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How can marketers create slogans that consumers like and remember? We answer this question by analyzing how the lexical, semantic, and emotional properties of a slogan's individual words combine to influence slogan liking and slogan memory. Through a large correlational study with over 800 brand slogans, laboratory experiments, a biometric eye-tracking experiment, and a field study, we unearth the word properties that make slogans effective. We predict and find that linguistic properties that make a slogan easier to process (i.e. more fluent) result in slogans that are more likable but less memorable, whereas linguistic properties that reduce processing fluency result in slogans that are less likable but more memorable. Across our multi-method investigation, participants indicated a more favorable attitude toward slogans that are shorter, omit the brand name, and use words that are linguistically frequent, perceptually distinct, and abstract. In contrast, participants were more likely to remember slogans that are longer, include the brand name, and use words that are linguistically infrequent, concrete, and less perceptually distinct. We conclude by offering marketers practical advice into optimal word-choice strategies and delivering actionable guidance for creating slogans that are either likable or memorable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantum cryptography is a central topic in the quantum technology field that is particularly important for secure communication. The training of qualified experts in this field is necessary for continuous development. However, the abstract and complex nature of quantum physics makes the topic difficult to understand. Augmented reality (AR) allows otherwise invisible abstract concepts to be visualized and enables interactive learning, offering significant potential for improving quantum physics education in university lab courses. In addition, personalized feedback on challenging concepts can facilitate learning, and large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT can effectively deliver such feedback. This study combines these two aspects and explores the impact of an AR-based quantum cryptography experiment with integrated ChatGPT-based feedback on university students' learning outcomes and cognitive processes. The study involved 21 groups (11 Group A; 10 Group B) of students in a physics laboratory course at a German university and used four open-ended questions to measure learning outcomes and gaze data as a learning process assessment. Statistical analysis was used to compare scores between feedback and non-feedback questions, and the effect of ChatGPT feedback on eye-tracking data was examined. The results show that ChatGPT feedback significantly improved learning outcomes and affected gaze data. While the feedback on conceptual questions tended to direct attention to the visualizations of the underlying model, the feedback on questions about experimental procedures increased visual attention to the real experimental materials. Overall, the results show that AI-based feedback draws visual attention towards task-relevant factors and increases learning performance in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using eye-tracking technology, the proposed study investigates how customers visually evaluate apples varieties and apple defects and how these evaluations affect their purchasing decisions. Three aspects were examined in this study: apple variety, defect severity, and cultural background. Idared, Golden Delicious Yellow, and Golden Delicious Green apple varieties with increasing degrees of bruising were shown to Chinese and Hungarian participants. The findings show that apple variety had no significant effect on gaze patterns, whereas cultural background had a considerable impact on visual attention measures. The most important element in grabbing and retaining customer attention was the severity of the defect, which was measured by area. The "Threshold of Rejection", which characterizes consumer tolerance for Apple defects, is introduced in the study. Furthermore, a polynomial regression model was created to predict the probability of repurchasing an apple depending on its visual quality (level of bruising). These results provide useful information for marketing plans, quality assurance, and comprehending customer behavior in the fresh produce sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between cosmetic packaging color and consumer attention by analyzing changes in pupil size using eye-tracking technology. A controlled experiment with 25 participants (mean age: 24.7 ± 3 years, 14 males and 11 females) was conducted to investigate the impact of eight packaging colors (black, white, blue, yellow, orange, turquoise, pink, and sky blue) on pupil dilation during gaze fixation and movement. Pupil size data were analyzed using SAS 9.4, with T-tests used to determine significant differences across colors. The results revealed that pink packaging elicited significantly larger pupil sizes during fixation, indicating heightened attention, while black, white, blue, and orange led to smaller pupil sizes when fixated, suggesting greater focus on the surrounding environment rather than the packaging. In contrast, yellow and turquoise exhibited no significant differences in pupil size during fixation and movement. Additionally, the study highlights that gaze fixation is a more meaningful indicator of attention than gaze movement, as fixation reflects focused interest in specific stimuli. The findings suggest that pink packaging is most effective in attracting consumer attention, while black, white, blue, and orange are better suited for enhancing focus on the surrounding environment. These insights emphasize the growing importance of packaging design in influencing consumer behavior, particularly through color selection. This study contributes to marketing practices by providing empirical evidence for the visual impact of packaging colors, offering valuable guidance for cosmetic industry practitioners. Future research should expand sample sizes and explore additional packaging attributes, such as shape and material, to derive more comprehensive insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article delves into how Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) learners utilize Chinese radicals in character recognition, as observed through eye-tracking technology. It reveals that CFL learners tend to favor phonetic radicals over semantic radicals, with knowledge of specific radicals influencing character decoding. The study suggests that explicit radical instruction could enhance character recognition for intermediate CFL learners, emphasizing the significance of radical awareness in mastering written Chinese. The research sheds light on the role of semantic and phonetic radicals in character processing, highlighting the need for effective instructional strategies to improve radical knowledge among CFL learners. [Extracted from the article]

Rumination is a key feature of depression and contributes to its onset, maintenance, and recurrence. Researchers have proposed that biases in the attentional processing of emotional information may underlie rumination, and particularly, the brooding component. This investigation evaluated associations between attentional biases for emotional images and rumination, including both brooding and reflection, in currently and never depressed participants. In two separate studies, participants viewed sets of four emotional images (happy, sad, threatening, and neutral) for 8 s in a free-viewing eye-tracking paradigm. In both studies, currently depressed individuals attended to happy face images and happy naturalistic images significantly less than never depressed individuals. In Study 2, currently depressed individuals attended to sad naturalistic images significantly more than never depressed individuals. There were no statistically significant associations between attentional biases and any of the forms of rumination, independent of their shared relationship with depression symptoms. These findings call into question the robustness of the link between attentional biases and rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONDyslexia is defined as a specific learning disorder that impairs a person’s ability to read fluently and accurately. A growing number of assistive technologies have been used to support individuals with dyslexia. Eye-tracking technology is one such technology, and it is gaining increasing attention from the research community due to its potential to be a valuable support tool for identifying underlying neural differences in language processing among this population. While the technology has seen significant advancements in recent years, researchers, particularly in psychology and special education, might face difficulties utilizing eye-tracking technology in their dyslexia research. The present study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of how eye tracking is employed in this field. By analysing 71 papers, we investigated the range of dyslexia-related aspects that were addressed by eye-tracking technology, how the technology was used, and the connections between eye-tracking measurements and reading in studies including individuals with dyslexia. This review article reveals that researchers have long recognized the potential of eye tracking in dyslexia research, as evidenced by the consistent focus on this technology in relevant studies throughout the years. Our paper also indicates the value of eye-tracking technology in exploring a wide range of dyslexia-related aspects. These include reading behaviours and information searching, the impact of materials on reading performance, detection, intervention, and the evaluation of intervention outcomes. Furthermore, by exploring both the achievements and shortcomings, the paper offers a valuable roadmap for future research specifically focused on supporting individuals with dyslexia.Eye tracking remains a valuable tool for dyslexia research, with applications in exploring various aspects of this disability.More robust research is needed on the use of eye-tracking technology in individuals with dyslexia, particularly its applications in diagnosis, classification, intervention, and other areas that support this population.This paper provides a valuable roadmap for future researchers interested in developing methods for diagnosis, classification, and intervention.Eye tracking remains a valuable tool for dyslexia research, with applications in exploring various aspects of this disability.More robust research is needed on the use of eye-tracking technology in individuals with dyslexia, particularly its applications in diagnosis, classification, intervention, and other areas that support this population.This paper provides a valuable roadmap for future researchers interested in developing methods for diagnosis, classification, and intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Treadmill based Robotic-Assisted Gait Training (t-RAGT) provides for automated locomotor training to help the patient achieve a physiological gait pattern, reducing the physical effort required by therapist. By introducing the robot as a third agent to the traditional one-to-one physiotherapist-patient (Pht-Pt) relationship, the therapist might not be fully aware of the patient's motor performance. This gap has been bridged by the integration in rehabilitation robots of a visual FeedBack (FB) that informs about patient's performance. Despite the recognized importance of FB in t-RAGT, the optimal role of the therapist in the complex patient-robot interaction is still unclear. This study aimed to describe whether the type of FB combined with different modalities of Pht's interaction toward Pt would affect the patients' visual attention and emotional engagement during t-RAGT. Methods: Ten individuals with incomplete Spinal Cord Injury (C or D ASIA Impairment Scale level) were assessed using eye-tracking (ET) and high-density EEG during seven t-RAGT sessions with Lokomat where (i) three types of visual FB (chart, emoticon and game) and (ii) three levels of Pht-Pt interaction (low, medium and high) were randomly combined. ET metrics (fixations and saccades) were extracted for each of the three defined areas of interest (AoI) (monitor, Pht and surrounding) and compared among the different experimental conditions (FB, Pht-Pt interaction level). The EEG spectral activations in theta and alpha bands were reconstructed for each FB type applying Welch periodogram to data localised in the whole grey matter volume using sLORETA. Results: We found an effect of FB type factor on all the ET metrics computed in the three AoIs while the factor Pht-Pt interaction level also combined with FB type showed an effect only on the ET metrics calculated in Pht and surrounding AoIs. Neural activation in brain regions crucial for social cognition resulted for high Pht-Pt interaction level, while activation of the insula was found during low interaction, independently on the FB used. Conclusions: The type of FB and the way in which Pht supports the patients both have a strong impact on patients' engagement and should be considered in the design of a t-RAGT-based rehabilitation session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractPurposeMethodResultConclusionEye-tracking technologies are of great interest to individuals who use them to communicate and their supporters. This review maps and critically evaluates the research on eye-tracking in paediatric communication assessment and intervention, including user perceptions, to guide future clinical practice and identify future practice-related research priorities. In an advance on previous reviews, the study reports on effect sizes, as well as research quality and reproducibility of included studies.Seven databases were sytematically searched using terms related to eye-tracking, the paediatric population, and communication assessment or intervention. Information on study design and key findings, including effect sizes, were extracted. Research quality and reproducibility were evaluated using validated measures.Included studies explored the use of eye-tracking in paediatric communication assessment (n = 14) or intervention (n = 10) and/or users’ perceptions of eye-tracking technologies in speech-language pathology (n = 7). Eye-tracking was well-received and has been used effectively to measure and support children’s communication, though effect sizes varied. Opportunities for improved research quality and reproducibility are identified.Eye-tracking technologies can be integrated into paediatric communication assessment and intervention and are generally well received by child users and their supporters. Clinical implications and directions for future practice-related research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to several studies, the three levels of representation in chemistry are the fundamental aspects of effective learning and understanding of chemistry. In this study, we aim to illustrate how students identify changes in the matter using eye-tracking and verbalizations. Five students observed chemical and physical phenomena depicted by using the three representational levels under eye-tracking monitoring. This allows making inferences about which representation received students' attention for the longest time. In order to enrich this illustrative experiment, data were triangulated with think-aloud techniques and researchers' observations during the procedure. Our results suggest that eye-tracking experiments may provide some relevant insights into students' cognition regarding representational levels. The multiple case study presented hereby pointed out that the levels observed for the longest time were the macro and the submicro levels, although only the macro level was relevant to the student's answers, according to their verbalizations. Finally, qualitative analyses of these illustrations are also presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study employs eye-tracking techniques to analyse the impact of various wine tourism advertisements on consumers. We utilized the social network Facebook, given the resemblance between its users and those engaging in wine tourism. We scrutinized posts commonly employed by companies to endorse wine tourism, contrasting images of landscapes, individuals, and wineries. Participants' interaction with the platform was factored in to scrutinize the attention and recall elicited by each advertisement. Findings unveil that images featuring individuals are more attention-grabbing for promoting wine tourism. Furthermore, the correlation between engagement and users' attention and recall was established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dorling map, a special type of thematic map, is a widely employed tool for visualizing geospatial statistical data. It transforms regions into circles with areas proportionate to statistical values while endeavoring to maintain regional spatial relationships. Notably, two types of Dorling maps emerge, distinguished by their consideration of regional continuity: continuous and discontinuous Dorling maps. However, as of yet, the discrepancies between these two types remain inconclusive. In this paper, we employ an eye‐tracking method to investigate the efficacy of Dorling maps in two common application scenarios, namely unpurposed browsing tasks and purposeful reading tasks. To this end, we administer tasks involving region search, attribute comparison/recognition/memory, conditional selection, relationship judgment, summary, and subjective evaluation. Subsequently, we perform a statistical analysis of the eye movement data of participants when they complete the above tasks in the continuous and discontinuous Dorling maps. The results indicate that the discontinuous Dorling maps are significantly better than the continuous ones in interpretation time for forward and reverse region search, selecting conditions, and judging adjacent relationships. Continuous Dorling maps significantly outperform discontinuous maps in terms of search efficiency during attribute comparison. Moreover, continuous maps significantly outperformed discontinuous maps in terms of cognitive supplementation or reprocessing of previous regions during conditional selection. This study can help users choose the right form of Dorling map visualization according to their needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When lab resources are shared among multiple research projects, issues such as experimental integrity, replicability, and data safety become important. Different research projects often need different software and settings that may well conflict with one another, and data collected for one project may not be safeguarded from exposure to researchers from other projects. In this paper we provide an infrastructure design and an open-source tool, labManager, that render multi-user lab facilities in the behavioral sciences accessible to research projects with widely varying needs. The solutions proposed ensure ease of management while simultaneously offering maximum flexibility by providing research projects with fully separated bare metal environments. This solution also ensures that collected data is kept separate, and compliant with relevant ethical standards and regulations such as General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) legislation. Furthermore, we discuss preconditions for running shared lab facilities and provide practical advice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social hierarchical information impacts language comprehension. Nevertheless, the specific process underlying the integration of linguistic and extralinguistic sources of social hierarchical information has not been identified. For example, the Chinese social hierarchical verb 赡养, /shan4yang3/, 'support: provide for the needs and comfort of one's elders', only allows its Agent to have a lower social status than the Patient. Using eye-tracking, we examined the precise time course of the integration of these semantic selectional restrictions of Chinese social hierarchical verbs and extralinguistic social hierarchical information during natural reading. A 2 (Verb Type: hierarchical vs. non-hierarchical) × 2 (Social Hierarchy Sequence: match vs. mismatch) design was constructed to investigate the effect of the interaction on early and late eye-tracking measures. Thirty-two participants (15 males; age range: 18–24 years) read sentences and judged the plausibility of each sentence. The results showed that violations of semantic selectional restrictions of Chinese social hierarchical verbs induced shorter first fixation duration but longer regression path duration and longer total reading time on sentence-final nouns (NP2). These differences were absent under non-hierarchical conditions. The results suggest that a mismatch between linguistic and extralinguistic social hierarchical information is immediately detected and processed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The embodied view of semantic processing holds that readers achieve reading comprehension through mental simulation of the objects and events described in the narrative. However, it remains unclear whether and how the encoding of linguistic factors in narrative descriptions impacts narrative semantic processing. This study aims to explore this issue under the narrative context with and without perspective shift, which is an important and common linguistic factor in narratives. A sentence-picture verification paradigm combined with eye-tracking measures was used to explore the issue. The results showed that (1) the inter-role perspective shift made the participants' to evenly allocate their first fixation to different elements in the scene following the new perspective; (2) the internal–external perspective shift increased the participants' total fixation count when they read the sentence with the perspective shift; (3) the scene detail depicted in the picture did not influence the process of narrative semantic processing. These results suggest that perspective shift can disrupt the coherence of situation model and increase the cognitive load of readers during reading. Moreover, scene detail could not be constructed by readers in natural narrative reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye-tracking technology was used to assess aesthetic surgical outcomes in transgender and gender diverse patients who are assigned female at birth and who seek gender affirming chest surgery. Post-surgery, observers focused more on scars than on the nipple-areolar complex. Ratings for similarity to cis-male chests significantly increased. This series highlights the objective evaluation of visual perception and masculinity assessments using eye-tracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Judging the emotional nature of a scene requires us to deliberately integrate pieces of evidence with varying intensities of emotion. Our existing knowledge about emotion‐related perceptual decision‐making is largely based on paradigms using single stimulus and, when involving multiple stimuli, rapid decisions. Consequently, it remains unclear how we sample and integrate multiple pieces of emotional evidence deliberately to form an overall judgment. Findings from non‐emotion rapid decision‐making studies show humans down‐sample and downweight extreme evidence. However, deliberate decision‐making may rely on a different attention mode than in rapid decision‐making; and extreme emotional stimuli are inherently salient. Given these critical differences, it is imperative to directly examine the deliberate decision‐making process about multiple emotional stimuli. In the current study, human participants (N = 33) viewed arrays of faces with expressions ranging from extremely fearful to extremely happy freely with their eye movement tracked. They then decided whether the faces were more fearful or happier on average. In contrast to conclusions drawn from non‐emotion and rapid decision‐making studies, eye movement measures revealed that participants attentionally sampled extreme emotional evidence more than less extreme evidence. Computational modeling results indicated that even though participants exhibited biased attention distribution, they weighted various emotional evidence equally. These findings provide novel insights into how people sample and integrate multiple pieces of emotional evidence, contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of emotion‐related decision‐making, and shed light on the mechanisms of pathological affective decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract recent experimental evidence suggests a description-experience (D-E) gap in decision making, where rare events are overweighted in decisions from description but underweighted in decisions from experience. However, the robustness of the D-E gap is controversial. The role of sampling error and extreme outcomes on the D-E gap is unclear. To investigate the robustness of the D-E gap, we conducted two eye-tracking experiments to examine the magnitude of the D-E gap when sampling error is excluded and how the extremity of outcomes affects the D-E gap subjects' choices indicated controlling for sampling error, the D-E gap decreased but remained persistent. The fixation rate in description-based tasks was higher than their objective probabilities, but approximately equal to their objective probabilities in experience-based tasks. The impact of extreme outcomes was examined, and the results suggested the D-E gap decreases dramatically or even disappears in the presence of extreme values. Eye movement data suggested a higher fixation rate than its objective probability for extreme outcomes in experience-based tasks, indicating that when the rare event is extreme, it would be overweighted; this effect was not found in the non-extreme values. Our results indicate that the D-E gap is a robust effect, and that the effect is subject to a boundary, i.e., the extremity of the decision outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anxiety can impair the central executive functioning in working memory (WM). Further, the adverse effect of anxiety on the central executive would be greater when threat-related distractors are present. This study investigated the effect of task-irrelevant emotional faces on WM updating in social anxiety. Forty-one socially anxious (SA) and thirty-nine non-anxious (NA) participants completed an emotional face interference n-back task coupled with eye movement recording. The results showed that, in the 2-back task, SA participants had longer reaction times in the angry-neutral and neutral-neutral interference conditions than in the no-interference condition, whereas NA participants had longer reaction times in the happy-neutral and neutral-neutral interference conditions than in the no-interference condition. In addition, SA participants initially fixated on angry faces more frequently and spent more time looking at them, whereas NA participants initially fixated on happy faces more frequently and spent more time looking at them. This study suggests that attentional bias towards social threats reduces the efficiency rather than effectiveness of WM updating in social anxiety. Moreover, SA individuals are better at resisting interference from task-irrelevant positive stimuli, while NA individuals are better at resisting interference from task-irrelevant threatening stimuli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic caused dashboards to become widely used by the public and decision-makers. Nevertheless, dashboard interfaces have been related to business intelligence since their origins, and the search for improvements in their design is not new. This article's objective is to conduct a user evaluation of COVID-19 dashboards that contain geospatial information. This is done through a formative study to identify problematic aspects of user/dashboard interaction. This is enhanced by comparing two self-developed dashboards that, according to previous tests, have functionalities with different appearances. User evaluation is performed through mixed research that combines objective (eye-tracking) and subjective (a questionnaire and an interview) methods. The results generate recommendations for better-designed dashboard interfaces that can transfer information appropriately. The vital elements needed to achieve this are interactivity, the option to choose the metrics, and the distribution of the elements in the layout, all playing a role in a more user-friendly interaction between the user and the dashboard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye-tracking data can be used to understand how users interact with web pages. Understanding the eye-movement sequences of multiple users is a challenging task because the sequence followed by each user tends to be different. Scanpath Trend Analysis (STA) brings multiple individual eye-movement sequences together and identifies a representative sequence as a trending path. However, eye-tracking data on a web page is required to determine the trending path. Our aim here is to investigate whether we can train Machine Learning (ML) algorithms to identify trending elements on a web page without collecting eye-tracking data on that web page. This article presents our experiments with different ML classification algorithms towards achieving that goal. To validate the experiments, we used two datasets from previous research, the first one included browsing and searching tasks and the second one included browsing and synthesis tasks. Our experiments show that the k-nearest neighbors algorithm (KNN) model can successfully identify the trending elements in the first dataset for both browsing (F1= ≈ 91%) and searching tasks (F1= ≈ 88%). However, the second dataset's synthesis task results were not as successful as its browsing task results. Our work here shows that a model can be created to predict the trending elements in web pages solely with web page features but the task is a critical factor in the success of prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In spite of offering clear benefits and increased availability, relatively few service research studies rely on eye-tracking. Therefore, this paper aims to assist service researchers in harnessing the vast capabilities of eye-tracking technologies and methods for their own inquiries. Design/methodology/approach: In addition to systematically reviewing extant research in the service domain and the wider marketing field with respect to the fundamentals and practices of eye-tracking, this paper presents a concise, empirical eye-tracking demonstration. These contributions suggest future outlooks for how to incorporate eye-tracking more effectively in service research. Findings: The systematic literature review informs a comprehensive framework for integrating eye-tracking in service research that comprises research question focus regarding higher-order psychological constructs of interest, appropriate study settings, sample composition, optimal eye-tracking equipment and operationalization considerations. Research limitations/implications: By establishing a common ground and recommended uses of eye-tracking for service research, this study equips service scholars with the knowledge they need regarding eye-tracking fundamentals, common practices and future outlooks. A simple, empirical example further demonstrates some options for unlocking the unique capabilities of eye-tracking in service research and uncovering the complexities inherent to service experiences and other core service concepts. Originality/value: This paper compiles and contextualizes insights from existing eye-tracking research, which it uses to draw important lessons for deploying eye-tracking in service domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During mental rotation tasks, it is assumed that participants visualize a rotation of objects in their minds (internal visualization), but mental rotation has also been linked to the visible rotation of objects on a screen (external visualization). The angular disparity in mental rotation also influences postural sway, the movements of the body center. Postural sway is thus suspected as one type of indirect measurement of the rotation process. We compare the external visualization of rotation with the suspected internal visualization during mental rotation tasks. We suspect both are similar and thus produce a comparable effect on postural sway. Methods: One hundred and fifty participants completed three rotation tasks with cube figures, two of which were aided by external visualization. Their center of pressure was measured throughout. The effects of external visualization, angular disparity, and their interaction on postural sway were compared using Bayesian statistics and a decision boundary of 3 or 1/3. Results and discussion: The results indicate no differences between conditions for all postural sway parameters. We observe differences between conditions in cognitive load and reaction time. However, as these partially also differ between the two external visualization conditions and do not transfer to differences between the postural sway parameters, the underlying processes in the three conditions are likely similar. Our results support the notion that the visualization of rotation is central to postural sway during mental rotation. This further supports that the rotation process of the external visualization and mental rotation are similar and thus that stimuli are indeed rotated mentally during mental rotation tasks. Our results further support that the common process between mental and manual rotation lies in the visualization instead of mental rotation being an imagined motor action. Because visual control and feedback play an essential role in many motor tasks, the results could also be of further interest for a more general link between motor and cognitive tasks and bidirectional benefits through the construction of visual similarities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Depression is often characterized by a persistent sense of failure. Cognitive theories of depression suggest that depressed individuals may exhibit a maladaptive cognitive style, characterized by increased self-focus following personal failure. The validity of this proposition, however, is yet to be fully examined. This study aimed to identify the relation between symptoms in major depressive disorder and increased self-focus in failure situations. Methods: This clinical study involved a cohort of 30 patients diagnosed with and treated for depression. We used an eye-tracking paradigm to observe and analyze gaze direction – indicative of either self-focus or self-avoidance – after remembering a significant failure event. Results: Contrary to the maladaptive cognitive style hypothesis, a majority of the depressed participants demonstrated an inclination towards self-avoidance following failure. Nevertheless, approximately 30% of the patient group – those with the highest scores of guilt, punishment, and self-blame – displayed a self-focused attentional bias post-failure. Conclusions: The presence of a maladaptive self-focusing style may be confined to severely depressed patients with high levels of guilt, punishment, and self-blame. These findings could have substantial clinical implications, as attention bias modification interventions could be particularly beneficial for this subgroup of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Emotional stimuli affected neural responses during natural shifts of attention. • Neural processing of emotions started earlier during natural shifts of attention. • Saccade latency differed between natural shifts of attention and instructed shifts. • Saccade latency was not modulated by emotional content. In daily life, individuals pay attention to emotional facial expressions and dynamically choose how to shift their attention, i.e. either overtly (with eye-movements) or covertly (without eye-movements). However, research on attention to emotional faces has mostly been conducted in controlled laboratory settings, in which people were instructed where to look. The current preregistered study co-registered EEG and eye-tracking to investigate differences in emotion-driven attention between instructed and uninstructed natural attention shifts in 48 adults. While a central stimulus was presented to the participant, a face appeared in the periphery, showing either a happy, neutral or an angry expression. In three counterbalanced blocks participants were instructed to either move their eyes overtly to the peripheral face, keep fixating the center and therefore covertly shift their attention, or freely look wherever they would like to look. We found that emotional content had stronger effects on the amplitude of the Early Posterior Negativity when participants shifted attention naturally, and that natural shifts of attention differed from instructed shifts in both saccade behavior and neural mechanisms. In summary, our results emphasize the importance of investigating modulation of attention using paradigms that allow participants to allocate their attention naturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Systematic literature review of 35 articles using eye-tracking in cycling experiments. • Gaze metrics offer insights into factors influencing cycling behavior and assess mental workload/stress from a cyclist-centered perspective. • Examination of eye-tracking device selection and gaze metric adoption/interpretation in relation to research objectives. • The diversity in gaze metrics design and interpretation highlights the need for standardization to facilitate cross-study comparisons. With improved portability and affordability, eye tracking devices have facilitated an expanding range of cycling experiments aimed at understanding cycling behavior and potential risks. Given the complexity of cyclists' visual behavior and gaze measurements, we provide a comprehensive review with three key focuses: 1) the adoption and interpretation of various gaze metrics derived from cycling experiments, 2) a summary of the findings of those experiments, and 3) identifying areas for future research. A systematic review of three databases yielded thirty-five articles that met our inclusion criteria. Our review results show that cycling experiments with eye tracking allow analysis of the viewpoint of the cyclist and reactions to the built environment, road conditions, navigation behavior, and mental workload and/or stress levels. Our review suggests substantial variation in research objectives and the consequent selection of eye-tracking devices, experimental design, and which gaze metrics are used and interpreted. A variety of general gaze metrics and gaze measurements related to Areas of Interest (AOI) are applied to infer cyclists' mental workload/stress levels and attention allocation respectively. The diversity of gaze metrics reported in the literature makes cross-study comparisons difficult. Areas for future research, especially potential integration with computer vision are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regular moderate–vigorous intensity exercise is recommended for adults as it can improve longevity and reduce health risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle. However, there are barriers to achieving intense exercise that may be addressed using virtual reality (VR) as a tool to promote exercise intensity and adherence, particularly through visual feedback and competition. The purpose of this work is to compare visual feedback and competition within fully immersive VR to enhance exercise intensity and user experience of exercise for young adults; and to describe and compare visual attention during each of the conditions. Methods: Young adults (21–34 years old) bicycled in three 5 min VR conditions (visual feedback, self-competition, and competition against others). Exercise intensity (cycling cadence and % of maximum heart rate) and visual attention (derived from a wearable eye tracking sensor) were measured continuously. User experience was measured by an intrinsic motivation questionnaire, perceived effort, and participant preference. A repeated-measures ANOVA with paired t-test post hoc tests was conducted to detect differences between conditions. Results: Participants exercised at a higher intensity and had higher intrinsic motivation in the two competitive conditions compared to visual feedback. Further, participants preferred the competitive conditions and only reached a vigorous exercise intensity during self-competition. Visual exploration was higher in visual feedback compared to self-competition. Conclusions: For young adults bicycling in VR, competition promoted higher exercise intensity and motivation compared to visual feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The Trail Making Test in Virtual Reality (TMT-VR) provides a highly adaptable and immersive tool for cognitive and neuropsychological assessments. Its application extends beyond traditional clinical settings, offering potential use in remote assessments, telemedicine, and longitudinal studies that require repeated measures. The fully automated, randomized, and naturalistic environment of the TMT-VR ensures precise and consistent evaluation across diverse populations, making it particularly useful for assessing cognitive functions in older adults, individuals with neurological conditions, and populations with limited technological exposure. Additionally, the TMT-VR could serve as a valuable tool in cognitive rehabilitation programs, where immersive and engaging tasks are crucial for patient motivation and adherence. However, validation studies are required for scrutinizing its utility in older adults, clinical populations, and settings. Virtual Reality (VR) is increasingly used in neuropsychological assessments due to its ability to simulate real-world environments. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the Trail Making Test in VR (TMT-VR) and investigate the effects of different interaction modes and gaming skills on cognitive performance. A total of 71 young female and male adults (aged 18–35) with high and low gaming skills participated in this study. Participants completed the TMT-VR using three interaction modes as follows: eye-tracking, head movement, and controller. Performance metrics included task completion time and accuracy. User experience, usability, and acceptability of TMT-VR were also examined. Results showed that both eye tracking and head movement modes significantly outperformed the controller in terms of task completion time and accuracy. No significant differences were found between eye tracking and head movement modes. Gaming skills did not significantly influence task performance using any interaction mode. The TMT-VR demonstrates high usability, acceptability, and user experience among participants. The findings suggest that VR-based assessments can effectively measure cognitive performance without being influenced by prior gaming skills, indicating potential applicability for diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Understanding the complex and dynamic nature of experiences requires the use of proper measurement tools. As interest grows in the objective measurement of experiences within tourism and hospitality, there is an urgent need to consolidate and synthesize these studies. Thus, this study investigated prevalent objective measurement techniques via a systematic review. We analyzed physiological measures such as electroencephalography (EEG), heart rate variability (HRV), skin conductance (SC), and facial electromyography (fEMG) along with behavioral measures, including eye tracking and location tracking. This review identified 100 empirical studies that employed objective measurement to examine tourism and hospitality experiences over the last decade, highlighting trends, research contexts and designs, and the synergies between different methods. Our discussion on methodological issues and best practices will help researchers and practitioners identify the best tools to capture people's experiences and promote more standardized practices and comparable findings on studying experiences in tourism and hospitality settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explored the facial impressions of attractiveness, dominance and sexual dimorphism using experimental and computational methods. In Study 1, we generated face images with manipulated morphological features using geometric morphometrics. In Study 2, we conducted eye tracking and impression evaluation experiments using these images to examine how facial features influence impression evaluations and explored differences based on the sex of the face images and participants. In Study 3, we employed deep learning methods, specifically using gradient‐weighted class activation mapping (Grad‐CAM), an explainable artificial intelligence (AI) technique, to extract important features for each impression using the face images and impression evaluation results from Studies 1 and 2. The findings revealed that eye‐tracking and deep learning use different features as cues. In the eye‐tracking experiments, attention was focused on features such as the eyes, nose and mouth, whereas the deep learning analysis highlighted broader features, including eyebrows and superciliary arches. The computational approach using explainable AI suggests that the determinants of facial impressions can be extracted independently of visual attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention in social interactions is directed by social cues such as the face or eye region of an interaction partner. Several factors that influence these attentional biases have been identified in the past. However, most findings are based on paradigms with static stimuli and no interaction potential. Therefore, the current study investigated the influence of one of these factors, namely facial affect in natural social interactions using an evaluated eye-tracking setup. In a sample of 35 female participants, we examined how individuals' gaze behavior responds to changes in the facial affect of an interaction partner trained in affectmodulation. Our goal was to analyze the effects on attention to facial features and to investigate their temporal dynamics in a natural social interaction. The study results, obtained fromboth aggregated and dynamic analyses, indicate that facial affect has only subtle influences on gaze behavior during social interactions. In a sample with high measurement precision, these findings highlight the difficulties of capturing the subtleties of social attention in more naturalistic settings. The methodology used in this study serves as a foundation for future research on social attention differences in more ecologically valid scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study utilized eye-tracking techniques to investigate decision-making behavior in intertemporal loss scenarios under both time pressure and no time pressure conditions. Results revealed shorter decision-making times and decreased large later (LL) option selection frequency under time pressure. Participants under time pressure exhibited reduced Mean Fixation Duration (MFD) and Search Measure (SM) values, indicating altered information processing. Mediation analyses confirmed that task choice outcomes were influenced by SM and MFD, suggesting a shift towards heuristic decision-making under time pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIndividuals with color vision deficiency (CVD) face many difficulties and limitations in their daily lives and professional activities, some of which may prove life-threatening. These negative factors necessitate the development of methods for the identification and classification of CVD. Because CVD is a vision impairment, it is crucial to determine if its presence can be predicted with eye behavior. An experiment was conducted using a driving simulator and eye-tracking glasses. The experiment included 27 people with CVD (12 with deuteranopia, 9 with deuteranomaly, 3 with protanopia, and 3 with protanomaly) and 10 people with normal color vision. Each participant performed multiple driving attempts with color-coded guidelines on the navigator to assess visual search ability. Based on data recorded by an eye tracker, the following three types of cross-validated models were developed: binary classification (presence and absence of CVD), a three-class model to recognize the absence of CVD, protanopia, and deuteranopia, and a five-class model to predict the absence of CVD, deuteranopia, deuteranomaly, protanopia, and protanomaly. These three models yielded respective accuracy levels of over 95%, 66%–78%, and 43%–52%. Overall, it was found that eye-tracking metrics have the potential to classify and predict CVD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mini-map as a world map in miniature format is often used as the most important cartographic element to facilitate the navigation and orientation of users in virtual geographical space. It provides detailed information about the position, orientation, nearby objects or terrain around the user in a compact and comprehensive way. The authors of this article wanted to find out whether the mini-map helps users with different levels of knowledge about the game to understand and interpret spatial situations that occur when playing in the virtual geographical space. The study was conducted in the form of an offline survey that required respondents to watch five short videos depicting different spatial situations during the League of Legends game. The 60 respondents were divided into 3 different groups whose responses were analyzed using statistical tests and mini-map heatmap eye-tracking analysis. The results of the study confirm that there is a correlation between the mini-map and the correctness of the interpretation of spatial situations in the game in all groups investigated. Previous gaming experiences were found to reduce the need to use a mini-map to interpret spatial situations, proving that video games provide players with comprehensive information about various events on the user interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human-machine co-driving presents a significant hurdle in automated driving system. The takeover process in automated driving system involves complex human factors, failure to takeover the vehicle and control driving behavior during the takeover process may lead to severe traffic safety hazards. An augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD) takeover assistance information can provide real-time assistance information to the driving environment, enhancing drivers' situation awareness (SA) and takeover decisions in highly automated driving system. This study investigated the impact of different AR-HUD types of takeover assistance information display. Three AR-HUD types, corresponding to the three pre-takeover behavioral processes (perception, understanding, and prediction), were evaluated: PSR (assistance in perceiving the source of risk), AS (assistance in analyzing situations), and MD (assistance in making decisions). The baseline (without assistance information) was used as the control group. In a driving simulation experiment using 360° panoramic video, seventy-nine participants performed SA assessment and visual tracking tasks. Questionnaire and eye-tracking data indicated that the type of AR-HUD displayed positively influenced drivers' SA and takeover decisions, with AS being the most effective in enhancing SA and improving takeover performance. Additionally, this study compared the differences between the three types of AR-HUD and the baseline under two takeover request lead times (TORlt) of 5 seconds and 7 seconds. It was found that drivers' SA was lower when TORlt was shorter (with the corresponding AR-HUD display also being shorter). This study provides insight concerning the impact of various types of AR-HUD takeover assistance information display and TORlt on driving safety. The findings support the further optimization of AR-HUD takeover assistance information design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe effect of video captions on vocabulary acquisition is a growing topic of interest among L2 researchers. Expanding on this line of inquiry, this study explores how keyword captions enhanced with first language (L1) and second language (L2) glosses (i.e. definitions or brief explanations of unfamiliar words) impact L2 learners’ vocabulary acquisition. This study involved 101 Korean undergraduate students randomly assigned to a baseline (keyword caption only), L1 gloss (keyword caption + L1 gloss), or L2 gloss (keyword caption + L2 gloss) group. The participants viewed a video that corresponded to their group, during which their eye movements were tracked and recorded. Subsequently, the participants completed two vocabulary tests assessing word form and meaning recall. Linear mixed-effects analysis revealed that keyword captions with L1 and L2 glosses resulted in distinct attentional allocation and contributed differently to lexical acquisition. Notably, although the three groups spent similar durations reading the target word forms, the L1 gloss group significantly outperformed the other two groups in word form recall scores. Furthermore, although the L2 gloss group spent three times longer reading L2 glosses compared to the time the L1 gloss group spent reading L1 glosses, the latter had significantly higher scores in the form translation test. These findings have significant implications for L2 pedagogy, particularly regarding the choice between target-language-exclusive or bilingual approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a pressing need for studies of large sample sizes and variable age ranges to delineate the mechanism underlying reduced visual attention to biological motion in autism. Here we focused on the basic movement of the eyes or mouth in guiding attention. The stimuli face blinked continuously or moved the mouth silently. In a large sample (145 autistic and 132 non-autistic participants) ranging from 3 to 17 years old, we assessed whether autistic participants showed reduced visual attention to basic movement of the eyes or mouth using a free-viewing eye-tracking task. We found that, like non-autistic participants, autistic participants increased their eye-looking time when viewing the blinking face and increased mouth-looking time when viewing the mouth-moving face. Furthermore, these effects were stable across ages, suggesting the presence of a developmentally stable attentional capture by basic face movements in both groups. We also found that autistic participants looked less at basic face movement than non-autistic participants. Our results suggest that autistic children and adolescents could modulate their visual attention to the basic face movements, but their modulation effect is weaker than non-autistic participants. These results further our understanding of the mechanism underlying visual attention-to-face movement in autistic people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on second language (L2) pronoun use in null-argument languages has traditionally focused on whether or not a speaker's first language (L1) also allows null pronouns. However, recent studies have pointed out that it is equally important to consider the specific linguistic properties of overt pronouns in the L1 and L2, which may differ even across two null-argument languages. This study investigates the interpretation and processing of overt pronouns in Japanese by speakers whose L1 (English) and L2 (Japanese) differ not only in whether they allow null arguments, but also in the relative involvement of structural and pragmatic constraints on overt pronoun interpretation. This combination of languages is particularly interesting because English and Japanese overt third-person subject pronouns can be considered at extreme ends of a spectrum: in English they are largely structurally constrained and show a consistent preference for a local subject antecedent, while in Japanese they are loosely constrained by pragmatic factors and show no consistent interpretation preference. Both interpretation and eye-tracking data is recorded, with results suggesting that the unique nature of overt pronouns in Japanese, including their rarity in the input, leads to partial knowledge of them on the lexical level rather than implicating the larger syntactic system or syntax–pragmatics interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study aimed to examine elements that affect time to ad recognition on social media including ad types and disclosure repetition. Additionally, this study examined the influence of time to ad recognition on consequence advertising effectiveness including ad attention and ad clicks. An experiment with an eye-tracker was conducted. Findings showed that consumers spend longer time to recognize native ads than display ads, but disclosure limits its role in ad recognition. Findings implied that the difficulty to identify native ads enhances ad effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eye-tracking is emerging as a tool for researchers to better understand cognition and behavior. However, it is possible that experiment participants adjust their behavior when they know their eyes are being tracked. This potential change would be considered a type of Hawthorne effect, in which participants alter their behavior in response to being watched and could potentially compromise the outcomes and conclusions of experimental studies that use eye tracking. We examined whether eye-tracking produced Hawthorne effects in six commonly used psychological scales and five behavioral tasks. The dependent measures were selected because they are widely used and cited and because they involved measures of sensitive topics, including gambling behavior, racial bias, undesirable personality characteristics, or because they require working memory or executive attention resources, which might be affected by Hawthorne effects. The only task where Hawthorne effects manifested was the mixed gambles task, in which participants accepted or rejected gambles involving a 50/50 chance of gaining or losing different monetary amounts. Participants in the eye-tracking condition accepted fewer gambles that were low in expected value, and they also took longer to respond for these low-value gambles. These results suggest that eye-tracking is not likely to produce Hawthorne effects in most common psychology laboratory tasks, except for those involving risky decisions where the probability of the outcomes from each choice are known. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how consumer characteristics affect their actual visual attention to models in fashion advertisements. A total of 120 college students in the US participated in this study. Eye-tracking technology and a follow-up survey were employed to analyze participants’ visual attention and responses. The research questions were addressed through heatmap results and ANOVA results. The findings compared the responses of participants from various groups and indicated that men’s attention is more focused, while women’s attention is more extensive. In addition, participants of different ethnicities exhibited various viewing patterns, with a tendency to focus on models representing their skin tone. The results offer valuable insights for fashion retailers seeking to develop effective advertising strategies tailored to their target market, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of their fashion advertisements. Furthermore, this study contributes to the existing body of literature on eye-tracking in fashion research and provides suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since autonomous vehicles (AV) are in the testing process, it is an open question of how pedestrians will communicate with self-driving cars. Nowadays, explicit communication pattern is the main way of pedestrian-driver interaction, however, AV may use implicit communication when making crossing decisions. This study aims to analyze pedestrians' gaze behavior when crossing the road using an eye camera and find the most applicable location for the LED interface on AVs. 10 pedestrian crossings in Gyor, Hungary were analyzed using the synchronized eye-tracking (ET) technology and regular video cameras for combined data processing. The data were analyzed using digital image processing techniques and statistical methods to identify where pedestrians looked and whether a pedestrian-driver interaction was captured during the crossing maneuver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bilingual acquisition research has so far focused on comparisons with monolingual children in terms of linguistic features, performance on standardised tests, input, etc. In contrast, new methodologies, such as eye-tracking, can offer a more detailed understanding of the way bilinguals use both language systems. Eye fixations provide evidence of online processing. This study investigates spoken word recognition in children and adults. Word retrieval is affected by the number of words that minimally differ from the target (neighbourhood). Previous research found that only bilingual adults activated a similar-sounding competitor from the other language. As children have been found to be sensitive to neighbourhood density from quite early in previous research, similar results might be expected. This study includes 56 subjects (11 German–English bilingual and 12 English monolingual children, aged 8; 21 English monolingual and 12 German–English bilingual adults). The subjects' online processing of competing items for high- and low-density targets was compared. The results confirm that neighbourhood density affects word recognition in adults and children. The bilingual children activated same-language competitors as well as similar-sounding competitors from the other language. Adults and children differed in terms of latencies, and the monolinguals were more accurate than the bilingual subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban densification continues unabated, even as the possible consequences for users’ eye-level experiences remain unknown. This study addresses these consequences. In a laboratory setting, images of the NDSM wharf were shown to university students primed for one of three user groups: residents, visitors and passers-by. Their visual experiences were recorded using eye-tracking and analyzed in combination with surveys on self-reported appreciation and restorativeness. On-site surveys were also administered among real users. The results reveal distinct eye-movement patterns that point to the influence of environmental roles and tasks and how architectural qualities steer people’s visual experience, valence and restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of layout order on the complexity of the dashboard interface based on screen-based eye trackers. By simplifying and abstracting dashboard interfaces and incorporating subjective ratings (symmetry and unity calculations), we successfully manipulated the levels of complexity and layout order of the interface materials. Using four types of eye movement data (total fixation count, total gaze duration, scanning paths, and hotspot maps) and behavioral data, we compared participants' visual search behavior on interfaces with different layout orders and complexity levels. Experiment 1 revealed a significant interaction between layout order and interface complexity, with participants performing significantly better in the high-level layout order condition. Experiment 2 confirmed that the position of the core chart plays a crucial role in users' visual search behavior and that the optimal layout order for the dashboard is to place the core chart on the left side of the interface's horizontal axis, with partial symmetry in the no-core chart areas. This study highlights the effectiveness of eye-tracking techniques in user interface design research and provides valuable insights into optimizing dashboard interface design. Designers should adopt the design principle of "order is more" in addition to "less is more" and consider designing the core chart in the left-center position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOver the past three decades, Trust in Automation (TiA) has been the subject of extensive research. However, a large portion of the research takes a “static” approach to modeling trust and views trust as a linear unidirectional phenomenon. This view fails to recognize that trust is a dynamic construct that changes over time as an outcome of prolonged interaction with automation. The present study aims to address this gap and explore the nonlinear dynamic nature of trust by developing a simulation model of Trust in Automation (TiA) that can demonstrate trust evolution, deterioration, and recovery within the context of supervisory control of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS). Employing System Dynamics (SD) approach, the model captures trust’s non-linear and reciprocal nature through dynamic feedback loops, producing behavioral patterns consistent with empirical observations of trust. The simulation results showcase the crucial role of initial trust conditions and the alignment of expectations with system performance in fostering trust and effective automation use. The study also explores the timing of system malfunctions, revealing that early faults have a greater negative impact on trust compared to later faults of the same magnitude. We tested a segment of the proposed model in an experimental study involving 30 human participants to investigate the effects of automation malfunctions on operators’ trust and behavioral responses during the supervisory control of MASS. Results not only validated the proposed model but demonstrated a significant decline in perceived reliability and trust in automation as well as the monitoring strategy after the automation malfunction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A better understanding of the relationship between eye movements required for reading and central visual field loss may facilitate the design of more effective personalized visual rehabilitation programs to improve access to information and quality of life. To determine the impact of central vision loss due to maculopathy on the oculomotor skills required for reading and tasks of varying complexity, eye-tracking technology was used. Case-control study. Participants were 17 cases (61.7 years (SD = 8.8), 12 females and 5 males) and 17 controls, matched for age and sex. Three computer-based tests were administered, analyzing eye fixations, saccadic movements, and visual search, measured with a 60 Hz eye-tracking device. Central vision loss due to maculopathy increases the number of fixations and saccadic movements, indicating more instability in and out of the region of interest. Visual search required more fixations (16.2 ± 10.2 vs. 6.7 ± 1.9), more saccades (11.7 ± 6.4 vs. 3.3 ± 1.9), longer latency (701.3 ± 191.4 ms vs. 315.9 ± 56.0 ms), and longer time to find the target (113.1 ± 76.6 s vs. 18.5 ± 10.1 s). All comparisons between the two groups showed a statistically significant difference (P< 0.05). The results revealed the significant impact of central vision loss due to maculopathy on reading by increasing patterns of eye fixations, saccadic movements, and visual search strategies, as measured by eye-tracking technology. This technology may have high potential to improve the assessment and rehabilitation of people with maculopathy, and this may become key information for designing personalized interventions to improve the quality of life and autonomy of individuals with central vision loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]