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Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most diagnosed cancer of men all over the world. The aim of this research was to improve PCa detection based on image enhancement methods including image adjustment and morphological erosion operations and then compute the texture features. We then employed robust Machine Learning (ML) techniques such as the Naïve Bayes, Support Vector Machine (SVM) kernels: Polynomial, Radial Base Function (RBF), Gaussian and Decision Tree (DT) based on extracted texture features. The Cross validation (Jack-Knife k-Fold) was performed, and performance was evaluated in term of Receiver Operating Curve (ROC), Specificity, Sensitivity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), Negative Predictive Value (NPV), False Positive Rate (FPR). The highest detection performance based on morphological erosion operation on texture features was obtained using SVM polynomial with sensitivity (99.82%), specificity (96.63%), accuracy (98.59%) and AUC (0.9994). The image adjustment methods yielded the highest detection performance with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 100% and AUC of 1.00 using ML SVM selected kernels. The results reveal that proposed image enhancement methods have the potential to accurately predict PCa. Thus, this approach can be better utilized by clinicians for early prediction of PCa for further diagnostic and treatment of the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate radiogenomic classification of brain tumors is important to improve the standard of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning for patients with glioblastoma. In this study, we propose a novel two-stage MGMT Promoter Methylation Prediction (MGMT-PMP) system that extracts latent features fused with radiomic features predicting the genetic subtype of glioblastoma. A novel fine-tuned deep learning architecture, namely Deep Learning Radiomic Feature Extraction (DLRFE) module, is proposed for latent feature extraction that fuses the quantitative knowledge to the spatial distribution and the size of tumorous structure through radiomic features: (GLCM, HOG, and LBP). The application of the novice rejection algorithm has been found significantly effective in selecting and isolating the negative training instances out of the original dataset. The fused feature vectors are then used for training and testing by k-NN and SVM classifiers. The 2021 RSNA Brain Tumor challenge dataset (BraTS-2021) consists of four structural mpMRIs, viz. fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery, T1-weighted, T1-weighted contrast enhancement, and T2-weighted. We evaluated the classification performance, for the very first time in published form, in terms of measures like accuracy, F1-score, and Matthews correlation coefficient. The Jackknife tenfold cross-validation was used for training and testing BraTS-2021 dataset validation. The highest classification performance is (96.84 ± 0.09)%, (96.08 ± 0.10)%, and (97.44 ± 0.14)% as accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity respectively to detect MGMT methylation status for patients suffering from glioblastoma. Deep learning feature extraction with radiogenomic features, fusing imaging phenotypes and molecular structure, using rejection algorithm has been found to perform outclass capable of detecting MGMT methylation status of glioblastoma patients. The approach relates the genomic variation with radiomic features forming a bridge between two areas of research that may prove useful for clinical treatment planning leading to better outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The particulate matter (PM) is emitted from diverse sources and affects the human health very badly. In the past, researchers applied different automated computational tools in the predication of PM. Accurate prediction of PM requires more relevant features and feature importance. In this research, we first extracted the multimodal features from time domain standard deviation average (SDAPM), standard deviation of standard deviation (SDSD), standard deviation of particulate matter (SDPM), root-mean square of standard deviation (RMSSD), and nonlinear dynamical measure wavelet entropy (WE) - Shannon, norm, threshold, multiscale entropy based on KD tree (MSEKD), and multiscale approximate entropy (MAEnt). We then applied the intelligent-based Bayesian inference approach to compute the strength of relationship among multimodal features. We also computed total incoming and outgoing forces between the features (nodes). The results reveal that there was a very highly significant correlation (p-value <0.05) between the selected nodes. The highest total force was yielded by WE-norm followed by SDAPM and SDPM. The association will further help to investigate that which extracted features are more positively or negatively correlated and associated with each other. The results revealed that the proposed methodology can further provide deeper insights into computing the association among the features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gliomas are tumors of the central nervous system, which usually start within the glial cells of the brain or the spinal cord. These are extremely migratory and diffusive tumors, which quickly expand to the surrounding regions in the brain. There are different grades of gliomas, hinting about their growth patterns and aggressiveness and potential response to the treatment. As part of routine clinical procedure for gliomas, both radiology images (rad), such as multiparametric MR images, and digital pathology images (path) from tissue samples are acquired. Each of these data streams are used separately for prediction of the survival outcome of gliomas, however, these images provide complimentary information, which can be used in an integrated way for better prediction. There is a need to develop an image-based method that can utilise the information extracted from these imaging sequences in a synergistic way to predict patients' outcome and to potentially assist in building comprehensive and patient-centric treatment plans. The objective of this study is to improve survival prediction outcomes of gliomas by integrating radiology and pathology imaging. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), rad images, and path images of glioma patients were acquired from The Cancer Imaging Archive. Quantitative imaging features were extracted from tumor regions in rad and path images. The features were given as input to an ensemble regression machine learning pipeline, including support vector regression, AdaBoost, gradient boost, and random forest. The performance of the model was evaluated in several configurations, including leave-one-out, five-fold cross-validation, and split-train-test. Moreover, the quantitative performance evaluations were conducted separately in the complete cohort (n = 171), high-grade gliomas (HGGs), n = 75, and low-grade gliomas (LGGs), n = 96. The combined rad and path features outperformed individual feature types in all the configurations and datasets. In leave-one-out configuration, the model comprising both rad and path features was successfully validated on the complete dataset comprising HGFs and LGGs ( R = 0.84   p = 2.2 × 10 − 16 ). The Kaplan–Meier curves generated on the predictions of the proposed model yielded a hazard ratio of 3.314   [ 95 % C I : 1.718 − 6.394 ] ,   l o g − r a n k (P) = 2 × 10 − 4 on combined rad and path features. Conclusion: The proposed approach emphasizes radiology experts and pathology experts' clinical workflows by creating prognosticators upon 'rad' radiology images and digital pathology 'path' images independently, as well as combining the power of both, also through delivering integrated analysis, that can contribute to a collaborative attempt between different departments for administration of patients with gliomas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Object tracking has gained importance in various applications especially in traffic monitoring, surveillance and security, people tracking, etc. Previous methods of multiobject tracking (MOT) carry out detections and perform object tracking. Although not optimal, these frameworks perform the detection and association of objects with feature extraction separately. In this article, we have proposed a Super Chained Tracker (SCT) model, which is convenient and online and provides better results when compared with existing MOT methods. The proposed model comprises subtasks, object detection, feature manipulation, and using representation learning into one end-to-end solution. It takes adjacent frames as input, converting each frame into bounding boxes' pairs and chaining them up with Intersection over Union (IoU), Kalman filtering, and bipartite matching. Attention is made by object attention, which is in paired box regression branch, caused by the module of object detection, and a module of ID verification creates identity attention. The detections from these branches are linked together by IoU matching, Kalman filtering, and bipartite matching. This makes our SCT speedy, simple, and effective enough to achieve a Multiobject Tracking Accuracy (MOTA) of 68.4% and Identity F1 (IDF1) of 64.3% on the MOT16 dataset. We have studied existing tracking techniques and analyzed their performance in this work. We have achieved more qualitative and quantitative tracking results than other existing techniques with relatively improved margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate classification of brain tumor subtypes is important for prognosis and treatment. Researchers are developing tools based on static and dynamic feature extraction and applying machine learning and deep learning. However, static feature requires further analysis to compute the relevance, strength, and types of association. Recently Bayesian inference approach gains attraction for deeper analysis of static (hand-crafted) features to unfold hidden dynamics and relationships among features. We computed the gray level co-occurrence (GLCM) features from brain tumor meningioma and pituitary MRIs and then ranked based on entropy methods. The highly ranked Energy feature was chosen as our target variable for further empirical analysis of dynamic profiling and optimization to unfold the nonlinear intrinsic dynamics of GLCM features extracted from brain MRIs. The proposed method further unfolds the dynamics and to detailed analysis of computed features based on GLCM features for better understanding of the hidden dynamics for proper diagnosis and prognosis of tumor types leading to brain stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seismic signals classification has many real-time applications related to monitoring and collecting information for investigations, public safety, and prevention of security breaches. We cross-amalgamated the seismic signals with acoustic data augmentation/feature extraction techniques, keeping the beneficial effects of each domain. In this context, we have identified the human walk from that of an animal by manipulating the seismic response. This work presents a robust automated system for surveillance against noisy environments for the classification of seismic events, which is trained to exploit the collected geo signals, namely the physical security dataset (PSD). In this context, an ensemble machine learning-based integrated physical security paradigm (EML-PSP) framework is proposed for automatically classifying humans and animals on seismic signals through a cross-domain ultra-fused feature extraction (UFFE) module using numerous speech-related feature extraction approaches. For the model to learn considerably, we have introduced a hybrid augmentation module (HAM) to synthesize realistic seismic signals based on multiple acoustic augmentation schemes. The ensemble features with enhanced discrimination power have been used to train ensemble algorithms like light-gradient boosted machine (LGBM), random forest-, and adaptive boosting-models. The exhaustive comparison of the proposed solution has been carried out with other state-of-the-art methods. On exploiting the UFFE-based features, the performance of the LGBM ensemble outnumbered other classifiers with an F 1 -Score of 0.9961 ± 0.0031. The Matthews correlation coefficient and accuracy were 0.9841 ± 0.0127 and 99.4111 ± 0.0047 percent, respectively. The geo sensor's PSD results illustrated that the EML-PSP framework has adequate physical security and surveillance prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac arrhythmias are disturbances in the rhythm of the heart manifested by irregularity or by abnormally fast rates ('tachycardia') or abnormally slow rates ('bradycardias'). In the past researchers extracted different features extracting strategies to detect the arrhythmia. Since, signals acquired from subjects suffered with arrhythmia are multivariate, highly nonlinear, nonstationary, time variant and very complex. Traditional features extraction approaches could not capture full dynamics to detect these signals. In this study, we extracted hybrid features based on refined sample entropy (SampEn) and Fuzzy entropy (FuzEn) computed on mean, standard deviation and variance in combination with traditional features. The machine learning support vector machines with its kernels, decision tree, KNN and ensemble methods were employed to detect the arrhythmia. The 10-fold cross-validation was used for training/validation of data. The Support Vector Machine and its kernels, Fine KNN, and Ensemble Boosted Tree give the highest performance with an overall accuracy of 100%, AUC of 1.00. An accuracy of 95.5% and 100% was obtained using SVM coarse Gaussian, 97% and 100% using Fine KNN, 95.5% and 97% using Decision tree with traditional and hybrid features respectively. The results revealed that SVM coarse Gaussian, Coarse KNN, Decision tree methods outer performed using hybrid features than the traditional feature extracting strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]