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The aim of this study was to characterize the highly detailed fatty acid (FA) profiles of 258 cheeses of 18 different categories of cheese collected in the mountains and on the plains of the Veneto region (Italy). The results clearly showed that, aside from the distinctive FA profiles of goat cheeses (more short-chain FAs and fewer MUFAs), the three categories of Formaggio di Malga (artisanal cheeses produced on temporary summer farms on Alpine pastures where transhumance is practiced) were very different from the other cheese categories in terms of their much higher CLA and omega-3 contents. Two categories of cheese from permanent farms in the mountains (Morlacco del Grappa and Monte Veronese PDO) were intermediate, and two other categories of cheeses originating in the mountains (Asiago PDO and Montasio PDO), but now produced mainly on the plains, were not distinguishable from the other cheese categories. The very detailed profile (65 individual FA, 11 isomers, and 12 groups of FAs) and the large number of cheese types analyzed (18) may represent a useful reference for future investigations, especially on the causes of variability in FAs and on their relationships with sensory properties and nutrition/health in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the effects of including linseeds or hempseeds in the diets of late lactation Murciano-Granadina dairy goats on the nutritional quality of the milk and cheese fat, expressed by the fatty acids profile and the healthy lipid indices. Thirty-six goats were randomly distributed in 3 groups of 12 animals each, according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design, and fed three different diets: group CON (control, with sunflower meal, 11.5% DM basis); group LIN, where sunflower meal was replaced by linseed; and group HMP, where sunflower meal was replaced by hempseeds. The replacement had no effects on the milk yields and the milk protein content as no significant differences were detected among groups. The significant increase of the fat content in the case of the LIN and HMP groups was accompanied by significant decreases in saturated fatty acids concentration and very significant increases in monounsaturated fatty acids. The content of n3 and n6-PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) increased, mainly due to a 4.1 times higher proportion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; C 18:3n-3) in LIN diet milk and a 1.3 times higher proportion of linoleic acid (LA; C 18:2n6c) in HMP diet milk. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; isomer c9, t11) was 1.9 times higher for the LIN diet and 5.05 times higher for the HMP diet. Feeding either linseed or hempseeds contributed to the reduction of the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, increased the hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic ratio as well as the proportion of other desired fatty acids in the milk fat. The improved nutritional quality of milk, which has potentially far-reaching human health benefits, is maintained in cheese through the increase of the n3 and n6-PUFAs, especially for the LIN diet where the n6/n3 ratio decreased significantly, compared with the CON diet (3.62 vs. 6.88). The CLA concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.001) for the HMP cheese compared with the CON diet (1.89% vs. 0.78%). These effects highlight the opportunity of obtaining dairy products with improved nutritional quality using local feed resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the effects of including linseeds or hempseeds in the diets of late lactation Murciano-Granadina dairy goats on the nutritional quality of the milk and cheese fat, expressed by the fatty acids profile and the healthy lipid indices. Thirty-six goats were randomly distributed in 3 groups of 12 animals each, according to a 3 × 3 Latin square design, and fed three different diets: group CON (control, with sunflower meal, 11.5% DM basis); group LIN, where sunflower meal was replaced by linseed; and group HMP, where sunflower meal was replaced by hempseeds. The replacement had no effects on the milk yields and the milk protein content as no significant differences were detected among groups. The significant increase of the fat content in the case of the LIN and HMP groups was accompanied by significant decreases in saturated fatty acids concentration and very significant increases in monounsaturated fatty acids. The content of n3 and n6-PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) increased, mainly due to a 4.1 times higher proportion of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA; C 18:3n-3) in LIN diet milk and a 1.3 times higher proportion of linoleic acid (LA; C 18:2n6c) in HMP diet milk. The conjugated linoleic acid (CLA; isomer c9, t11) was 1.9 times higher for the LIN diet and 5.05 times higher for the HMP diet. Feeding either linseed or hempseeds contributed to the reduction of the atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, increased the hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic ratio as well as the proportion of other desired fatty acids in the milk fat. The improved nutritional quality of milk, which has potentially far-reaching human health benefits, is maintained in cheese through the increase of the n3 and n6-PUFAs, especially for the LIN diet where the n6/n3 ratio decreased significantly, compared with the CON diet (3.62 vs. 6.88). The CLA concentration was significantly higher (p < 0.001) for the HMP cheese compared with the CON diet (1.89% vs. 0.78%). These effects highlight the opportunity of obtaining dairy products with improved nutritional quality using local feed resources.

The fatty acid composition of 24-hour white brined cheese produced from goat's milk from three groups of animals-Bulgarian White Dairy (BWD) breed and its crosses with Anglo-Nubian (BWD x AN) and Togenburg (BWD x TG) breeds during the lactation and the fatty acid composition of the milk fat of the product has been evaluated as a healthy source for human nutrition. Goat white brined cheese at the 24th hour after production, from the three groups of animals is characterized by a high level of saturated fatty acids from 75.52 g/100 g fat at BWD to 76.09 g/100 g fat at BWD x TG breed. MUFAs predominate in purebred goat cheese-24.98 g per100 g fat and MUFA in the crosses of BWD x AN breed-3.32 g/100 g fat. The lipid preventive score is highest in BWD cheese - 53.85 g per 100 g cheese, and the atherogenic and thrombogenic index in BWD x TG breed cheese respectively 2.60 and 2.71. The analysed cheeses at the 24th hour from three goat groups is defined as having low content of TFA according to Regulation (EC) No1924/2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to examine samples of different market original sheep cow and goat cheeses, in respect of the content and profile of FA with special emphasis on health-promoting FA. The content of fatty acids in the examined cheeses was highly differentiated and depended on the sort and type of cheese. The content of fatty acid groups in milk fat varied within the limits: SFA, 55.2–67.2%; SCSFA, 10.9–23.4%; BCFA, 1.6–2.9%; MUFA, 15.2–23.4%; PUFA, 1.9–4.3%; trans-MUFA, 1.8–6.0%; and CLA, 1.0–3.1%. From among the examined cheeses, the seasonal sheep cheeses (Oscypek) and mountain cow cheeses were characterized by the highest content of health-promoting fatty acids. The content of health-promoting fatty acids in the fat fraction of these cheeses was CLA 2.1–3.1%, trans-MUFA 3.5–6%, BCFA 2.7–2.9%, and SCSFA 12–18%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, approximate compositions, fatty acid (FA) composition and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of commercial cheeses (n=13) produced predominantly with goat milk in Turkey were determined. FA compositions of cheeses were similar. Major short and medium chain FAs in cheese samples included butyric, caproic and caprylic acids, respectively, according to their relative presence rates. Palmitic, oleic, myristic, stearic, lauric, linoleic and palmitoleic acids were found as the major long chain FAs in all cheese samples while palmitic, myristic and stearic acids were the major saturated FAs in a decreasing order. Palmitic acid was the major FA in cheeses while oleic acid was the dominant unsaturated FA. The ratio of lauric to capric acid was lower than 0.78 in all cheese samples. The range for the total CLA contents of cheese samples was from 1.79 to 4.83 mg/g fat. The highest CLA content was determined in a white cheese sample produced by a mixture of goat (70%) and cow (30%) milk while the lowest value was detected in an Ezine cheese sample produced by a mixture of goat (50%), sheep (45%) and cow (5%) milk. Especially, two white cheeses with a high CLA content could significantly contribute to the daily CLA intake of consumers. Results indicated that commercial cheese samples produced in Turkey had a high variability in their CLA contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty lactating Hungarian native goats were randomly divided into two groups to evaluate the effect of extensive grazing on the somatic cell counts (SCC), composition and fatty acid profile of milk and semi-hard cheese. The following important nutritional indices of goat milk and cheese fat were calculated: atherogenic index (AI), health-promoting index (HPI), hypercholesterolemic saturated fatty acids (HFA), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (H/H), linoleic acid/α-linolenic acid ratio (LA/ALA) and thrombogenicity index (TI). The experimental period lasted for 38 days, encompassing the first four weeks as the period of adaptation to the natural pasture and the last ten days as the experimental period. The extensive grazing resulted in significantly higher concentrations of rumenic acid and lower n-6/n-3 ratio in milk (0.49 vs 0.67%, P < 0.01; 3.97 vs 1.49, P < 0.001) and in cheese (0.44 vs 0.63%, P < 0.001; 3.96 vs 1.54, P < 0.001). The extensive grazing significantly decreased the AI, HFA and LA/ALA, but on the other hand, increased the HPI and H/H indices in goat milk and cheese, respectively. The study results suggest that consumers have greater nutraceutical benefits from consuming milk and cheese from goats kept on natural pasture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Twenty multiparous Hungarian native goats (71 days in milk) were randomly allocated to two treatment groups. The animals were balanced for parity, and time of kidding. The control and experimental goats (n=10 in both groups) were kept indoors and were fed with 1.5 kg alfalfa hay, while the control animals received daily 600 g concentrate. The experimental group was fed with the same amount of hay and concentrate, and additionaly 15 g dried Schizochytrium limacinum marine alga supplementation. The investigation period lasted 31 days; the first 21 days was the period of adaptation to the marine algae enriched diet and the last 10 days was the samples collecting period. During the last 10 days, pooled milk samples were collected for cheese processing every two days, and 5-5 cheese samples were prepared from each groups. The cheese samples were selected for 4-week-ripening period, and they were frozen and stored at -20°C until further analysis. Fat, dry matter and fatty acid profile of them were determined. The Schizochytrium limacinum marine alga supplementation resulted in significantly higher concentrations of rumenic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the cheese samples (0.35% vs 0.03%; P < 0.001; 0.44% vs 0.82%; P < 0.001). Consumers could have benefit from cheese produced by marine alga supplemented animals' milk due to increasing of rumenic acid and DHA acid concentration, which improves the human health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of oilseeds and their cakes to the diets of lactating dairy goats is an alternative to supplemental feeding, which improves the lipid profile of goat cheeses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a diet containing extruded linseed or pumpkin seed cake on the fatty acid profile of semi-hard cheese made from goat milk. The research was carried out with 28 French Alpine goats fed the following diets: 1—basal diet based on extruded soybean and soybean meal; 2—basal diet with 90 g/kg DM extruded linseed (ELS); and 3—basal diet with 160 g/kg DM pumpkin seed cake (PSC). Bulk milk from three separated milk tanks at three samplings was used for the manufacture of four traditional semi-hard cheeses from each milk tank at each sampling on the family farm. The ELS and PSC diets increased fat content in the cheese. The ELS feeding increased the proportion of C18:1 c9, C18:2 c9t11, and C18:3 n-3 in cheese and lowered C8:0, C6:0, and C16:0, while PSC resulted in the highest C18:2 n-6 proportions in the cheese. The health-promoting index was the highest in the cheese of ELS. The ELS had a contribution to higher nutritional and health quality of semi-hard traditional goat cheeses, thus representing a food with health-promoting properties.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary integration with extruded linseed (EL) on fatty acid (FA) and aromatic profile of goat cheese after 60 (T60) days of ripening. Methods: Thirty goats were divided in two groups. The control group (CG) was fed with conventional diet, whereas the experimental group (EL+) was fed with conventional diet supplemented with 10% of EL. Milk samples were collected on 30 and 60 days of trial to determinate chemical-nutritional composition and FA profile. At the end of experiment, six cheese-making sessions (3 for each group) were carried out using a pooled milk sample obtained from the 15 goats of each group. At 60 days of ripening, cheeses were analyzed for chemical-nutritional composition, FA and aromatic profile. Results: An increase in the milk production, protein, fat and lactose were evidenced in the EL+ goats. Conversely, a reduction of somatic cells was observed in the EL+ compared with the CG. However, no variation was observed for urea and casein levels content in milk samples, and no changes in protein and lipid content were found for cheeses in the two experimental groups. Dietary supplementation with EL modified the FA profile of milk. There was a decrease in saturated FAs and an increase in polyunsaturated FAs. Chemical composition of T60 cheese did not differ between the two groups but a different FA profile was observed. In T60 cheese obtained from EL+ milk, an increase in short-chain FA and a decrease in medium and long-chain FA were observed. The EL diet led to cheeses with butanoic acid 2 times higher compared to CG cheeses. Moreover, a greater presence of aldehyde compounds and alcohols were observed in the cheeses of experimental group. Conclusion: The present study pointed out that EL supplementation may improve the chemical and physical qualities of goat milk and cheeses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study the physicochemical, microbiological, and fatty acid compositions together with the specific esterase activities of semi-hard goat cheeses made from native strains as starter and adjunct cultures were evaluated and compared against those of manufactured using commercial culture cheeses. The physicochemical composition was similar among cheeses, while the lactic acid bacteria were the predominant microbiota in all samples. The highest specific esterase activities were detected in cheeses with native strains. The fatty acid profile was significantly affected by native strains during the ripening time (60 days) since the conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) level increased from 0.60 to 1.03 g 100 g-1 of fatty acids, whereas cheeses with commercial starter showed a CLA content of about 0.60 g of fatty acids. In cheeses with native strains, it was detected the highest desirable fatty acids, μ9-desaturase and CLA desaturase indexes and the lowest atherogenicity index. The native strains inoculated as starter and adjunct cultures, grew conveniently in the cheese, developed their full potential as reflected by the profile of the metabolites released during ripening and in the global sensory perception of cheeses, and contributed thus to the development of a healthier food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the lipid composition of fresh and semi-hard goat cheese produced in three Italian farms as well as the welfare assessment of goats reared in these farms. The fatty acid (FA) profile of cheese samples were found to be strictly related to the livestock system. Cheese collected from farms in which goats were allowed to graze and were fed diets with a higher forage/concentrate (F/C) ratio showed a FA profile represented by higher contents of health-promoting fatty acids. In the same samples, the health lipid indices showed the most favorable values. Conversely, cheese samples collected from a conventional-lowland farm, where goats were fed with higher amounts of concentrates and lower F/C ratio, presented a lower nutritional quality, characterized by the worst results for what concerns the health lipid indices. Then, we built a multivariate model able to discriminate samples coming from farms managed by a low-input system from those coming from farm managed by a high-input system. The comparison of animal welfare measurements and fatty acids data showed that a better intrinsic quality of low-input farms did not always correspond to better extrinsic quality, suggesting that the information on the livestock system is not always enough to provide consumers with complete awareness of the total product quality.

The purpose of this research was to investigate texture, hedonic test and fatty acids profile of goat cheese stored at cold and frozen temperatures for 60 days. Cheese was manufactured from goat milk with addition of probiotics bacteria L.plantarum TW14 and L.rhamnosus TW2 with a ratio of (1:1/v/v). Treatments were arranged in a factorial design, employing two factors, i.e. temperature (cold; frozen) and storage time (0; 15,30,45 and 60 days). Each treatment was repeated three times. Results showed that goat cheese stored at cold temperature has an average hardness-texture of 374.46 ±77.69 gf while that of the cheese stored at frozen temperature has 221.66 ±38.46 gf, which were significantly different (P<0.05). In term of flavor, texture and overall acceptability, there were no significant effects (P>0.05) of storage temperatures and storage time. However, the taste of cheese stored under cold and frozen temperatures was highly significant different (P<0.01). Fatty acids composition of cheese stored for 60 days in a cold storage showed that the highest fatty acid content was SFA which was 64.34% and USFA was 16.76%. During the 60-day storage, the SFA percentage of was relatively stable while the percentage of oleic acid USFA increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to evaluate the chemical composition, colour and sensory profile of rennet goat cheeses, taking into account their geographic region of production. The relationships between the botanical composition of the goats’ pasture to the fatty acid (FA) profiles and health indicators of the fat of cheese produced from their milk in artisanal conditions were also determined. Grazing of goats on natural pastures with greater floristic richness and, above all, the presence of more meadow species and herbs, not only increased the proportions of beneficial FAs in the cheese but also improved sensory characteristics valued by consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nicastrese goat's cheese is produced in the South of Italy under traditional procedures, from raw goat milk without any starter cultures addition. Samples from milk to ripened cheese provided by 4 different farms were subjected to a polyphasic approach to study their physico-chemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics. In addition, volatile organic compounds formation in the final products was studied. Overall, gross composition and microbiological data revealed a significant variability among samples, which was confirmed by both the volatile organic compounds generated in the final products and by the sensorial data. Conventional technique allowed us to identify 720 isolates, mainly belonging to Lactococcus lactis, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus brevis, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, and Enterococcus faecalis. Culture-independent methods revealed shifts in the microbial community structure, with an increase in biodiversity of metabolically active bacterial species, from milk to cheese samples. Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) allowed the identification of 36 compounds; free fatty acids and ketones represented the main detected, followed by alcohols and esters. Moreover, statistical analysis was performed in order to correlate VOCs to bacterial species. Data showed that ester compounds as well as alcohol and aldehydes were positively correlated to NSLAB, indicating that the occurrence of L. casei, L. plantarum and L. brevis species is relevant for the VOCs formation in the final product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fatty acids and amino acids are recognized to have a significant impact on the bioactivity, aroma, and flavor of ripened cheese. In this study, fatty acid profiles, lipid quality parameters, and amino acid composition of ripened and unripened cheeses produced from different milk sources were investigated. Fatty acids and amino acids were identified by using the gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Lipid quality indicators, including atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, desired hypocholesterolemic fatty acids, undesired hypercholesterolemic fatty acids, hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids ratio, and the nutritive value index of cheese samples were calculated. The results revealed that the major fatty acids detected were myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic. Cheese made from goat and sheep milk, such as Kashkaval, Chevrette Frico, and goat cheese with honey exhibited higher contents of capric acid representing 8.47 %, 9.56 %, and 10.07 %, respectively. In addition, fresh Roumy cheese showed higher contents of oleic (37.15 %) and linoleic (9.18 %) acids than other cheese types. The atherogenicity index of cheese fat varied between 1.13 and 3.97 for the different samples. Furthermore, cheese samples showed similar nutritive value indices. Each cheese type had its distinctive amino acid profile, which was attributed to the enzymatic activity. Milk source and ripening were the main reason for the variations in fatty acid and amino acid contents. The findings of this study could provide interesting knowledge to the dairy industry sector and could be used as a database in the field of food composition and analysis. • Fatty and amino acids profile and lipid quality indices of cheese samples were evaluated. • Myristic, palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids were the major fatty acids detected. • Cheese made from goat and sheep milk showed higher contents of capric acid. • Milk source and ripening are the main factors for similar nutritive value of cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of diet (marine algae – MA; control – C), time of ripening (2 days, 4 and 8 weeks) and vacuum packaging on the composition and fatty acid (FA) profile of semi-hard cheese were evaluated in this study. Twenty-eight Alpine goats were housed indoors and randomly allocated to two groups: control group (C) was fed by 1500 g alfalfa hay and 600 g concentrate (n = 14); experimental group (MA) was fed by the same feed as C group supplemented 10 g/head/day Schizochytrium limacinum (n = 14). The study lasted 45 days, when milk samples were taken the last 10 days for their processing and analysis. Cheese samples (C: n = 15; MA: n = 25) were prepared from bulk milk from both groups and ripened. On day 2 of ripening, ten MA cheese samples were vacuum packed in foil. The semi-hard cheese samples were collected at 2nd day, then 4th and 8th weeks of ripening period. The MA supplementation did not significantly affect the composition of the milk. However, the MA supplementation had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on chemical composition of cheese, with the exception of fat content and fat content in TS. The supplementation of MA significantly (p < 0.05) increased the contents of DHA and rumenic acid in the cheese samples (MA group: 0.18 and 0.34 g/100 g, C group: 0.0 and 0.30 g/100 g of fatty acids (FA), respectively). The MA supplementation had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on contents of all odd- and branched-chain fatty acids in cheese, with the exception of C9:0. The ripening had significant (p < 0.05) influence on the rumenic acid (c9t11 C18:2) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3) content in the cheese. Vacuum packaging (VP) had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the contents of fat, fat in TS and TS in cheese, while their contents were in all cases higher in unpackaged cheese. The VP also had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on the contents of most of monitored FAs in cheese. • Marine algae powder was supplemented in diets for dairy goats. • The goat cheese composition was affected by marine algae supplementation. • Diet influenced the fatty acid profile of goat cheese. • Marine algae cheese samples were vacuum packed in foil. • Vacuum packaging was affected the cheese composition and fatty acid profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

he effects of probiotic cultures including Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei and prebiotics including inulin, oligofructose and their blends on fatty acid and organic acid compositions of goat-milk white cheese were examined throughout 90-day storage period. Goat-milk cheeses were produced in an industrial plant following the standard production procedure for white cheeses, with some modifications. The highest value of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in experimental cheeses were found be palmitic acid (C16) and oleic acid (C18:1) respectively. The most abundant organic acid among all experimental samples was lactic acid whereas the lowest one was acetic acid. The results indicated that the probiotic culture type and the percentage of prebiotic added to goat milk effected fatty and organic acid contents of goat-milk white cheeses at different levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study evaluated the influence of tannin in the diets of goats of two different breeds regarding composition and sensory quality of artisanal goat coalho cheese. The milk used was obtained from goats of the indigenous Canindé and Repartida breeds. The goats were divided into four groups: Canindé without tannin (CAN-C); Canindé with tannin (CAN-T); Repartida without tannin (REP-C); and Repartida with tannin (REP-T), representing two breeds and two dietary treatments, without and with inclusion of tannin (Acacia mearnsii). The effect of dietary tannins on the goat coalho cheese profile changed according to breed. In the physicochemical parameters, the addition of tannin in the diet increased ash only in CAN-T cheese and the total solids content was reduced only in REP-T cheese. In the fatty acid profile, the effect of the tannins in the diet led to variations according to the breed, but in general this addition resulted in an increase in polyunsaturated fatty acids in REP-T cheese, with emphasis in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Other results were the reduction of monounsaturated fatty acids with the presence of tannin, lower atherogenicity index with dietary tannins only in the REP-T, group and the higher thrombogenicity index with dietary tannins in the CAN-T animals. In the cheese sensory profile, untrained tasters found significant differences. The addition of tannins positively influenced the appearance of CAN-T cheese, and also improved the overall flavor and global impression, but did not lead to modifications of REP-T cheese. Therefore, the effect of tannins changed according to goat breed, and these factors led to relevant changes in the physicochemical, lipid and sensory characteristics of the cheeses. [Display omitted] • The effect of dietary tannin on cheese fatty acid profile changed according to the goat breed. • Dietary tannin increased conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) only in Repartida cheese. • The addition of tannin led to increase in long-chain fatty acids only in Repartida cheese. • Dietary tannins increased h/H only in Repartida cheese. • The breed × diet interaction mainly influenced the flavor and general impression of the cheeses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that the inclusion of condensed tannins (CT) from rockrose (Cistus ladanifer L.) and quebracho (Schinopsis lorentzii) in dairy goat diets supplemented with vegetable oil rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) can increase the potentially healthy fatty acids (FA) in milk and cheese fat, without compromising animal performance and milk and cheese composition. A feeding experiment was conducted with 18 Serpentina goats distributed into three dietary treatments: C) Basal diet (Control); R) Basal diet supplemented with CT from rockrose; and Q) Basal diet supplemented with CT from quebracho. Basal diet was composed of forage and concentrate at a ratio of 25:75 and supplemented with 50 g/kg dry matter (DM) of soybean oil. Basal diet was offered at level of 800 g/head and day, and hay was offered ad libitum. Individual milk yield, chemical composition and FA profile were analyzed on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 of the experimental period. In the last week of experiment, milk of five consecutive milking from each goat was pooled to make fresh cheese, and cheese was analyzed for chemical composition and FA profile. The inclusion of CT from rockrose and quebracho in goat diets did not affect the milk yield or the milk and cheese chemical composition. Both CT sources had a minor impact on milk and cheese FA profile, limited to a reduction of some branched-chain FA in milk and cheese and a reduction of 18:1 trans -10 in milk. Rockrose CT also reduced the contents of 18:1 trans -9 in milk compared to control diet. The basal diet used in present work, containing 250 g/kg DM of dehydrated Lucerne, low-starch ingredient replacing part of the cereals and supplemented with PUFA-rich vegetable oil, resulted in goat milk and cheese with high levels of FA with potential health benefits. However, the rockrose and quebracho CT did not increase PUFA, 18:1 trans -11 and 18:2 cis -9, trans -11 levels in milk and cheese. • Extracts rich in condensed tannins from rockrose and quebracho were included in dairy goat diets. • Dietary condensed tannin supplementation did not affect feed intake and milk yield. • Milk and cheese composition were not affected by condensed tannins inclusion in diets. • Condensed tannins reduced the branched-chain fatty acids and C18:1 trans -10 in milk fat. • The basal diet resulted in goat milk and cheese with beneficial nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional quality of goat whey considering the impacts of raising system. Goat whey from Coalho cheese processing was assessed for the minerals, organic acid and fatty acid profiles, amino acid composition, and protein pattern. The pasture production system resulted in products with a better mineral composition (higher concentration of calcium, iron, and potassium and lower sodium concentration) and improved fatty acid profile (lower proportions of medium-chain fatty acids, higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids, lower n6-n3 ratio, and better health indices). Furthermore, a greater intensity of protein bands and proteins of higher molecular weight was observed. On the other hand, the confinement production system resulted in higher concentrations of essential amino acids, glutamic and aspartic acids, alanine, and proline. The results demonstrated that goat whey has a high nutritional value and potential as an ingredient to the food industry, regardless of the raising system. [Display omitted] • Whey from pasture production had higher calcium, iron, and potassium concentrations. • Pasture production improved the fatty acid profile and health indices of whey. • Whey from confinement production had higher concentrations of essential amino acids. • The raising system impacts the nutritional quality of goat whey. • Whey from pasture or confinement has industrial potential as a food ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work conjugated fatty acid content, atherogenicity index, esterase activity and sensory analysis of semi-hard goat cheeses manufactured with autochthonous starter and adjunct or commercial cultures were analyzed. The comparison of cheeses obtained with or without addition of autochthonous cultures reported statistically significant differences in the fatty acid profile and estersase activity that could be due to a different degree of lipolysis in the cheeses, but did not significantly affect the gross composition of cheeses. Short chain and polyunsaturated fatty acid content was higher in products with autochthonous than commercial cultures. The inclusion of these cultures into the artisanal cheese manufacture improves the conjugated fatty acid content, flavour and the atherogenicity index of the final product. Though, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) level, increased during ripening time in cheese containing autochthonous cultures from 0.6 to 1.0 g/100 g of fatty acids, offering for human consumers among 417–427 mg/100 g of cheese. Differences on esterase activity and atherogenicity index were also observed among cheeses, representing cheeses manufactured with autochthonous bacteria a healthier product than those elaborated with commercial cultures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goat dairy products are considered as a suitable alternative to cow milk products for some special categories of consumers (infants, old, and convalescent people). In the present research, a study on the lipid fraction of commercial goat milk and cheese samples purchased from Umbrian market was carried out. Particular attention has been paid to evaluating conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content and determining some interesting nutritional indexes. The results of goat milk samples showed that saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents were on average 71.2, 23.4, and 3.8 %, respectively. CLA content ( cis-9, trans-11 isomer) was on average 11.5 mg/100 g in milk. Considerable variability was observed for n6/n3 ratio that varied from 2.7 to 10.6 in the considered goat milk samples. With regard to goat cheese samples CLA concentration was on average 118.8 mg/100 g in fresh cheese and 217.7 mg/100 g in semi-hard cheese, and the difference was not significant. Interestingly, α-linolenic acid content was higher and n6/n3 ratio was lower in semi-hard with respect to fresh cheese samples ( p < 0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of vegetable oils to the diets of dairy goats is an alternative to supplemental feeding during the dry period and improves the lipid profile of milk and by-products. Cheeses were produced using milk from cross bred goats (Saanen × Alpina) fed diets enriched with 4% vegetable oil (faveleira, sesame or castor), the fatty acid profile of cheeses was studied. Supplementation with vegetable oils did not increase the total fat percentage of the cheese (p ⩾ 0.05) but did increase the percentage of CLA isomers, longchain fatty acids (LCFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA); in addition, the index of desirable fatty acids (DFA - expressed as the sum of unsaturated fatty acids plus stearic acid) was increased for cheese made from milk from goats fed sesame or faveleira oil. Cheeses may have had increased percentages of cis-9,trans-11-CLA due to thesupplementation of animal diets with vegetable oils rich in C18:2, such as faveleira and sesame oils. The fatty acid profile of goat cheese did not change significantly in response to the use of castor oil. Thus, the addition of sesame and faveleira oils to goat diets positively altered the fatty acid profile, which improved the nutritional characteristics of the fat present in goat cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of five different manufacturers and two ripening periods on the proteolysis and lipolysis patterns of Murcia al Vino goat cheese. The manufacturers significantly affected the water activity (aw), pH, dry matter and fat content, several nitrogen fractions: water soluble nitrogen (WSN), trichloroacetic acid (12% w/v) soluble nitrogen (TCASN) and phosphotungstic acid (5% w/v) soluble nitrogen (PTASN); also the free amino acid (FAA) and free fatty acid (FFA) contents, with the exception of C4:0, C16:0 and C18:0. Different ripening periods significantly affected the dry matter content, WSN and PTASN and all FAA, except serine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Twenty-nine semi-hard and hard cheeses from the Marche region (Central Italy) made from either raw or pasteurised ewes'', goats'', and cows'' or a blend of ewes'' and cows'' milk were analysed for pH, water activity, gross composition, bacterial ecology, and volatile compound profile. Two chemometric tools were used to analyse the available data: principal component analysis (PCA) for preliminary exploratory data analysis, and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) for cheese classification by type of milk, treatment (raw versus pasteurised), and origin. PCA and PLS-DA of the outcomes allowed the cheeses to be grouped according to type of milk (cows'' versus ewes'' or goats'') and treatment (raw versus pasteurised), whereas no clear separation between Protected Designation of Origin, niche, and speciality cheeses from similar productions or industrial competitors was attainable. Among the variables, the free fatty acid profile showed a high potential for the discrimination of goats'' milk cheeses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To investigate whether and how consumption of goats'' milk cheese affects Helicobacter pylori activity in the stomach of infected subjects, a randomized, controlled and blind study was performed. Sixty volunteers consumed 4 × 25 g day−1 “Gouda-type” cheese for 3 weeks, prepared from either goats'' or cows'' milk. The goats'' milk cheese was rich in short- and medium-chain fatty acids. Immediately before the start and thereafter every seven days, H. pylori activity was measured by the 13C-urea breath test, and gastrointestinal well-being was recorded weekly by validated questionnaires. Neither goats'' nor cows'' milk cheese had any significant effect on H. pylori activity. Ingestion of both cheeses improved gastrointestinal well-being but had no effect on stool parameters. The difference of the total symptoms score was significant between day 0 and 21 in each dietary groups, but not between the goats'' and cows'' milk cheese. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The proteolytic, lipolytic changes and the volatile profile of Xinotyri goat''s cheese (an artisanal variety produced in the mountains of Naxos, a Greek island of the Aegean Sea) were studied during ripening. The cheese underwent very limited proteolysis; generally the WSN %TN and TCA-SN %TN contents remained stable, while the PTA-SN %TN content increased a little. Both β- and αs1-caseins were slightly degraded until the age of 22days and then remained stable. Free fatty acids (FFAs) content increased considerably during ripening and the most abundant FFAs were oleic, palmitic, myristic, stearic and capric acid. A total of 114 volatile compounds were detected. The most abundant group isolated at day 90 were alcohols followed by acids, ketones and esters, comprised 31.91%; 25.22%; 16.38%; and 15.54% of total compounds, respectively. Ethanol, acetic acid and hexanoic acid ethyl ester were at the highest level at all stages of ripening. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

High pressure (HP) has rapidly been gaining in importance for the food processing sector due to recent technological developments and increasing consumer demand for minimally processed and healthy foods. However, it is necessary to study the effect of HP on quality parameters of each food product. Changes in free fatty acids (FFA) content and oxidation markers can modify the organoleptic properties of HP-treated cheese. For this reason, the effect of high-pressure treatment on the FFA profile and lipid and protein oxidation of raw milk goat cheese (Ibores PDO cheese) was evaluated. HP treatment at 400 or 600 MPa, at 10 °C, for 7 min was applied at three different times during ripening (1, 30 or 50 days). The differences in FFA concentration detected after HP processing had equilibrated by the end of the ripening process, that is day 60. Finally, a significant increase in lipid oxidation was detected in HP-treated mature cheeses (60 days old) while no differences were found in protein oxidation. Further studies are necessary to understand the relationship between sensory properties and lipid oxidation changes induced by HP treatment of Ibores PDO cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free fatty acids (FFA) and lipid and protein oxidation changes were studied throughout maturation process of a raw goat milk cheese with protected designation of origin. Cheeses were analyzed at 4 different times of maturation, at 1, 30, 60, and 90 d. All FFA significantly increased during maturation and the relative increase was higher for long-chain than medium- or short-chain FFA. At the end of maturation, oleic (C18:1 n9), butyric (C4:0), and palmitic (C16:0) acids were the most abundant. The higher levels of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) regarding total FFA obtained at the end of Ibores cheese ripening compared with other raw goat milk cheeses, highlight the notable role of SCFA on the flavor of this cheese owing to their low-odor thresholds. Lipid oxidation values significantly increased during maturation process but low levels of malondialdehyde were reported; however, protein oxidation did not significantly change during ripening. The knowledge of the lypolitic and oxidative changes of cheeses along maturation is essential for the optimization and standardization of cheese changes during manufacture processes. The lack of studies about the lypolitic and the oxidative processes during cheese maturation, and especially in raw goat milk cheeses, make these topics essential to go further in the characterization of cheese ripening processes. In addition, the control of lypolitic and oxidative changes (including lipid and protein oxidation) should be evaluated due to their effect on cheese quality and also for consumers' health if they are produced in a great extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) in goat milk on yield, free fatty acid (FFA) profile, and sensory quality of semisoft cheese. Sixty Alpine goats without evidence of clinical mastitis were assigned to 3 groups with milk SCC level of <500,000 (low), 500,000 to 1,000,000 (medium), and 1,000,000 to 1,500,000 (high) cells/mL. Thirty kilograms of goat milk with mean SCC levels of 410,000 (low), 770,000 (medium), and 1,250,000 (high) cells/mL was obtained for the manufacture of semisoft cheese for 2 consecutive weeks in 3 lactation stages. The composition of milk was analyzed and cheese yield was recorded on d 1. Cheese samples on d 1, 60, and 120 were analyzed for total sensory scores, flavor, and body and texture by a panel of 3 expert judges and were also analyzed for FFA. Results indicated that milk composition did not change when milk SCC varied from 214,000 to 1,450,000 cells/mL. Milk with higher SCC had a lower standard plate count, whereas coliform count and psychrotrophic bacteria count were not affected. However, milk components (fat, protein, lactose, casein, and total solids) among the 3 groups were similar. As a result, no significant differences in the yield of semisoft goat cheeses were detected. However, total sensory scores and body and texture scores for cheeses made from the high SCC milk were lower than those for cheeses made from the low and medium SCC milks. The difference in milk SCC levels also resulted in diverse changes in cheese texture (hardness, springiness, and so on) and FFA profiles. Individual and total FFA increased significantly during ripening, regardless the SCC levels. It is concluded that SCC in goat milk did not affect the yield of semisoft cheese but did result in inferior sensory quality of aged cheeses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To establish the effect of an alternative diet on the quality of Majorero cheese, the basic physicochemical parameters, fatty acid profile, and sensory characteristics were studied. Two groups of 20 Majorero goats were fed 2 different diets: a forage diet (DF), which had a high ratio of long fiber to concentrates (65:35), and a concentrate diet (DC), with a low ratio of long fiber to concentrates (35:65). The DF dietary fiber was supplied by native forages adapted to arid land. A total of 42 Majorero goat cheeses were used for this study: 21 in the DF group and 21 in the DC group. Seven cheeses from each group were tested after 2, 15, and 60 d of ripening. The milk produced by goats fed the DF diet had a higher fat concentration. No significant differences were observed in the milk fatty acid profile. The diet affected the chemical composition of the cheese in pH and fat content, and fat was significantly higher in cheeses made from DF milk than those from DC milk. Dietary characteristics had important effects on the medium-chain fatty acid composition (C6 to C14) of the cheese fat, giving DF cheeses the specific goat's milk flavor that is sought after for this type of cheese. The fatty acid composition (%) differed substantially among different ripening times. The DF cheeses were more appreciated by the panelists, as they had a greater variety of odors and flavors than the DC cheeses. The DF hard cheeses were described as having vegetable and fruity tones as well as tones of hay and dried fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study examined the use of hygienised kid rennet pastes in model cheese systems and also in goat milk semi-hard cheeses to promote lipolysis. The results obtained indicated that the use of rennet paste caused greater lipolysis and increased, mostly, the short-chain free fatty acid (FFA) content. The model systems made with whole goat’s milk using rennet paste and commercial rennet mixture exhibited a higher FFA content than did the rennet paste-free controls (31,600 vs. 25,600μmol/kg cheese). For the pilot cheeses made with bovine rennet and rennet paste mixture, the increase in FFA level after 45 days of ripening compared with the cheeses prepared only with commercial rennet was as much as 6600 (μmol/kg cheese) and the increase in the butyric acid content was also 1650 (μmol/kg cheese). Moreover, after 15 days of ripening, industrially prepared cheeses made with rennet paste exhibited greater levels of FFA than did the cheeses made with commercial rennet (11,500μmol/kg at 45 days of ripening). Their flavour was stronger and the organoleptic characteristics were better accepted, which implies less ripening time for commercial cheese manufacture. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A study was made of free fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics (odour and taste) in regionally-produced Spanish goat cheeses. The most abundant FFAs were oleic, palmitic, stearic, capric and myristic acid which together accounted for roughly 85% of total FFAs. These cheeses generally underwent a lower degree of lipolysis than did other goat cheeses. Panellists judged the cheeses as having considerable odour and flavour intensity. However, both total FFA content and sensory attributes varied considerably among cheeses due, in all likelihood, to differences in ripening time and to production by different manufacturers. Principal component analysis generated three principal components (PC) that accounted for 70% of total variance; the variables that best correlated with them were long-chain and medium-chain free fatty acids (PC1), brine odour, bitterness and goat milk odour (PC2) and short-chain free fatty acids (PC3). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

To investigate the effect of pasture feeding with different levels of concentrate on the milk composition and quality of Domiati cheese, a total of 20 lactating Alpine goats were randomly allocated into four groups. Group A was confined and fed alfalfa hay with 0.66 kg per day of concentrate mixture per 1.5 kg of milk (conventional confinement system with feeding). Groups B, C, and D were rotationally grazed and received 0.66, 0.33, and 0 kg per day of concentrate, respectively. Milk from each group was processed into Domiati cheese twice monthly for a 6-month lactation period. Cheeses were sampled fresh and at 1 and 2 months of pickling in whey. Results of the present study indicate that feeding systems of dairy goats with different levels of concentrate supplementation did not affect the composition (fat, protein and total solids) of Domiati cheese. The pasture-grazing without concentrate supplementation (group D) resulted in a lower short-chain fatty acids content and a higher flavor score of Domiati cheese than the confined feeding system (group A). Cheese age during pickling did not change flavor score but increased the total sensory score due to a smoother, creamier body and texture of cheese. As lactation advanced, the contents of total, short- and long-chain fatty acids and the sensory scores of the cheese fluctuated markedly. Further research is needed to investigate the effect of fatty acids in diets on the profile of fatty acids in goat milk and cheese, and to correlate the individual fatty acids in diet, milk and cheese to establish the sensory quality of goat cheese. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effect of lactation on the flavour of cheese made with raw milk of Maltese goats bred in Sicily (Italy) was studied. The goat cheese flavour was analyzed for the first time by Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) coupled with Gas chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The suitability of the analytical method was determined by calculating the coefficients of variation (CV%). Data were processed using ANOVA in relation to the stage of lactation. Forty four components (methyl ketones, free fatty acids, aldehydes, alcohols, esters, terpenes and lactones) were identified and quantified. The most representative fatty acids were butyric, baproic, baprylic and bapric (from 30 to 75% of the total identified fraction). Many other important cheese odorants were determined giving a substantial contribution to the aroma profile. The highest percentages were, for alcohols: isoamyl and phenethyl alcohols at the 2nd month of lactation (6.82% and 2.81%, respectively); as regards ketones, at the 5th and 6th months of lactation: 2-heptanone (7.88% and 10.10%, respectively) and 2-nonanone (18.52% and 14.81%, respectively). The highest percentage of esters (2.5%) was found in the 7th month of lactation. The lactation significantly influenced the flavour components. Good CV percentages were obtained (less than 5.0). This easy and fast method permits a quali-quantitative description of the goat's cheese flavour in relation to the lactation. The results testify the difficulty in attributing the variations to a single effect so as to standardize this product, even if this analytical method could help to give some indications, before marketing, regarding the consumer's perception and acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intense aroma of goat cheese is mainly due to volatile polar compounds, particularly short- and medium-chain length free fatty acids, contained in its water-soluble extract (WSE). This fraction also contains the taste compounds of the cheese and has been fractionated in order to assess its chemical composition. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the behaviour of the most abundant volatile compounds and fat components in the WSE during multiple successive fractionation steps: i.e. fractionation by 10 and 1 kDa ultrafiltrations and 0.5 kDa nanofiltration. Lipid and volatile components were analysed by TLC-FID and GC–MS methods, respectively, at each filtration step. In the WSE, 43 volatile components were identified and short-chain free fatty acids were the most abundant. Volatile and fat compounds were largely retained during the 10 and 0.5 kDa filtration steps and to a lesser extent during the 1 kDa filtration step. The retention of various volatile compounds could be explained, beside possible interactions with the membranes used, by adsorption or interaction of these compounds with fat or protein material. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

BSTRACT: Small peptides (MW < 1000 g/mol) and volatile fatty acids of goat cheese were studied for their favorite properties. The threshold values of 4-methyl- and 4-ethyl-octanoic acids-responsible for the typical goat note were evaluated at pH 5 for orthonasal aroma in a citrate buffer and for retronasal aroma after incorporation in a cheese model. Though the concentration of the 4-ethyl- was lower than the concentration of the 4-methyl-octanoic acid in goat cheese, its relative impact on the typical goat flavor appeared more important because of its much lower threshold value. The small peptides, isolated by nano filtration of the ultrafiltered water-soluble extract at pH 5, were incorporated in the cheese model. Sensory evaluations with omission tests did not allow us to find any taste activity for this peptidic fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The addition of oilseeds and their cakes to the diets of lactating dairy goats is an alternative to supplemental feeding, which improves the lipid profile of goat cheeses. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a diet containing extruded linseed or pumpkin seed cake on the fatty acid profile of semi-hard cheese made from goat milk. The research was carried out with 28 French Alpine goats fed the following diets: 1—basal diet based on extruded soybean and soybean meal; 2—basal diet with 90 g/kg DM extruded linseed (ELS); and 3—basal diet with 160 g/kg DM pumpkin seed cake (PSC). Bulk milk from three separated milk tanks at three samplings was used for the manufacture of four traditional semi-hard cheeses from each milk tank at each sampling on the family farm. The ELS and PSC diets increased fat content in the cheese. The ELS feeding increased the proportion of C18:1 c9, C18:2 c9t11, and C18:3 n-3 in cheese and lowered C8:0, C6:0, and C16:0, while PSC resulted in the highest C18:2 n-6 proportions in the cheese. The health-promoting index was the highest in the cheese of ELS. The ELS had a contribution to higher nutritional and health quality of semi-hard traditional goat cheeses, thus representing a food with health-promoting properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Feedlotting lactating goats is a strategy to improve their productivity and the quality of their milk and dairy products. However, feedlotting is associated with increases in production costs, due mainly to the concentrate component of the diet. The use of agro-industrial byproducts allows the reduction of feed costs by replacing costly ingredients, as the former are more easily accessible. We tested the dietary inclusion of palm kernel cake (PKC), a byproduct of the biofuel industry, at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1, to evaluate its impact on the qualitative aspects of milk and cheese. The inclusion of up to 80 g kg−1 PKC is recommended for the diet of goats whose milk will be used in the production of Minas Frescal cheese. We investigated the effect of including palm kernel cake (PKC) at the levels of 0, 80, 160 and 240 g kg−1 in the diet of lactating goats on the quality and sensory parameters of Minas Frescal cheese. Twelve goats were used in a triple 4 × 4 Latin square design. The dietary addition of PKC was associated with a reduction in moisture (p = 0.004), which compromised the cheese yield (p = 0.030). The ether extract content showed a quadratic response. There was a decrease in caproic (p = 0.014), caprylic (p = 0.011), capric (p = 0.003) and palmitic (p = 0.049) acids and an increase in lauric (p = 0.012) and myristic (p = 0.02) acids. Monounsaturated fatty acids increased (p = 0.008), whereas the ratio of polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (p = 0.022) and thrombogenicity index (p = 0.023) decreased. Principal component analysis indicated that control treatment and the treatment with 80 g kg−1 PKC were the most acceptable to the cheese tasters. The use of palm kernel cake is a good alternative for lactating goats when added to the diet at levels up to 80 g kg−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The aim of this study was to review the benefits of producing milk and cheese under grazing/browsing systems on rangelands in terms of bioactivity and the health benefits of their consumption in these animals. Firstly, we looked over at the forages consumed by goats on the rangelands and at the plant's bioactive compounds. Additionally, goat milk and cheese coming from (1) grazing animals, (2) animals managed indoors, and from (3) animals managed indoors, but supplemented with rich plant bioactive compounds, were examined. In the end, milk was analyzed to modulate the negative effects of high-fat diet in mice. The results revealed that grazing/browsing practices are superior to indoor feeding to promote the transference of bioactive compounds from vegetation to animal tissues, and finally to animal products. Grazing/browsing management represents a better option than indoor feeding to enhance the bioactivity of milk and cheese. Supplementation with rich-bioactive compound forages increased total polyphenol, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoid concentrations in both products. The consumption of goat milk prevents obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis in mice. The rangeland is an ecological resource that provides multiple benefits for environment and agriculture. Grazing/browsing on rangelands is a useful and inexpensive means to produce food derived from animal products. The aim of this study was to review the benefits of producing milk and cheese under this system in terms of bioactivity and the health benefits of their consumption in model animals. To conduct this review, we particularly considered the experiments that our research group carried out along the last fifteen years at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán in Mexico. Firstly, we examined the forages consumed by goats on the rangelands in terms of plant bioactive compound occurrence and their concentration. Further, goat milk and cheese coming from (1) grazing animals, (2) animals managed indoors, and from (3) animals managed indoor supplemented with rich plant bioactive compounds, were analyzed. Milk was discussed to modulate the negative effects of high-fat diets in mice. Forages consumed by goats on the rangelands showed a close correlation between antioxidant activity assessed by the DPPH+ radical with total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents (TPC). Milk concentration of PUFA, MUFA, and n-3 fatty acids from grazing goats (4.7%, 25.2%, and 0.94% of FAME) was higher than milk from goats fed indoor diets (ID). Similar results were shown in cheese. TPC was higher in cheese manufactured with milk from grazing goats (300 mg of GAE/kg of cheese) when compared to cheese from milk goats fed ID (60 mg of GAE/of cheese). Acacia pods are a semiarid rangeland feed resource that transfers pro-healthy activity, inhibited in vitro lipid peroxidation (inhibition of TBARS formation) and diminished the damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, in vivo assessment revealed that Acacia species increased free radical scavenging (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity. The results highlight that grazing/browsing practices are superior to indoor feeding in order to promote the transference of bioactive compounds from vegetation to animal tissue, and finally to animal products. Grazing management represents a better option than indoor feeding to enhance bioactivity of milk and cheese. Supplementation with rich-bioactive compound forages increased total polyphenol, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoid concentrations in milk and cheese. The consumption of goat milk prevents obesity, insulin resistance, inflammation, and hepatic steatosis while on a high-fat diet induced obesity in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the fatty acid composition, including the contents, of conjugated linoleic acid cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA) and trans C18:1 and C18:2 isomers in hard cow, sheep, and goat cheeses found on the Polish market and to compare lipid quality indices in these cheeses. The gas chromatography method was used to determine the fatty acid profile. The study demonstrated various contents of cis9trans 11 C18:2 (CLA), trans C18:1, and C18:2 isomers and the values of lipid quality indices in the cheeses. Sheep and goat cheeses were richer sources of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) (14.73 ± 2.55% and 14.80 ± 2.80%, respectively) than the cow cheeses (9.38 ± 0.87%). The cow cheeses had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio, and the highest content of fatty acids, inducing a desirable dietary effect in humans (DFA) compared to the sheep and goat cheeses. Significantly higher (p < 0.05) contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were found in sheep cheeses. Goat cheeses had the highest n-3 PUFA content and the lowest values of the thrombogenicity index (TI) (2.67 ± 0.44) compared to the sheep and cow cheeses (3.14 ± 0.29 and 3.13 ± 0.13, respectively). The cow, sheep, and goat cheeses were characterized by similar values of the hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (H/H) ratio. Sheep cheeses had the highest levels of cis9trans11 C18:2 (CLA) and the highest total content of trans C18:1 and trans C18:2 isomers. The research showed that sheep, cow, and goat cheeses offered various health benefits. The differences in fatty acid composition and the different values of the lipid quality indices found in the cheeses may be due to differences in both the composition of milk used to produce them and the cheese-making technology. Studies conducted by many authors have indicated that the feeding system of the ruminants has a significant impact on the quality and chemical composition of milk, as well as its applicability for cheese production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Modern consumers are continuously more interested in animal food product qualities that could be considered both extrinsic and intrinsic. Goat products suitably match with these interests because of their functional properties, the ethics of the related livestock production, the environmental impact of production, and animal welfare issues. Through a combination of laboratory analysis and in-field observation, we found that the nutritional quality of goat cheese is affected by the livestock production system, but this is not always true when considering the intrinsic quality related to animal welfare aspects. For this reason, we suggest that more detailed information on different quality traits should be provided to consumers in order to allow them to reach a complete view of product quality and, consequently, to achieve more conscious food consumption. In this study, we investigated the lipid composition of fresh and semi-hard goat cheese produced in three Italian farms as well as the welfare assessment of goats reared in these farms. The fatty acid (FA) profile of cheese samples were found to be strictly related to the livestock system. Cheese collected from farms in which goats were allowed to graze and were fed diets with a higher forage/concentrate (F/C) ratio showed a FA profile represented by higher contents of health-promoting fatty acids. In the same samples, the health lipid indices showed the most favorable values. Conversely, cheese samples collected from a conventional-lowland farm, where goats were fed with higher amounts of concentrates and lower F/C ratio, presented a lower nutritional quality, characterized by the worst results for what concerns the health lipid indices. Then, we built a multivariate model able to discriminate samples coming from farms managed by a low-input system from those coming from farm managed by a high-input system. The comparison of animal welfare measurements and fatty acids data showed that a better intrinsic quality of low-input farms did not always correspond to better extrinsic quality, suggesting that the information on the livestock system is not always enough to provide consumers with complete awareness of the total product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of two dietary inclusion levels of chia seed (CHigh and CLow) on the FA profile and CLA isomers in cheese was evaluated. Dry matter and fat contents in cheese were higher (P < 0.05) in CHigh compared with control and CLow and the content of C18:0, C18:1n9c, total monounsaturated fatty acids, total polyunsaturated fatty acids increased (P < 0.05); total CLA content in CHigh cheese increased (P < 0.05) from 0.32% to 0.66%. Compared with control, saturated fatty acids (SFA) decreased (P < 0.05) by 3.4% with CHigh, due to a reduction of C14:0 and C16:0 in the cheese. The following CLA isomers were increased (P < 0.05) by CHigh: cis -9, trans -11; trans -7, cis -9; trans -11, cis -13 and trans -12, trans -14. Addition of chia seed at 5.5% DM in dairy goat diets can be used to increase the amount of bioactive FA, such as cis -9, trans -11 C18:2 in cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]