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Objective: Development of emotional distress scale for adolescents in Urdu language. Study Design: Cross sectional survey. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, from Feb to Nov 2020. Methodology: Scale was based on Beck Cognitive Theory with 3 main factors of Depression, Anxiety and stress and 9 sub factors of it. Initial item pool was developed of 180 items with the help of DSM-5, four focus group and literature review was carried out. One hundred and seventy four out of 180 items were selected after expert evaluation. 162 items were retained after pilot study. Moreover data was collected by using self-reported questionnaire on 900 adolescents from the community of district Gujrat and district Sargodha. For the analysis of data reliability, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used. Results: After final administration of 162 items 49 items were retained. The final administration of 49 items with written informed consent was handed over to 900 participants. The model fit showed a p-value of 0.000 that established the structure validity and significance of the items to its subscales. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy (KMO) Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Pallant showed the acceptable value above 0.6 that showed the sampling adequacy of Emotional Distress Scale. After all analysis 49 items were selected. Conclusion: Emotional distress scale is reliable indigenous scale for measuring emotional distress of adolescents with 3 main and 9 sub factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To construct a scale and psychometric properties for the assessment of Parental expressed emotions scale in Urdu language. Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, from Mar to Oct 2019. Methodology: The initial item pool of 224 items was generated with the help of CFI (Camber well Family Interview description of parental expressed emotions scale, literature review and three focus groups with target population. Among the 124 expert evaluated items after pilot study 100 items were retained which included the five dimensions of parental expressed emotions scale including, Criticalcomments, Hostility, Emotional over involvement, Warmth and Positive remarks. Furthermore, in the final administration of this scales data were collected from 380 parents (both mothers & fathers) from the educational institutions and community of Gujrat using self-reported questionnaire. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis were implied for data scrutiny. Results: The final administration of 100 items was handed over to 380 participants. The model fit showed a p-value of 0.000 that established the structure validity and significance of the items to its subscales. At the final stage among the 100 items 31 were reliable for further use. Conclusion: A scale to measure parental expressed emotions in Urdu language is competently established with 31 questions andfive sub-scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To develop and examine reliability of dependent personality disorder scale for adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional analytical study design was used to develop a scale, which will measures dependent personality disorder. The data was collected by using purposive sampling technique from different government and private colleges, universities and community of Sialkot. A total of 140 participants, between 19-75 years were enrolled in this study. The item pool of 134 items was generated from literature reviews and people's opinions. Among the 125 items retained by experts, and after a pilot study only 36 statements were retained. The data was analyzed by using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and reliability. RESULTS: The final administration of 36 items was handed over to 180 participants. The model fit showed a P-value of <0.001, that established the structure validity and significance of the items to its subscales. At the final stage among the 36 items 21 were considered as reliable. CONCLUSION: Indigenous dependent personality disorder scale with 21 questions and seven sub-scales was developed in native language Urdu. To evaluate the dependent personality this is a reliable and efficient measure which can be used by the psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker and other mental health professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To develop a scale and establish psychometric properties to measure Adverse Childhood Experiences of Adolescents in Urdu language. Study Design: Cross sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, from Dec 2019 to Oct 2020. Methodology: After the approval of proposal initial item pool of 145 items was generated with the help of DSM-5, extensive literature review and focus group interviews (Girls=25, Boys=25). Expert evaluation shortens it into 137 items whereas pilot study retained 132 items for final administration. Data was obtained from 1331 adolescents with age range of 12-19 from educational institutions and community in district Gujrat. Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and reliability analysis were carried out to analyze the data. Results: Exploratory factor analysis explored 38 reliable items for Adverse Childhood Experiences scale under four sub factors; Sexual Abuse, Neglect, Physical Abuse, and Psychological Abuse whereas 12 items were confirmed for final scale through model fit (p-value=0.000, CFI=0.968, GFI=0.975, AGFI=0.959, RMSEA=0.049) of Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Conclusion: A scale to estimate Adverse Childhood Experiences of adolescents in Urdu language is competently developed and established with 12 questions and four sub-scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To construct a scale and psychometric properties for the assessment of oppositional defiant behaviors of adolescents in Urdu language. Study Design: Cross sectional analytical study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Psychology, University of Gujrat, from Feb 2019 to Oct 2019. Methodology: The initial item pool of 48 items was generated with the help of DSM 5 description of oppositional defiant behaviors, literature review and three focus groups with target population. Among the 47 expert evaluated items after pilot studys 45 items were retained which included the three dimensions of oppositional defiant behaviors including irritable mood, argumentative behaviors and vindictiveness. Furthermore, in the final administration of this scales data were collected from 500 adolescents from the educational institutions and community of Gujrat using self-reported questionnaire. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and reliability analysis were implied for data scrutiny. Results: The final administration of 45 items was handed over to 500 participants. The model fit showed a p-value of .000 that established the structure validity and significance of the items to its subscales. At the final stage among the 45 items 12 were reliable for further use. Conclusion: A scale to gauge oppositional defiant behaviors of adolescents in Urdu language is competently established with 12 questions and three sub-scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study was carried out to develop perceived parenting scale for adolescents in Urdu language and establish its psychometric properties. An initial item pool of 254 items was produced with the help of Skinner, Johnson and Snyder (2005) motivational model of parenting, review of literature and six focus group discussions with target population. In expert evaluation, 4 items were eradicated and 250 items including six subscales warmth, rejection, structure, chaos, autonomy support and coercion was administered in test re-test manner on 300 adolescents. Items with low correlation than.40 were removed. Resulting from this inspection, total 150 items remained for further use. Furthermore, 150 items scale was administered on 1200 adolescents. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) identified six factor solutions after varimax rotation with 38 items, afterward confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) removed 17 items with a good model fit. Reliability analysis was further implied to scrutinize data. A 21 items scale to gauge perceived parenting of adolescents in Urdu language is competently established with six sub-scales [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to construct an indigenous tool of Moral Disengagement for Adolescents based on Bandura's model of moral disengagement. Initially, item pool of 90 items was generated through a review of literature and seeking experts' opinion. This Item pool was lessened to 76 items after carrying out expert evaluation and pilot testing. Test-retest procedure scrutinized 40 highly correlated items later on. For factor analysis, sample of 400 adolescents with mean age 16.72 years (SD=1.84) was selected. Exploratory Factor Analysis resulted into six factors comprising of 26 items (KMO=.8). Rotated Varimax factor analysis of 26 items showed that factor loadings range from.42 to.79 for the six factors, which explain 52.28% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the same structure after deletion of two more items with good model fit indices into six subcategories. Alpha reliability for full scale was.80 indicating that scale is highly reliable. Results of subscale and total scale scores and items and subtotal scores ranges from high to adequate which are indicating the internal consistency of Moral Disengagement Scale for adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]