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Gut microbiome profile is related to individual health. In metabolic syndrome, there is a change in the gut microbiome profile, indicated by an increase in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. Many studies have been conducted to determine the effect of exercise on modifying the gut microbiome profile. The effectiveness of exercise is influenced by its type, intensity, and duration. Aerobic training decreases splanchnic blood flow and shortens intestinal transit time. High-intensity exercise improves mitochondrial function and increases the essential bacteria in lactate metabolism and urease production. Meanwhile, exercise duration affects the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. All of these mechanisms are related to each other in producing the effect of exercise on the gut microbiome profile.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are oxygen derivatives that arise intrinsically from the oxidative phosphorylation process and extrinsically as a response to xenobiotics and pollution. ROS is involved in various conditions such as exercise, aging, inflammation, and neurodegenerative diseases. In the aging process, increased cellular senescence and decreased endogenous antioxidants also occur. Meanwhile, physical activity, specifically exercise, can modulate ROS. The impact of exercise on ROS varies from harmful to beneficial and depends on the type of exercise as they induce different types of ROS. Long-term exercise regulates signaling pathways that enhance antioxidant defense systems and control ROS production. This review will discuss studies on how exercise can regulate ROS and which type of exercise has a role in delaying the aging process. This review also exposes the impact of nutraceutical antioxidant agents that likely enhance the benefit of exercise. The nutraceutical antioxidants agents that likely enhance the benefit of exercise are creatine, whey, and ascorbic acid. Exercise is rewarding for the aging population concerning increasing their quality of life. Special consideration to exercise needs to be given to the type of exercise, and the exercise must be done continuously.

Abstract: Adaptation of cardiac muscle to regular exercise results in morphological and structural changes known as physiological cardiac hypertrophy, to which the Hippo signaling pathway might have contributed. Two major terminal effectors in the Hippo signaling pathway are Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its homolog transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ). The latest studies have reported the role of YAP and TAZ in different life stages, such as in fetal, neonatal, and adult hearts. Their regulation might involve several mechanisms and effectors. One of the possible coregulators is exercise. Exercise plays a role in cardiomyocyte hypertrophic changes during different stages of life, including in aged hearts. YAP/TAZ signaling pathway has a role in physiological cardiac hypertrophy induced by exercise and is associated with cardiac remodelling. Thus, it can be believed that exercise has roles in activating the signaling pathway of YAP and TAZ in aged cardiomyocytes. However, the studies regarding the roles of YAP and TAZ during cardiomyocyte aging are limited. The primary purpose of this review is to explore the response of cardiovascular aging to exercise via signaling pathway of YAP and TAZ.

Exercise-induced skeletal muscle adaptation requires degradation of cellular components carried out by autophagy. However, the alteration of autophagy by different intensity of exercise in skeletal muscle is still unknown. In the present study, we investigate whether low, moderate, and high-intensity exercises have different impacts on autophagy gene expression in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles of wistar rats. This work is limited because only rats are used, and does not cover human tissues. Twenty male wistar rats were assigned to four groups: sedentary control, low-intensity (LI, 10 m/minute), moderate-intensity (MI, 20 m/minute), and high-intensity (HI, 30 m/minute) exercises. Training was conducted 30 minutes/day with a 5 times/week interval for 8 weeks. RNA and protein were extracted from gastrocnemius and soleus muscles then stored in -80°C. Specific primers and antibodies for autophagy genes and protein levels were utilized for semi-quantitative PCR and Western Blot. Exercises decrease expression of autophagy gene LC3 (LI and MI 0.7 fold, HI 0.8 fold, p < 0.05) in gastrocnemius muscles and soleus muscle (LI, MI, and HI 0.8 fold, p < 0.05) compared to control. On the other side, we observed p62 gene expression decreased in gastrocnemius (0.8 fold, p < 0.05) and soleus (0.9 fold, p < 0.05) muscles with MI, but increased in soleus (1.1 fold, p < 0.05) muscles with HI. This result is consistent with the change of protein level, suggesting that autophagy might be modulated by different type of exercise. This study suggests that intensity of exercise and different type of muscle fibers effect autophagy gene expression in skeletal muscle of wistar rats. MI exercise increases autophagy gene expression in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, but HI exercise decreases autophagy gene expression in soleus muscles of wistar rats. Soleus muscles are more responsive to exercise compared to gastrocnemius muscles.

Introduction Aerobic training has a beneficial effect on enhancing liver functions. Autophagy might potentially play a role in preventing excessive lipid accumulation, regulating oxidative stress, and inflammation in the liver. Objective To investigate the potential linking role of autophagy-related gene expressions and protein levels with histopathology changes in Wistar rat livers after treadmill training under different intensities. Methods 20 rats were divided into 4 groups (control, low intensity, moderate intensity, and high intensity). 8 weeks of treadmill training was conducted with a frequency of 5 days per week, for a duration of 30 min per day. Liver histopathology was studied using hematoxylin-eosin, and oil red O staining. RNA and protein from the liver tissues were extracted to examine the autophagy-related gene (LC3, p62) and protein levels (Beclin, ATG5, LC3, p62). The gene expressions of CPT1a, CD36, FATP 2,3,5, GLUT2, and FGF21 were also studied. Results Different intensities of training might potentially modulate autophagy-related gene expressions in rat livers. LC3 and p62 mRNA expressions in moderate and high intensities decreased compared to control. Beclin, ATG5, and LC3 protein level increased compared to control, while p62 protein level decreased compared to control. Whereas for the other genes, we found an increase in CPT1a, but we did not observed any changes in the expression of the other genes. Interestingly, autophagy-related gene expressions might be correlated with the changes of sinusoidal dilatation, cloudy swelling, inflammation, and lipid droplets of the liver tissues. Conclusion Moderate and high intensities of training induce autophagy activity, combined with a shift in metabolic zonation in liver that might be potentially correlated with lipophagy. Our results showed the potential interplay role between autophagy and liver histopathology appearances as a part of the adaptation process to training., Biological sciences; Exercise; Animal physiology; Health sciences; Physiology; Treadmill training; Lipid droplets; Autophagy; Lipophagy; Histopathology