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Crime forecasting is beneficial as it provides valuable information to the government and authorities in planning an efficient crime prevention measure. Most criminology studies found that influence from several factors, such as social, demographic, and economic factors, significantly affects crime occurrence. Therefore, most criminology experts and researchers study and observe the effect of factors on criminal activities as it provides relevant insight into possible future crime trends. Based on the literature review, the applications of proper analysis in identifying significant factors that influence crime are scarce and limited. Therefore, this study proposed a hybrid model that integrates Neighbourhood Component Analysis (NCA) with Gradient Tree Boosting (GTB) in modelling the United States (US) crime rate data. NCA is a feature selection technique used in this study to identify the significant factors influencing crime rate. Once the significant factors were identified, an artificial intelligence technique, i.e., GTB, was implemented in modelling the crime data, where the crime rate value was predicted. The performance of the proposed model was compared with other existing models using quantitative measurement error analysis. Based on the result, the proposed NCA-GTB model outperformed other crime models in predicting the crime rate. As proven by the experimental result, the proposed model produced the smallest quantitative measurement error in the case study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent types of cancer that plagues females. Mortality from breast cancer could be reduced by diagnosing and identifying it at an early stage. To detect breast cancer, various imaging modalities can be used, such as mammography. Computer-Aided Detection/Diagnosis (CAD) systems can assist an expert radiologist to diagnose breast cancer at an early stage. This paper introduces the findings of a systematic review that seeks to examine the state-of-the-art CAD systems for breast cancer detection. This review is based on 118 publications published in 2018–2021 and retrieved from major scientific publication databases while using a rigorous methodology of a systematic review. We provide a general description and analysis of existing CAD systems that use machine learning methods as well as their current state based on mammogram image modalities and classification methods. This systematic review presents all stages of CAD including pre-processing, segmentation, feature extraction, feature selection, and classification. We identify research gaps and outline recommendations for future research. This systematic review may be helpful for both clinicians, who use CAD systems for early diagnosis of breast cancer, as well as for researchers to find knowledge gaps and create more contributions for breast cancer diagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, feature selection and dimensionality reduction have become fundamental tools for many data mining tasks, especially for processing high-dimensional data such as gene expression microarray data. Gene expression microarray data comprises up to hundreds of thousands of features with relatively small sample size. Because learning algorithms usually do not work well with this kind of data, a challenge to reduce the data dimensionality arises. A huge number of gene selection are applied to select a subset of relevant features for model construction and to seek for better cancer classification performance. This paper presents the basic taxonomy of feature selection, and also reviews the state-of-the-art gene selection methods by grouping the literatures into three categories: supervised, unsupervised, and semi-supervised. The comparison of experimental results on top 5 representative gene expression datasets indicates that the classification accuracy of unsupervised and semi-supervised feature selection is competitive with supervised feature selection. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]