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Start Over Descriptor "INEQUALITY RESULTS" Topic extreme poverty
3 results on '"INEQUALITY RESULTS"'

1. The Distribution of Consumption Expenditure in Sub-Saharan Africa : The Inequality among All Africans

Author

Jirasavetakul, La-Bhus Fah and Lakner, Christoph

Subjects
PRICE LEVELS, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, GROWTH RATES, REGIONAL MEDIAN, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXTREME POVERTY, ANNUAL RATE, EXCHANGE RATES, MEASUREMENT, DECREASING INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY MEASURES, DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, DEPENDENT VARIABLE, POPULATION GROWTH, LAGS, INCOME, DATA SET, INFLATION RATE, BETWEEN-GROUP INEQUALITY, POOR GROWTH, PER CAPITA INCOME, DISTRIBUTION, AVERAGE INCOMES, ECONOMIC OUTLOOK, LIVING STANDARDS, INCOME SHARE, POLICY DISCUSSIONS, INCOMES, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, LAND OWNERSHIP, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY, GROWTH PROCESS, SIGNIFICANCE LEVEL, DEVELOPING WORLD, PURCHASING POWER, GROWTH PERFORMANCE, NATIONAL INCOME, WELFARE, INCOME INEQUALITY, CONSUMPTION, GDP PER CAPITA, THEORY, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, RELATIVE PRICES, MEASURING POVERTY, TRADE, LOW INCOME, INCREASING SHARE, CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION, PER CAPITA INCOMES, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, INEQUALITY, EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE, GROUP INEQUALITY, WEALTH, PRIVATE CONSUMPTION, ECONOMIC THEORY, DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE, AVERAGE INEQUALITY, PRODUCT, ECONOMIC REVIEW, INEQUALITY ESTIMATES, GDP, BASE YEAR, EXCHANGE, INEQUALITY COMPONENT, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, VALUE, POSITIVE EFFECTS, COUNTRY CLASSIFICATIONS, GROWTH SPELLS, REGIONAL INEQUALITY, DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH, ECONOMETRICS, BENCHMARK, AVERAGE INCOME, POVERTY ESTIMATES, REAL GROWTH, POOR PEOPLE, POPULATION SHARE, MEASURING INEQUALITY, INCOME LEVEL, MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES, ECONOMIC POLICY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, POLICY RESEARCH, INCREASING INEQUALITY, INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION, GROWTH RATE, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, REAL GDP, POVERTY HEADCOUNT, AVERAGE ANNUAL, INCOME CONVERGENCE, CONSUMPTION GROWTH, INCOME GROUPS, LORENZ CURVE, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO CONSUME, MEAN CONSUMPTION, POWER PARITY, DISTRIBUTION FUNCTIONS, POVERTY LINE, NATURAL RESOURCES, INEQUALITY RESULTS, ECONOMIES OF SCALE, MEAN INCOME, INEQUALITY MEASURE, LOGARITHMIC SCALE, MACRO-ECONOMIC POLICY, ECONOMIC RESEARCH, POVERTY RATE, RESIDUAL INEQUALITY, POSITIVE GROWTH, FALLING POVERTY
Abstract

This paper uses a set of national household surveys to study the regional Sub-Saharan Africa distribution of consumption expenditure among individuals during 1993 to 2008. The analysis puts the disparities in living standards that exist among persons in Africa into context with the disparities that exist within and between African countries. Regional interpersonal inequality has increased (from a Gini index of 52 percent in 1993 to 56 percent in 2008), driven by increasing disparities in living standards across countries, while there has been no systematic increase in within-country inequality. For the African distribution as a whole, growth of consumption expenditure (from household surveys) has been low (around 1 percent per year). This growth has been uneven and as a result the richest 5 percent of Africans received around 40 percent of the total gains, while the bottom third stagnated.

Published
2016

2. Global Poverty and Distributional Impacts of Agricultural Distortions

Author

Bussolo, Maurizio, De Hoyos, Rafael, and Medvedev, Denis

Subjects
REDUCTION IN POVERTY, EXPORT SUBSIDIES, REAL INCOME, AGRICULTURAL REFORM, GLOBAL POVERTY, VALUE ADDED, EXTREME POVERTY, WELFARE MEASURE, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS, HOUSEHOLD INCOMES, SKILL LEVEL, POLICY REFORM, EXTREMELY POOR HOUSEHOLDS, CONSUMER PRICES, EXPORT MARKETS, NATIONAL ECONOMIES, INCOME, REAL WAGE, DECOMPOSITION ANALYSIS, AGRICULTURAL SECTORS, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, COMPETITIVENESS, AGRICULTURAL WAGES, TARIFF RATE, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, POOR GROWTH, PER CAPITA INCOME, TRADE AGREEMENTS, AGRICULTURAL IMPORTS, MACROECONOMIC MODELS, EMPLOYMENT IN AGRICULTURE, NEGATIVE RELATIONSHIP, POLICY REFORMS, FARMERS, SKILLED WORKERS, PRICE INCREASES, IMPORT TARIFF, INCOME SHARE, HIGHER INEQUALITY, REAL WAGES, GLOBAL ECONOMY, PURCHASING POWER, TRADE BARRIERS, LABOUR EARNINGS, INCOME INEQUALITY, STRUCTURAL CHANGE, POVERTY REDUCTION, EXPORT, INCOME LEVELS, RELATIVE WAGES, PRICE CHANGES, IMPORT BARRIERS, MULTILATERAL TRADE, WAGE PREMIUM, WEALTH, AGRICULTURAL MARKET, CONSUMERS, AGRICULTURAL PRICE SUPPORTS, COMBINES, GEOGRAPHIC REGION, CONSUMPTION DATA, INCOME DATA, WTO, ECONOMIC REVIEW, GDP, UTILITY FUNCTION, BASE YEAR, POVERTY OUTCOMES, PRICE INDICES, EXPORTS, GDP DEFLATOR, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM MODEL, INTERNATIONAL TRADE, FARM OUTPUT, POOR PEOPLE, AGRICULTURAL PRICES, PREFERENTIAL ACCESS, FARM PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL GOODS, URUGUAY ROUND, CARIBBEAN REGION, INEQUALITY DECOMPOSITION, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, GLOBAL MARKETS, HOUSEHOLD SIZE, REAL GDP, POVERTY LINES, AGRICULTURAL WAGE, INCOME DISTRIBUTIONS, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, INCREASED INEQUALITY, REGIONAL TRADING AGREEMENTS, AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES, TRADE NEGOTIATION, INEQUALITY COEFFICIENT, POVERTY LINE, PUBLIC GOODS, AGRICULTURAL GROUPS, INEQUALITY RESULTS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION DATA, INEQUALITY MEASURE, HOUSEHOLD HEAD, EXOGENOUS CHANGES, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, HOUSEHOLD PER CAPITA INCOME, RATE QUOTAS, ECONOMIC GROWTH, EXCHANGE RATES, FARM, AVERAGE HOUSEHOLD INCOME, FARM LABOR, DOMESTIC MARKET, EXTREME POVERTY LINE, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, HOUSEHOLD WELFARE, CONSUMPTION PER CAPITA, RESOURCE ALLOCATION, MEASUREMENT ERRORS, FOOD PRICES, DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECT, AGRICULTURAL WORKER, PRODUCTION COSTS, AGRICULTURAL MARKETS, GINI COEFFICIENT, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, CONSUMPTION INCREASES, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCERS, TRADE POLICY, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION, AVERAGE INCOMES, PRIMARY EDUCATION, INCOME DISPARITIES, NEGATIVE SHOCK, AGRICULTURAL PRICE, REGIONAL DIFFERENCES, AGRICULTURAL LIBERALIZATION, AGRICULTURAL POPULATION, DEVELOPING WORLD, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, REGRESSION ANALYSIS, WAGES, PRODUCER INCENTIVES, NATIONAL INCOME, LABOR MARKET, INCOME REDISTRIBUTION, REGIONAL PATTERN, ECONOMIC EXPANSION, RELATIVE PRICES, LOW INCOME, TRADE POLICIES, VOLUME, WELFARE INDICATOR, AGRICULTURAL POLICY, HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS, CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE, AGRICULTURE, DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, ECONOMIC THEORY, AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES, AGRICULTURAL TRADE LIBERALIZATION, MEAN INCOMES, EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, FOOD CONSUMPTION, LOCAL FARMERS, AVERAGE INCOME, DISTRIBUTIONAL CHANGES, FARM HOUSEHOLDS, PROPORTIONAL IMPACT, REGIONAL PATTERNS, INCOME SOURCE, TRADE DISPUTES, TRANSITION ECONOMIES, AGRICULTURAL INCOMES, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, INCIDENCE OF POVERTY, LDCS, ECONOMIC POLICY, HOUSEHOLD INCOME, ABSOLUTE POVERTY, POLICY RESEARCH, POVERTY INCIDENCE, GROWTH RATE, PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION, AGRICULTURAL WORKERS, CONSUMER PREFERENCES, EMPIRICAL RESULTS, FOOD MARKETS, DEVELOPING REGIONS, POOR HOUSEHOLDS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, FOOD PRODUCTS, AGRICULTURAL POPULATIONS, POST-REFORM, FARM COMMODITIES, POWER PARITY, INCOME GAINS, CAPITAL ACCUMULATION, REDISTRIBUTIVE EFFECTS, COUNTRY-SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS, POVERTY CHANGES
Abstract

This paper assesses the potential impacts of the removal of agricultural and other trade distortions using a newly developed dataset and methodological approach for evaluating the global poverty and inequality effects of policy reforms. It finds that liberalization of agriculture will increase global extreme poverty (US$1 a day) slightly and by almost 1 percent if other goods trade is also liberalized; but the number of people living on less than $2 a day will fall by almost 1 percent. Beneath these small aggregate changes, most countries witness a substantial reduction in poverty while South Asia where half of the world's poor reside will experience an increase in extreme (but not moderate) poverty incidence due to high rates of protection afforded to its unskilled labor-intensive agricultural sectors. The distributional changes also are projected to be mild, but again exhibit a strong regional pattern: inequality falls in Latin America, which is characterized by high initial inequality, and rises in South Asia, has relatively low income inequality.

Published
2009

3. Impacts of Trade Liberalization on Poverty and Inequality in Argentina

Author

Cicowiez, Martín, Díaz-Bonilla, Carolina, and Díaz-Bonilla, Eugenio

Subjects
GROWTH RATES, CURRENCY BOARD, VALUE ADDED, EXTREME POVERTY, WORLD TRADE, FOOD PRICE, RELATIVE IMPORTANCE, COMMODITIES, EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES, INFLATION, FISCAL DEFICIT, EXPORT MARKETS, HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT, UNEMPLOYMENT, INCOME, ECONOMIC STAGNATION, RESIGNATION, TRADE NEGOTIATIONS, EXTERNAL DEBTS, DOMESTIC CURRENCY, MARGINAL PROPENSITY, TRADE OPENNESS, COMPETITIVENESS, POVERTY RATES, EMPLOYMENT MULTIPLIER, RETURNS, CONSUMER PRICE INDEX, SECTORAL COMPOSITION, PER CAPITA INCOME, PRIMARY PRODUCTS, DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH, POLICY REFORMS, MULTIPLIER EFFECTS, REAL EXCHANGE RATE, PRICE INCREASES, RETIREMENT SYSTEM, POVERTY IMPACT, DEPOSITS, POLICY CHANGE, REAL WAGES, UNEMPLOYED, UNEMPLOYED WORKERS, GLOBAL ECONOMY, DEMAND CURVE, RETIREMENT, NATIONAL POVERTY LINE, DEVALUATION, ECONOMIC SITUATION, INDEBTEDNESS, INCOME INEQUALITY, ELASTICITY, MONETARY POLICY, INDUSTRIALIZATION, INCOME TAXES, INTEREST RATES, REFORM PROGRAM, DEVELOPMENT POLICY, POVERTY REDUCTION, PUBLIC DEBT, MACROECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, EQUILIBRIUM, LABOR DEMAND, MARKET WAGES, FINANCIAL SERVICES, PER CAPITA INCOMES, DEBTS, MULTILATERAL TRADE, HIGH GROWTH, FACTOR PRICES, TAX RATE, DEMAND CURVES, MARKET PRICES, POLICY INTERVENTIONS, FULL EMPLOYMENT, EXTERNAL SHOCKS, INCOME DATA, WTO, GDP, MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS, TAX REGIME, TRADE BALANCE, BASE YEAR, PRO-POOR, POLITICAL ECONOMY, OVERVALUED EXCHANGE RATES, INCOME TAX, MICRO MODEL, EXPORTS, EXTERNAL TRADE, POSITIVE EFFECTS, ECONOMIC CRISES, GDP DEFLATOR, HOUSEHOLD DATA, UNSKILLED LABOR, MONOPOLY, UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, OVERVALUATION, GROWTH EFFECT, POLICY DEBATE, FINANCIAL SYSTEM, EXCHANGE RATE, SAFETY, EQUIPMENT, INCOME EFFECT, CURRENCY, MACROECONOMIC VARIABLES, NEGATIVE IMPACT, SEMISKILLED LABOR, ECONOMIC HISTORY, BANKING CRISES, COMMODITY PRICES, REDUCING INEQUALITY, TAX REVENUES, DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, ECONOMIC STRUCTURE, REAL GDP, POVERTY LINES, GLOBALIZATION, AGRICULTURAL GROWTH, CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICITS, ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, CAPITAL THEORY, POVERTY ALLEVIATION, POLICY ANALYSIS, INEQUALITY RESULTS, CASH TRANSFERS, DEVALUATIONS, VOLATILITY, TRADE LIBERALIZATION, ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE, TAX RATES, TAX, BANKING SYSTEM, DEMOGRAPHIC, GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM, DEVELOPING COUNTRY, ECONOMIC GROWTH, INCREASE POVERTY, DOMESTIC PRICE, COMMODITY, HIGH VOLATILITY, NATIONAL ACCOUNTS, AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, TRADE LAW, SAFETY NETS, INSTRUMENT, PRODUCTIVITY, TRADE TAX, DEVELOPMENT PATH, FOOD PRICES, MACROECONOMIC CRISES, IMPORT TARIFFS, LEVEL OF INFLATION, PRO-POOR GROWTH, RESERVES, GINI COEFFICIENT, AGRICULTURAL TRADE, AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS, TRADE POLICY, OVERVALUED EXCHANGE, DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS, INTERNATIONAL MARKETS, WAGES, EXTERNAL DEBT, EXPORTER, LABOR MARKET, WORLD MARKET, PUBLIC EXPENDITURES, RENEGOTIATION, DEBT PAYMENTS, PUBLIC SECTOR, DEBT, RELATIVE PRICES, SMALL COUNTRY, SOCIAL SECURITY, TRADE POLICIES, TRADE REFORMS, POVERTY INCREASES, CENTRAL BANK, AGRICULTURE, INNOVATION, FREE TRADE, GROWTH ELASTICITY, PARTIAL EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS, ACCOUNTING, INCOME DISTRIBUTION, COMPETITIVE EXCHANGE, FACTOR MARKETS, GLOBAL TRADE, AGGREGATE DEMAND, COMPETITIVE EXCHANGE RATE, OIL PRICES, HUMAN CAPITAL, TURNOVER, HOLDINGS, TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION, AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, CURRENCY BOARD ARRANGEMENT, NOMINAL WAGES, POLICY RESEARCH, EXPENDITURES, NEGATIVE EFFECT, LIBERALIZATIONS, PRICE DISTORTIONS, FISCAL CONSOLIDATION, SAVINGS, CONVERTIBILITY PLAN, DOMESTIC PRICES, MACROECONOMIC VULNERABILITY, TRUST FUNDS, URBAN AREAS, CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT, EXPORT TAXES
Abstract

Using the most recent estimates of agricultural price distortions, this chapter studies the economic, poverty, and income inequality impacts of both global and domestic trade reform in Argentina, with a special focus on export taxes. Argentina offers an interesting case study as the only large agricultural exporter that has, at many points in its history, applied export taxes to several of its agricultural products. The chapter combines results from a global economy-wide model (World Bank's linkage model), a national computable general equilibrium (CGE) model, and micro-simulations. The results suggest that liberalization of world trade (including subsidies and import taxes, but not export taxes), both for agricultural and non-agricultural goods, reduces poverty and inequality in Argentina. However, if only agricultural goods are included, indicators for poverty and inequality do not improve and even deteriorate somewhat. This is particularly the case if export taxes are eliminated. The chapter discusses the possible reasons for those results, offers some caveats, and suggests some lines for further research.

Published
2009

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