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The experiment used the response surface method to optimize the extraction process of polysaccharides from Phellodendron amurense Rupr. and studied its antioxidant activity. Four factors with significant impact on polysaccharide extraction (extraction temperature, extraction time, ultrasonic power, and liquid-to-solid ratio) were selected as the subjects of investigation. Based on the results of single-factor experiments, the Box-Behnken design response surface method was used to optimize the extraction process of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. polysaccharides. The antioxidant activity of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. polysaccharides was evaluated by measuring their scavenging effects on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and hydroxyl radicals. The results showed that the optimal extraction process obtained by the response surface optimization was an extraction temperature of 79 °C, an extraction time of 54 minutes, an ultrasonic power of 59 W, and a liquid-to-solid ratio of 23 mL/g, at which the yield of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. reached 3.19%. At a concentration of 5 g/L, the maximum scavenging rates of DPPH and hydroxyl radicals by Phellodendron amurense Rupr. polysaccharides were 61% and 39%, respectively. The study indicates that the optimized ultrasonic extraction process of Phellodendron amurense Rupr. polysaccharides is stable and feasible, and Phellodendron amurense Rupr. polysaccharides possess certain antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep Eutectic Liquids (DELs) fall among the rapidly evolving discoveries of the 21st century, and these liquids are considered as alternative solvents to toxic and volatile organic liquids. Nevertheless, the emerging trend regarding the use of DELs in every field of physical and biological sciences, a lot of ambiguities and misconceptions exist about their formation, mechanism, and efficiencies observed or projected. A review of available technical data makes it obvious that these liquids have the potential to revolutionize the underdeveloped areas of analytical chemistry particularly the extraction/enrichment of analytes. To ensure the green and sustainable use of DELs, the researchers need to have a thorough understanding of DELs, their classification, chemistry, the nature and strength of molecular entanglements, and their tailorable features. Many researchers have declared these liquids recyclable but more attentive trials are needed to develop an authentic and straightforward DELs recycling methodology. The present review covers sound background knowledge and expert opinions about the technical definition of DELs, their classification, formation, recyclability, and tailorable features for their application as extraction solvent/sorbent in analytical chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the supercritical CO2 extraction method has gained attention due to its use of environmentally friendly, non-toxic solvents, ability to operate at lower temperatures that do not cause the degradation of bioactive compounds, and capacity for rapid extraction. This method is particularly notable for isolating bioactive compounds from plants. The extracts obtained have shown superior properties due to their activity against diseases such as cancer, which is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The aim of this study is to provide an in-depth understanding of the supercritical CO2 extraction method, as well as to discuss its advantages and disadvantages. Furthermore, the study includes specific data on various plant materials, detailing the following parameters: plant name and region, bioactive compounds or compound classes, extraction temperature (°C), pressure (bar), time (minutes), co-solvent used, and flow rate. Additionally, this study covers extensive research on the isolation of bioactive compounds and the efficacy of the obtained extracts against cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mutual separation of Am and Cm is conducted using an alkyl-diamide amine (ADAAM(EH)) extractant. ADAAM(EH) exhibits an extremely high separation factor (SF) with respect to Am and Cm separation (SF = 5.9) in an HNO3-n-dodecane system. The batch-wise multistage extractions are performed using a system containing 0.2 M ADAAM(EH) and 1.5 M HNO3, with their distribution ratios (D) of the system for Am and Cm equal to 2.55 and 0.434, respectively. In this multistage extraction, 3 stages of feed, 9 stages involving scrubbing, and 11 stages involving the use of an organic solvent give 96.5% and 1.06% yields of Am and Cm, respectively. After the mutual separation, the aqueous and the organic phases including actinides increase four times in volume compared to the feed solution. Additional extraction steps are to reduce the volume of the solutions including actinides. We use tetraethyl diglycolamide (TEDGA)/water for Am concentration, tetraoctyl diglycolamide/n-dodecane for the intermediate extraction, and TEDGA/water for stripping in the Cm concentration step. Taking the additional steps, Am and Cm can be recovered in just two or three stages in the aqueous phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study of the liquid–liquid extraction of ReO4− anions from hydrochloric acid solutions using the ionic liquid Aliquat 336 (QCl: trialkyl(C8–C10)methylammonium chloride) via the well-known method of slope analysis along with the determination of the process parameters is presented. This study employs CCl4, CHCl3 and C6H12 as diluents. This study was carried out at room temperature (22 ± 2) °C and an aqueous/organic volumetric ratio of unity. The ligand effect on the complexation properties of ReO4− is quantitatively assessed in different organic media. The organic extract in chloroform media is examined through 1H, 13C and 15N NMR analysis as well as the HRMS technique and UV-Vis spectroscopy in order to view the anion exchange and ligand coordination in the organic phase solution. Final conclusions are given highlighting the role of the molecular diluent in complexation processes and selectivity involving ionic liquid ligands and various metal s-, p-, d- and f-cations. ReO4− ions have shown one of the best solvent extraction behaviors compared to other ions. For instance, the Aliquat 336 derivative bearing Cl− functions shows strongly enhanced extraction as well as pronounced separation abilities towards ReO4−. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saffron consists of bioactive compounds with health-promoting properties and is mainly used in medicine, flavoring and coloring. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of extraction methods on the antioxidant activity of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) extracts (SE) and to evaluate the antioxidant performance of SE in vegetable oils. Saffron stigmas were extracted in water, ethanol, methanol, and their combinations using maceration extraction (ME), ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), and the combination of UAE with MAE. The results showed that the sample extracted by methanol/water (50:50) using the combination of UAE with MAE methods had the highest amount of total phenolic content (31.56 mg/g GAE) and antioxidant activity (83.24% inhibition). The extract with the highest antioxidant activity was freeze-dried before incorporation into oil samples. Freeze-dried SE contained trans-crocin-4 and trans-crocin-3 (most abundant constituents), kaempferol, and picrocrocin. Moreover, the addition of SE at 1000 ppm resulted in a significant increase in the oxidative stability of canola (CAO), sunflower (SO), and corn oil (COO). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Harnessing macroalgae extracts with eutectic solvents for sustainable solutions. • Exploring eutectic solvents as critical components in macroalgae extracts. • Unlocking the potential of eutectic solvents for generating macroalgae extracts of high biological value. • Pioneering sustainable approaches in macroalgae extract production: novel insights and hurdles. The article discusses how aligning with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can foster a sustainable economy, mainly through the (green + blue) economy, which involves valorizing macroalgae to produce ready-to-use extracts. It focuses on the potential of eutectic solvents (commonly known as deep eutectic solvents − DES) as promising candidates for this purpose. Traditional methods for extracting bioactive compounds from macroalgae, which rely on organic solvents and aqueous buffers, often involve harsh conditions and extensive processing. These factors can lead to reduced extract quality and/or low yields. In contrast, if properly designed, DES presents a green and sustainable alternative. They offer advantages such as low volatility, adjustable polarity, and negligible toxicity, making them a more environmentally friendly and efficient option for extraction processes. They can be customized to enhance both biological and technological properties, resulting in extracts with unique characteristics such as increased antioxidant activity, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory effects, as well as improving the viscoelasticity of polysaccharides (fucoidans, alginates, and κ-carrageenan) from macroalgae. In this sense, the tunable nature of DES enables the optimization of extraction conditions to maximize yield, purity, and bioactivity, making it a smart alternative for producing bio-based products. Despite limited literature on DES for this purpose, the article highlights their potential and outlines the main advantages and challenges needed for macroalgae valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prepared acetic acid derivatives using three different frameworks, calix[4]arene, alkenyltrimethylol, and trihydroxytriphenylmethane, which differ in the number and size of their coordination sites. We further investigated the extraction properties for aluminum group metal ions. All three extraction reagents exhibited increased extraction compared with the corresponding monomeric compounds, owing to structural effects. The extraction reaction and extraction equilibrium constants were determined using a slope analysis. Their extraction abilities, separation efficiencies, and potential coordination modes are discussed using the extraction equilibrium constants, half-pH values, and spectroscopic data. The calix[4]arene and trihydroxytriphenylmethane derivatives demonstrated allosteric co-extraction of indium ions (In3+) with an unexpected stoichiometry of 1:2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purification of Al(III) to alumina by bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid commonly called Cyanex®272 in kerosene diluent from aqueous aluminium leach liquor was investigated. The influences of parameters such as equilibrium pH and extractant concentration on the extent of Al(III) extraction were accordingly examined. After appropriate optimisation, an extraction efficiency of 98.6% Al(III) by 0.25 mol/L Cyanex®272 in kerosene diluent at 27 ± 2°C in the equilibrium pH range of 3.0–3.5 was achieved from an initial biotite-rich kaolinite leach liquor containing 1864.7 mg/L Al, 123.4 mg/L Fe, 70 mg/L Mn and 17.6 mg/L Ti as a major constituents. Other metal ion species detected including Ca and Mg was found to occur from low to trace amounts (≤1 mg/L). Total stripping of Al(III) from the loaded organic phase was carried out using 0.1 mol/L H2SO4 solution at an aqueous: organic (A:O) phase ratio 1: 1. The thermodynamic feasibility of extraction process to obtain high-grade alumina (Al2O3: 14-387-9021, melting point = 2056°C) gave the apparent standard enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and Gibb's energy (ΔG) of 3.87 kJ/mol, 10.57 J/K mol and −3177.6 J/mol respectively at 27 ± 2°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The favorable properties of ionic liquids (ILs) make this class of chemical substances particularly interesting to study as potential replacement for traditional volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the field of solvent extraction and separation of metal ions during last two decades. Recent surge in the number of publications clearly indicates an unabated interest of scientific and engineering community toward these exciting and unique diluents. They have left their footprints in large number of solvent extraction systems involving almost all metals in the periodic table from Li(I) to Pu(IV) via d-elements and rare earth ions with tremendous efficiencies. The chemical nature of the metal cations always plays an important role in solvent extraction processes, and that is why a fly over the periodic table is scheduled. The merits and drawbacks of mixed extraction systems consisting of IL and molecular ligands will be reviewed and compared with conventional molecular systems, in terms of separation behavior, and reaction mechanism in this new ionic media. All overwhelmed findings in the field of solvent extraction chemistry until now, May 2020, will be assesed herein, with the goal to discover a cutting-edge way for metal recovery forward along with ionic liquids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, some physical properties of Persian lime seed and some physicochemical properties of its cold-pressed and solvent-extracted oil were investigated. Bulk density, true density, angle of repose, thousand seed mass, and coefficients of static friction were higher in fresh seeds than in dried seeds, but porosity was lower (p < 0.05). Cold pressing resulted in a significantly lower oil extraction yield (34.4%), as compared to the solvent extraction (44.2%). Cold-pressed oil showed lower free fatty acid content, peroxide value, color L, a*, b* parameters, total carotenoids, iodine value, and sterol content, and higher phenolics, α-tocopherol contents, and oil stability index (p < 0.05). Both oil samples contained similar amounts of chlorophyll and unsaponifiable matter (p > 0.05). The major fatty acids of cold-pressed Persian lime seed oil were linoleic (30.72%), palmitic (27.09%), oleic (26.06%) and linolenic acids (6.98%). The oil was mainly composed of PLO (18.15%), PLL (16.12%), PPL (9.87%), POO (8.87%), LLO (6.95%), PPO (5.67%), LLL (3.76%), OOO (5.86%), and PLLn (5.26%) triacylglycerols (TAG). The cold-pressed oil contained slightly lower amounts of palmitic acid, linolenic acid, and PPL and LLL TAGs but slightly higher amounts of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and PLO, PLL and OOO TAGs than the solvent extracted oil (p < 0.05). β-sitosterol, campesterol, and Delta-5 avenasterol were the dominant sterols in both oil samples. Based on the differential scanning calorimetry, the oil started melting at around − 24 °C and fully crystallized at around − 8 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A follow up to an earlier review on the coordination and extraction of trivalent actinide and lanthanide ions with triazinylpyridine N-donor ligands is presented. It reviews the recent development in the fields of ligand modifications and improvements, considering both hydrophobic compounds (to be used as extracting agents) and hydrophilic compounds (to be used as stripping agents), with a focus on fundamental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The isomolar series method was used to identify the regions of synergistic extraction of praseodymium and neodymium from low-acid nitrate solutions containing ammonium nitrate as a salting-out agent with isomolar mixtures of tri-n-octyl(methyl)ammonium nitrate and tri-n-butyl phosphate in toluene. The synergistic effect in the praseodymium extraction was detected for a limited range of mixture compositions, while in the case of neodymium extraction, this effect was manifested over the whole range of studied compositions. It was found that the chemistry of synergistic extraction is determined by the formation of a continuous sequence of mixed praseodymium or neodymium complexes, with antiparallel variation of the number of extractant molecules in the complexes and the extractant molar ratio. As the concentration of quaternary ammonium nitrate in the mixture increases, the phosphoryl groups of tri-n-butyl phosphate are replaced by the nitrate ligands of the quaternary salt, up to their complete displacement from the lanthanide coordination sphere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Opuntia Ficus Indica (OFI) is widely cultivated in arid and semiarid areas of Tunisia and other parts of the world and reported to have sound biological activities. The current work aimed at investigating the effect of various solvent concentrations (80% acetone, 80% methanol and 80% ethanol) on extraction yield, total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity using three assays: DPPH, ABTS and FRAP and antibacterial activity of Red and yellow–orange (YO) OFI skin and pulp extracts. Results showed high content of polyphenols and flavonoids ranging from 3.046 to 86.287 µg GAE/mg DW and from 0.167 to 11.917 µg QE/mg DW respectively. Although pulp extracts had the highest extraction yield, skin extracts exhibited the highest TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity and in most cases the highest antibacterial activity. The 80% acetone extracts exhibited the lowest yield extraction but showed the highest TPC, TFC and the strongest antioxidant activity compared to the 80% methanol and 80% ethanol extracts except for Red pulp. Among all extracts, the 80% acetone YO skin extract showed the best TPC (86.287 µg GAE/mg DW), TFC (11.917 µg QE/mg DW). Moreover, it showed the highest antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 0.784 mg/mL, ABTS IC50 = 0.829 mg/mL and FRAP EC50 = 1.285 mg/mL). The antibacterial activity tests showed that the 80% ethanol of YO skin extract had the most influence on the inactivation of the Gram-positive Enterococcus feacium bacteria type (zone of inhibition = 11.00 mm) compared to other extracts. In addition, the 80% acetone extracts showed better antibacterial activity compared to hydro-alcoholic extracts against other bacterial strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Because there are fewer tools available to probe the interactions therein, the effect of the fundamental chemistry of the organic diluent on solvent extraction equilibria has been under-characterized relative to the aqueous. As a result, diluents for solvent extraction are often selected for an application not for their utility as a medium for reaction, but for other (often equally) important reasons (like low flammability). To begin to improve this imbalance in the science, twenty different diluents have been used in a study of the extraction of radiotracer 152/154Eu3+ from dilute nitric acid solutions using the extractant 2-ethylhexylphosphonic acid mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (HEH[EHP]). To increase the utility of the study and to honor the memory of Professor Jan Rydberg, this investigation was conducted by a cadre of comparatively inexperienced separation scientists (who are as a result no longer inexperienced separation scientists) as a radioanalytical chemistry and solvent extraction educational exercise. Slope analysis was used to determine the apparent stoichiometry of the extracted metal complex. The results discussed in the following indicate that, while the pH dependence exhibits the expected three H+ exchanged per metal ion extracted, the extractant dependence suggests that the number of protonated extractant molecules in the extracted complex changes with the organic diluent. The experimentally observed "extractant dependency" ranges from 2.5 to 3.0 dimer equivalent molecules per extracted metal ion. Ironically, in the diluents exhibiting the highest apparent M:(HA)3 stoichiometry, HEH[EHP] extracts Eu3+ less efficiently. Europium luminescence spectroscopy was used to probe for changes in the first coordination sphere of the complex in different diluents. A model and conceptual framework for understanding these observations is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstract Highlights • First report on pentacyclic triterpenoids in Indian Swertia from Western Himalayas. • A validated and simultaneous high-performance thin-layer chromatography was performed. • Microwave, heat reflux and Soxhlet extractions were carried out for the triterpenoids. • Microwave coupled with aqueous ethanol was the most efficient method for extraction. • S. paniculata showed promise to substitute S. chirata in triterpenoid content. Abstract Swertia chirata (Family: Gentianaceae) is a potent and valuable medicinal herb used in various herbal formulations in Indian system of medicine. Different species of Swertia are being used as constituents in various herbal formulations. Present study was undertaken for the screening of an efficient extraction technique and for the development of a rapid and simultaneous quantification of four pentacyclic triterpenoids in different populations of Swertia species by a high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC)-densitometric method. This method involved the separation of four triterpenoids with a single mobile phase composition consisting of n-hexane, ethyl acetate, toluene (14.2, 4, 1.8 v/v). The retention factor (R f) values for oleanolic acid (OA), ursolic acid (UA), betulinic acid (BA), and lupeol (Lup) were 0.25, 0.50, 0.58 and 0.74 respectively. In this study, microwave assisted extraction (MAE) using aqueous ethanol proved to be the most efficient method for extraction for all the studied triterpenoids when compared with the other conventional methods. The present HPTLC method was found to be precise, fast, and cost effective and can be used for the quality control of any Swertia samples with regards to its pentacyclic triterpenoids content. Since, S. chirata is a critically endangered species, the present study depicts the utility of other species of Swertia viz. S. paniculata and S. angustifolia as promising substitutes for S. chirata in herbal preparations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • A zein prepared by the aqueous extraction technology (AET) is rich in α-zein. • Amino acid composition of AET zein is very close to that of the conventional zein. • AET zein has no exogenous alcohols that differs from the conventional product. • AET zein exhibited satisfying solubility at relatively high ethanol concentrations. • The film of AET zein shows good tensile properties. Abstract Recently, our research team developed a novel aqueous extraction technology (AET) for preparing an α- zein enriched product from corn gluten meal without any organic solvents. This technology is conspicuously different from the conventional organic solvent extraction technology (OSET). The present study aimed to investigate the physicochemical and film-forming properties of the AET zein in comparison with those of the commercial zein by alcohol extraction. The results revealed that similar to the OSET zein, the AET zein was rich in proteins, especially α -zein. Meanwhile, electrophoretic pattern and amino acid composition were almost the same for both zeins, except that AET zein had trace quantities of β -zein and protein hydrolysates, along with a higher proportion of Ile and lower proportion of His. The intrinsic differences probably contributed to a convergent pattern of the protein solubility in aqueous ethanol between AET zein and OSET zein, and a pronounced higher tensile strength/elongation of AET zein film. In addition, the removal effect of AET on some hazardous heavy metals brought in by raw materials, and no exogenous alcohols in the AET zein were confirmed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry and gas chromatography, respectively. The present findings suggest that AET zein has essential characteristics for use as an potential food ingredient or a pharmaceutical excipient, and the aqueous extraction technology thereby could be considered as an alternative strategy for zein production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preconcentration is the aspect of analytical method development covering the need to improve detection sensitivity. This review collects the advances in a diversity of approaches to achieve preconcentration by solvent removal. Evaporation in microfluidic and paper-based devices is reported in a variety of forms and later compared to membrane-assisted evaporation. Sample partitioning in an immiscible fluid is also described. The reported methodologies highlight the need to achieve good control of the gas-liquid interface to obtain accurate results. A comprehensive comparison of different strategies is presented here discussing their benefits and drawbacks as well as the research needs in this area. Graphical abstract ᅟ [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article investigates the extraction of bio-oil from Chlorella vulgaris algae which is then subjected to biodiesel production. To evaluate the maximum oil content, four different pretreatment methods and solvent systems were inspected. Among them, maximum oil yield was obtained from ultrasonic pretreated biomass followed by methanol and methyl tertiary butyl ether solvent extraction. Physico-chemical properties of the bio-oil were analyzed as per AOAC Official Methods. The experiments were then designed to determine how variation in different process parameters influences extraction. From these results, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also analyzed. The positive values of ΔS and ΔH and the negative value of ΔG indicate that this process is endothermic, irreversible and spontaneous, respectively. The extracted bio-oil was then subjected to acid catalyzed reaction for biodiesel production. A yield of 98.2 wt% biodiesel was obtained at the optimized condition. Fuel properties were analyzed as per ASTM methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The extraction of minerals from garden sage (Salvia officinalis L.) using water as a solvent was studied at different extraction conditions. A full factorial experiment 23 with replication was performed. The effects of three extraction factors, liquid/solid ratio (15 and 30 mL/g, solvent volume per g of raw material), extraction temperature (40 and 100 °C) and extraction time (20 and 80 min) such as their interaction were evaluated by the analysis of variance and linear regression model. At the 95% confidence level all three factors were effective on Na, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Ni, Cr and Al yields, the most important factor being the extraction time (except for Ca, Cr and Al). All regression models gave a good fit to the experimental data (R 2 > 99%). The content of minerals in water extracts were determined using inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: liquid/solid ratio 15 mL/g, extraction temperature 100 °C, and extraction time 80 min. The data obtained were used to establish the thermodynamics of the extraction process. The Gibbs free energy change for the extraction of minerals is negative (except for Fe, Al and Cr), indicating that the process is feasible and spontaneous. Graphical abstract Unlabelled Image Highlights • The extraction of minerals was studied at different extraction conditions. • A full factorial experiment 23 was used to determine the optimum parameters • ICP-OES method was used for determination of minerals from Salvia Officinalis L. • The data obtained was established the thermodynamics of extraction process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract A new analytical method exploiting supramolecular solvent-based microextraction (SUPRAS) combined with ultrasound-assisted extraction to preconcentrate cadmium from medicinal plant, with further determination by thermospray flame furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (TS-FF-AAS), is proposed. The proposed method is based on the cadmium ultrasound-assisted extraction from Ginkgo biloba L. leaf samples with diluted acid (0.10 mol L−1 HNO 3), followed by the metal complexation with diethyl dithiophosphate and preconcentration using a supramolecular solvent composed of inverted hexagonal aggregates of dodecanoic acid arranged in tetrahydrofuran/water medium. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were found to be 0.11 μg L−1 and 0.36 μg L−1, respectively. Intraday and interday precision assessed in terms of relative standard deviations (RSD, %) were lower than 8.50% to 0.70, 1.75 and 5.00 μg L−1 cadmium solutions. The efficiency of ultrasound-assisted extraction was comparable to microwave-assisted digestion and the method accuracy was checked by analysis of certified reference material (Tomato Leaves, SRM 1573a). Samples of Ginkgo biloba L. were analyzed and cadmium contents between 0.21 and 0.33 μg g−1 were found, thereby showing clearly the importance of investigating toxic metals in medicinal plants. The proposed method is simple, highly sensitive, environmentally friendly and has great potential to be applied in the quality control of medicinal plants aiming trace cadmium determination. Highlights • Easy and low cost combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction and SUPRAS for Cd2+ determination in herbal medicine • Similar results of ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave digestion • The limit of detection of method was found to be 0.11 μg L−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Single drop microextraction (SDME) procedure for isolation of antihistaminic drug ranitidine (RNT) from water samples was developed. This technique is a simple, fast and virtually solvent-free pretreatment method. The isolation process of analyte was performed following by 5 μL of extraction solvent. Optimization of experimental conditions (e.g. organic drop volume, pH of the sample solution, stirring time) was investigated and the interfering effect of the foreign substances on the SDME microextraction process was studied. The organic extracts were analyzed by liquid chromatography connected with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The microextraction procedure enables the effective isolation and preconcentration of ranitidine (enrichment factor: 45). The elaborated method was successfully applied for determination of RNT in surface and wastewater samples. Highlights • Ranitidine (RNT) is used for the treatment of diseases of the stomach. • This drug is not completely removed during wastewater treatment. • The isolation process of RNT was performed using single drop microextraction (SDME). • The elaborated method SDME- LC-MS/MS enables detection RNT in surface water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The complexation behaviour towards lanthanide (Ln) ions with quercetin (Q) was evaluated both in homogeneous phase and in liquid-liquid extraction process. As confirmed by UV–vis, fluorescence techniques and 1H NMR titration, Q can bind lanthanide ions through 4‑carbonyl and 3-hydroxyl of ring C with the stoichiometric ratio of 2:1 (Q :metal) in methanol solution. The binding constants for Q and Eu(III) (K 1 = (3.87 ± 0.20) × 104 M−1, K 2 = (2.56 ± 0.15) × 103 M−1) are slightly higher than that of Q -La(III) (K 1 = (2.01 ± 0.15) × 104 M−1, K 2 = (1.53 ± 0.12) × 103 M−1) and Q -Yb(III) (K 1 = (1.73 ± 0.12) × 104 M−1, K 2 = (1.25 ± 0.22) × 103 M−1). Solvent extraction revealed that the extractability of Ln(III) was relevant to the acidity and salinity of aqueous phase and extraction efficiency was Eu(III) > La(III) > Yb(III) at the same acidity. Graphical abstract The complexation behaviour towards lanthanide (Ln) ions with quercetin (Q) was evaluated both in homogeneous phase and in liquid-liquid extraction process, which is the first example of using natural flavonoids to construct extractant for selective recognition and separation of metal ions (especially f-block elements). Unlabelled Image Highlights • The complexation towards lanthanide ions with quercetin (Q) was evaluated both in homogeneous phase and biphasic process. • Q can bind lanthanide ions through 4-carbonyl and 3-hydroxyl of ring C with the stoichiometric ratio of 2:1 (Q : metal) • The binding constants for Q and Eu(III) are slightly higher than that of Q -La(III) and Q -Yb(III) • The extractability of Ln(III) was Eu(III) > La(III) > Yb(III) at the same acidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Extraction is the method of choice for separating sensitive products. For example, it has been applied in aromatics and rare‐earth metal separation. Recently, biotechnological processes entered the field of bulk chemicals and might benefit from process intensification by in situ extraction of inhibiting products, however in the presence of cells and/or aeration. This study applies reactive extraction of the polyamide monomer hexane‐1,6‐diamine from cell‐containing medium. Results: To prove technical feasibility of this reactive extraction, simulation of the extraction column based on single‐drop measurements was validated at pilot‐scale. Simulated results show good accordance with experimental data with an error below 20%. The extraction column was subsequently used as a bioreactor with integrated aeration and product extraction applying a four‐phase system investigating the effect on drop distributions and holdup of the dispersed phases. Interestingly, aeration increased the holdup up to five‐fold and decreased the mean drop size of the organic extractive phase by 30%, thereby potentially improving extraction efficiency. Conclusion: The ReDrop simulation tool is capable of predicting challenging separation processes like the reactive extraction of hexane‐1,6‐diamine with D2EHPA diluted in oleyl alcohol from a biotransformation medium. The process design enabled four‐phase operation of the column with aeration, extractive organic phase and cell‐containing continuous aqueous phase. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Eight polyhydroxylated naphthoquinone compounds were identified from New Zealand sea urchin species Evechinus chloroticus. • Organic solvent extraction was better in extracting PHNQ than the macroporous resins. • The stability of the E. chloroticus PHNQ pigments is reported for the first time. • The degradation of amino PHNQ under the natural light was more remarkable than PHNQ pigments. Abstract The extraction of polyhydroxylated naphthoquinone (PHNQ) pigments from the shell and spines of the New Zealand sea urchin Evechinus chloroticus was evaluated using six different macroporous resins as an alternative to using organic solvent extraction alone. Four of the resins evaluated in this study (D4006, D4020, D101 and NKA-9) provided the best extraction of PHNQ pigments in terms of the overall adsorption and desorption of E. chloroticus PHNQ pigments from the resins. Organic solvents alone had a higher yield of PHNQs than the resins. The PHNQ composition was characterised by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode‐array detection and mass spectrometry. Five PHNQ compounds (spinochromes E, B, C, A and echinochrome A), and three aminated PHNQ compounds (spinamine E, echinamines A and B) were identified. The pigments were found to be prone to degradation on exposure to light, with the aminated PHNQ pigments being the least stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • AASX process was operated in a continuous-mode to extract Cu from dilute solutions. • Copper extraction was about 80% in the A/O phase ratio of 83 at pilot scale. • Silicone oil enhanced Cu extraction and reduced organic phase recycling. • Interaction effects of chemical and operating parameters were evaluated. Abstract A newly designed air-assisted solvent extraction (AASX) system was used to extract Cu from dilute solutions in a continuous-mode at pilot scale. The effects of some operational and chemical parameters including aqueous phase flowrate, extractant concentration, organic phase level in an organic coating cylinder (OCC level), Cu concentration, and silicone oil dosage on the efficiency of AASX process were investigated using a response surface methodology. The main and interaction effects of the variables on Cu recovery (26–85%), organic phase recycling (the portion of entered organic phase transferred to the column overflow for stripping, 7–56%), and aqueous/organic phase ratio (A/O, 59–435) were evaluated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results showed that the addition of silicone oil increased Cu recovery and reduced organic phase recycling. Also, increasing OCC level caused to reduce A/O ratio and increase Cu recovery. Increasing extractant concentration and reducing the Cu concentration increased Cu recovery. The results were interpreted by their effects on bubble size, organic coating of air bubbles and A/O ratio. Varying the aqueous phase flowrate changed the A/O ratio in a curved mode which was related to the venturi tube suction force. Results showed that maximum efficiency of the AASX process (78% Cu recovery and 38% organic phase recycling, predicted by the ANOVA model), occurred at the aqueous flowrate of 24 L/min, extractant concentration of 40%, OCC level of 28 cm, Cu concentration of 50 mg/L without using silicone oil with an A/O ratio of 83. It can be concluded that AASX process could be used as an efficient and promising method for treating dilute solutions such as AMDs and wastewaters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • Two novel Bz-T-DGA ligands were synthesized and evaluated for actinide ion extraction. • SLM transport studies were carried out involving Am(III) in HNO 3 solutions. • The transport and extraction data were correlated with ligand stereochemistry. • Transport parameters were determined. • Structure of ligand and complex were correlated with the transport rates. Abstract Two novel benzene-centered tripodal diglycolamide (Bz-T-DGA) ligands with affinity for actinide ions were employed for the solvent extraction as well as flat sheet supported liquid membrane (SLM) transport of trivalent americium (Am3+), considered as one of the most important minor actinide ions in the high level waste (HLW). Bz-T-DGA ligands with isopentyl substituents and varying spacer lengths in the DGA arms, viz. methylene (TPAMTEB) and ethylene (TPAETEB) groups were employed for actinide extraction for possible application in nuclear waste remediation. With both the ligands, the extraction of Am3+ increased with the concentration of nitric acid (1–6 M HNO 3), the distribution ratio (D) values being 16.6 and 3.71 at 3 M HNO 3 and 35.1 and 44.4 at 6 M HNO 3 for 6.6 × 10−4 M TPAMTEB and TPAETEB, respectively taken in a 5% isodecanol and 95% n -dodecane diluent mixture. A stripping study showed a relatively slow stripping of Am3+ from the loaded membrane with TPAETEB even in the presence of a complexing agent. Am3+ transport rates were rather slow in polypropylene (PP) flat sheets as compared to previous, analogous studies suggesting slow migration of the complexed ions. Am3+ transport was 4.8 times slower in TPAETEB than in TPAMTEB with diffusion coefficients of 4.5 × 10−8 and 2.16 × 10−7 cm2/s, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract An aromatic ethereal compound, 1-methoxy-2-octoxybenzene, was recently found to be a good extractant for Au(III) from hydrochloric acid media. The present study therefore investigated the structural factors of ethereal compounds for the extraction of Au(III) under dilute extractant concentrations. In the series of aromatic ethereal compounds used in this study, 1-dodecoxybenzene showed the highest extractability for Au(III). There was a clear correlation between the extractability of Au(III) and the strength of hydrophobicity of the aromatic ethereal compounds. Au(III) was selectively extracted using 1-dodecoxybenzene over other precious- and base-metal cations. Au(III) was quantitatively stripped from this extractant using aqueous thiourea solution. Highlights • Extractability of Au(III) was compared using various ethereal compounds. • Au(III) extraction improved with increasing hydrophobicity of aromatic ether extractants. • In the series of aromatic ethereal compounds, 1-dodecoxybenzene showed the highest extractability for Au(III). • Au(III) was selectively extracted using 1-dodecoxybenzene over other precious- and base-metal cations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cesium, one of the heat-emitting fission elements contained in high active liquid waste, deserved separation. Calixbiscrown is a class of chemical compounds, promising in the cesium extraction. In this study, calix[4]-bis[(4-tert-butyl-1,2-phenylene)-crown-6] (CalixBBC for short) was synthesized by a multi-step scheme. The cesium extraction study was carried out using CalixBBC in two organic diluents such as chloroform and o-nitroanisole, which were used as electron-deficient and electron-rich surrogate dilutions, respectively. The effects of HNO3 concentration, mixing time, temperature were investigated using a batch technique. Comparing with chloroform, o-nitroanisole was in favor of cesium extraction. Both extractions strongly relied on HNO3 concentration in the range of 0.4-6.0 M. The pseudo-second-order model fitted the extractions well. Both extractions were spontaneous, exothermal processes. The foreigner metal ions showed little influence on the extraction. The stoichiometry of cesium and CalixBBC in the complex was 1:1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of Mo and U from HNO3 solutions with 0.2% solutions of higher hydroxamic acids (HA) in alcohols sparingly soluble in water was studied for production of 99Mo concentrate from LEU target solutions, and from 3% 235UO2. Batch extraction of 99Mo recovery was carried out using the caprinohydroxamic acid (DHA) dissolved in 20% decanol-1 with Isopar M in 3 steps: extraction, scrubbing and backwashing with autocatalytic thermo-chemical HA oxidizing destruction with HNO3 in combination with complexing 99Mo in aqueous phase by salt-free reagents. Mo total recovery was ~ 98%, while the smallest decontamination factors for 125I was 2 × 104 and ~ 106 for other nuclides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction of Mo and U from HNO3 solutions with 0.2% solutions of higher hydroxamic acids (HA) in alcohols sparingly soluble in water was studied for production of 99Mo concentrate from LEU target solutions, and from 3% 235UO2. Batch extraction of 99Mo recovery was carried out using the caprinohydroxamic acid (DHA) dissolved in 20% decanol-1 with Isopar M in 3 steps: extraction, scrubbing and backwashing with autocatalytic thermo-chemical HA oxidizing destruction with HNO3 in combination with complexing 99Mo in aqueous phase by salt-free reagents. Mo total recovery was ~ 98%, while the smallest decontamination factors for 125I was 2 × 104 and ~ 106 for other nuclides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Microbial pigments from • V bacteria, fungi, and microalgae have been explored for pigment production. It offers an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic dyes. • Eco-friendly extraction techniques such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction and pressurised liquid extraction, extraction have been developed for efficient pigment extraction. • Microbial pigments have various industrial applications such as food colorants, cosmetics, textiles, and pharmaceuticals. • The development of cost-effective production and extraction methods is crucial for the commercialization of microbial pigments. • Future research should focus on improving the yield and quality of microbial pigments and exploring their potential in new industrial applications. Since ancient times, natural coloring agents have been produced from plants, insects, animals, and ores. Although they have a dangerous impact on mammals and the environment, synthetic dyes replace natural colors because of their limited availability throughout the year; instability in light, heat, and pH; increased global demand; and low water solubility. Therefore, pigments from microbial sources are considered the best alternatives to natural pigments. The potential of microbial pigments for easy mass production, diversified coloring properties, and inexpensive production is now receiving the attention of researchers and industries. Most industrial extraction processes are based on traditional liquid-liquid systems that use organic solvents for the extraction of pigments. The environmental pollution generated by these chemicals has become a central issue in societal and political decisions. This has led to a growing demand for efficient eco- friendly extraction technologies. In the last two decades, significant advances have been made in the green chemistry of pigment extraction and separation techniques. Methods such as ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, enzyme-assisted extraction, and more recently, ionic liquid-assisted extraction have been developed. This review summarizes the methods for the simple and eco -friendly extraction of microbial pigments for applications in the food and textile sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: BACKGROUND: A new method based on accelerated solvent extraction was developed for the extraction and determination of 11 organophosphorus flame retardants by using a high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry technique. RESULTS: After optimization of the extraction temperature (80 °C), the extraction solvent (n‐hexane), the flush volume (40%) and the static extraction time (4 min), all 11 organophosphorus flame retardants illustrated good linearities (R > 0.999). The limits of detection of the method ranged from 0.016 to 26.58 µg kg−1 in the different matrices. The recoveries were 90.4–111.2% with relative standard deviations 0.21–5.3% for the various aquatic products. CONCLUSION: The proposed method was applied successfully to detect 11 organophosphorus flame retardants in aquatic products, including grass carp, ribbon fish, mud fish, common eel, shrimp and frog. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study presents a thermoeconomic and environmental assessment of the extraction of lipids and proteins from wet microalgal biomass in a 3G biorefinery by two different technologies: supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and low-pressure solvent extraction (LPSE). Simulation tools were used to study a sugarcane biorefinery producing ethanol from sugarcane juice (1G) and bagasse (2G); the microalgal growth in an open pond; and the processing of microalgal biomass into lipids, proteins and synthetic natural gas (SNG). Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of microalgal biomass enables an increase in biofuel production of 10.2% MJ when no extraction process is considered and of 1.9% MJ when LPSE is considered. The heat demand of the proposed biorefinery with LPSE was increased by 87.8% compared with the demand of the sugarcane biorefinery without microalgal growth and processing. When the SFE process is considered, the heat demand of the overall process increased 3.2 times. SFE for wet microalgae processing is not economically attractive, as it increases the total investment by 71%. The CO 2 flow used in the SFE process demonstrated to be a key factor in the thermoeconomic viability of the process. Regarding the wet processing of microalgae prior to SCWG, the best alternative studied was the use of LPSE technology. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Evaluation of a supercritical fluid-based sugarcane-wet microalgae biorefinery concept. • Synergy between solvent extraction with CO 2 or ethanol and sugarcane biorefinery. • Technology bottlenecks of supercritical CO 2 extraction from microalgae. • Use of heat, electricity, ethanol and CO 2 generated from a sugarcane biorefinery. • Use of CO 2 rich off-gases generated from a sugarcane biorefinery to grow microalgae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]