government of the Lithuanian Republic, statistical data, the study reports of the Baltic Institute of Corporate Governance in the Baltic countries (Baltic Institute of Corporate Governance) and Lithuanian Public Institution "Organization Evaluation Agency". On the basis of this analysis, recommendations for improving management and administration of the Lithuanian Government-owned enterprises are provided and possibilities for applying management and administration audit are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the external costs of electricity generation technologies, which are highly important in order to create an effective policy to reduce the negative effects of energy supply and consumption. The described ExternE methodology allows us to accurately calculate the external energy cycle costs, considering the location of the power station and meteorological conditions. Based on this methodology and using the EcoSense model, the analysis of Lithuania and EU-27 external costs of pollutants emissions into the atmosphere is presented, as well as the external electrical power generation technology cost analysis in Lithuania. The conclusion was made that renewable energy-producing power plants have the lowest external costs, also the external cost comparison of the impact area and the technology life-cycle rate was made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Management / Vadyba (16487974) is the property of Lithuania Business University of Applied Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Applied Research in Health & Social Sciences: Interface & Interaction / Sveikatos ir Socialinių Mokslų Taikomieji Tyrimai: Sandūra ir Sąveika is the property of Klaipeda State College and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Sciences / Zemès ukio Mokslai is the property of Lithuanian Academy of Sciences Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Language in Different Contexts / Kalba ir Kontekstai is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Business: Theory & Practice is the property of Vilnius Gediminas Technical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Assessment and evaluation are among the essential functions performed by an educator. What is more, they are closely related to the communication of the teaching process efficiency in terms of verification of learner and educator expectations, determination of learning and teaching quality achievement, and generalization of educational activities. The present study aims at the analysis of assessment techniques applied in the master degree linguistic studies. Initially, a brief theoretical overview of both formal and informal assessment methods is provided, with the focus on their distinctive features and ways of application in the light of Bloom's taxonomy and Dublin description representing the competence requirements set for the gain of definite skills. Further, the results of the survey (conducted at Kaunas Faculty of Humanities, Vilnius University) are described. Finally, the eligible assessment techniques serving the purpose of efficient educational process in the second-cycle study process are identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Respectus Philologicus is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Man & the Word / Zmogus ir zodis is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Implied Meanings / Teksto Slėpiniai is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Learning is a complex and multidimensional subject-matter that exceeds far beyond formal education boundaries. Modern world regards learning as a variety of activities; it regards learning as both activities and roles that change depending on time and situation. Life-long learning widens the concept of teaching and learning, and learning self-management and autonomy are becoming important peculiarities of a person's activity and identity. Practical employment of life-long learning involves several main aims. First of all, it is a factor of economic growth, and the main incentive for the development of state, enterprise, and individual competitive ability. Secondly, it is a factor for citizenship promotion: learning is important for social integration, multi-cultural linkage, and community maintenance. Finally, learning is important for personal development, strengthening of personal value and life quality assurance. The aim of the research is to highlight the topicality of validation of non-formal and informal learning achievements. The object of the research is the topicality of validation of non-formal and informal learning achievements. The aim of the article has been achieved by having analysed and generalised scientific fiterature and having highlighted (by means of questionnaire survey) the topicafity of relevance to Vytautas Magnus university students to recognize and validate non-formal and informal learning achievements. The article reveals the topic the validation of non-formal and informal learning achievement with regard to recognition of social value of such learning. It also highlights the students' objective to recognise and validate non-formal and informal learning achievements. In addition, it discusses how assessment and recognition of non-formal and informal learning achievements make higher education more accessible and make the process of study organisation more individualised and flexible. Conclusions 1. The context of life-long learning development provides a variety of learning activities and learning environments: in addition to learning in traditional formal education institutions the pastime activities, learning in a family, and doing everyday work are related to changing personal and civil functions and roles. The recognition and validation of non-formal and informal learning achievements is becoming topical as they determine wider learning and social participation possibilities, career advancement as concerns both horizontal and vertical movement. 2. The assessment of non-formal and informal learning achievements is a process involving several stages, activities, and functions that are important for the identification and assessment of personal learning achievements. The experience of European countries provides a variety of definitions for the stages of assessment; however, there is a unanimous agreement that the stages of information, consultation that allows preparation for the assessment, assessment, and decision making are the main steps towards the validation of learning achievements. 3. The data of the empirical research reveal that students gain most of the non-formal and informal learning experience at their work place, courses, seminars, conferences, public and social participation and have a part of evidence: certificates, references and recommendations. The answers of the respondents also reveal the relevance of recognition and validation of non-formal and informal learning achievements to the students of extended studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Paedagogica Vilnensia is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pedagogy Studies / Pedagogika is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses learning achievement assessment process, focusing on identification of VET teacher assessment skills. Together with the changes in the conception of assessment, i.e. transferring from knowledge based assessment to learning achievement assessment, requirements for assessment procedure also change; therefore, the development of VET teacher assessment skills acquires particular relevance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Šiame straipsnyje aptariamas mokymosi pasiekimų vertinimo procesas, daugiausia dėmesio skiriama profesijos mokytojų gebėjimų vertinti nustatymui. Keičiantis vertinimo koncepcijai, t. y. pereinant nuo vien tik žiniomis paremto vertinimo prie mokymosi pasiekimų vertinimo, keičiasi vertinimo eigai keliami reikalavimai ir ypač aktualus tampa profesijos mokytojų gebėjimų vertinti tobulinimas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Socialinis Darbas is the property of Mykolas Romeris University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)