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Hydrogen as potential engine fuel can appear either as a single gas or as a component in processing gases e.g. syngas, hythane and coke gas. The research in this paper investigates impact of combustible mixture dilution on abnormal combustion called knock in the reciprocating internal combustion engine. Dilution can be realized by either exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) or making the combustible mixture lean. Novelty of this work is a new metrics defined as dilution ratio, which makes it possible to compare knock reduction caused by either EGR or leaning the air-gas mixture to the engine. Two gaseous fuels were investigated: hydrogen and coke gas with 65% hydrogen. Conclusion based on the proposed dilution ratio states that, for hydrogen as the fuel, applying EGR is more effective in knock reduction than making the mixture lean. It was found that EGR strategy in the hydrogen fueled engine can reduce knock intensity from initial 40 kPa–20 kPa, whereas by leaning the mixture to the same dilution ratio, the knock is reduced to approximately 28 kPa. With respect to coke gas, it is proved that both EGR and lean mixtures influence on knock reduction at the same strength. • Combustible mixture dilution impact on combustion knock intensity. • Dilution ratio as a metrics for both exhaust gas recirculation and lambda. • Engine knock reduced more effectively by applying exhaust gases recirculation. • The correlation between dilution ratio and knock intensity is almost linear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exhaust gases remaining inside the engine cylinder after the exhaust stroke premix with fresh air-fuel combustible mixture and affect combustion process in the engine cylinder. Due to significantly higher temperature of these exhaust residuals (ExR) compared to the external exhaust gases recirculation (EGR), their impact on the in-cylinder combustion process is also different from impact of EGR. To control amounts of ExR independent of engine working parameters, the variable valve timing was introduced. It is known that variable valve timing affects not only volumetric efficiency and performance of the internal combustion reciprocating engine but also influences the amount of exhaust residuals remaining in the engine cylinder. These exhaust residuals impact combustion rates, combustion stability, knock and also play crucial role on exhaust toxic emissions. In this manuscript, the effect of variable valve overlap was studied on A. exhaust toxic emission (NOx, CO and THC), and B. combustion phasing and engine performance on a spark ignited natural gas fueled engine. The investigation was carried out in a single cylinder research engine at constant load. The engine was equipped with high authority dual independent cam phasors for both intake and exhaust values, but for the purpose of this study, the exhaust valve timing was fixed and intake valve timing was changed to vary the amount of exhaust residuals remaining in the engine cylinder. The correlation between valve overlap and exhaust residuals were determined. It was observed that correlation in the positive overlap range between 55 and 85 deg was almost positive linear. Regarding toxic exhaust emission, increase in exhaust residuals from 9.6 to 12.3% (change by 28%) caused reduction in NOx by 67% and increase in both CO and THC by approximately 75%. Additionally, it did not significantly affect the engine’s specific fuel consumption. Summarizing, strong correlation between in-cylinder exhaust residuals and toxic emissions, and combustion phases exists in the methane fueled spark ignited engine equipped with VVT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents results from an investigation focused on toxicity content in the exhaust gases emitted by an internal combustion compression ignition engine fueled with glycerol-ethanol blends at ratio of 50/50% by volume. The innovative issue of this engine is the application of two high pressure injectors for injecting both glycerol-ethanol blend and diesel pilot fuel at high pressure (over 200 MPa). As known, glycerol is considered a byproduct from biodiesel production technologies, hence its cost is relatively low compared to other renewable alternative fuels which can be applied as fuels to the reciprocating piston engines. It was found that the toxic components UHC, NOx and CO were below the maximum allowed limits. Both NOx and smoke emissions were strongly reduced with increasing glycerol-ethanol fraction in the fuel. Summarizing, a fueling strategy such as that proposed in this paper makes it possible to effectively and environmentally friendly combust crude glycerol in compression ignition engines working in a heat and power cogeneration unit. Exhaust gas emission tests conducted in this case confirmed the usability of this technology to be implemented into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]