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1. Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction among Infertile Women in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Author: Reza Omani-Samani, Payam Amini, Behnaz Navid, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Saman Maroufizadeh, and Amir Almasi-Hashiani
Subjects: female, infertility, iran, prevalence, Medicine (General), R5-920
Abstract: Infertile women are at a higher risk of sexual dysfunction compared to fertile women. Infertility is a major source of stress, anxiety, and depression, which strongly affects sexual health. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of female sexual dysfunction (FSD) among infertile Iranian women. We searched the main international databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, and Scopus) and national databases (Scientific Information Database, Magiran, and IranMedex) from their inception until April, 2017. Due to heterogeneity between the studies, the extracted data were pooled using a random-effects model by Stata software. Out of 313 retrieved studies, we included 18 studies of 3419 infertile women in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of FSD was 64.3% [95% confidence interval (CI): 53.3-75.3]. Our findings revealed that sexual desire (59.9%, 95% CI: 38.7-81.2) was the most prevalent disorder and vaginismus (19.2%, 95% CI: 11.3-27.2) was the least prevalent among infertile women. The results of our meta- analysis suggested that more than 64% of infertile Iranian women reported sexual dysfunction, which was meaning- fully high. This study also showed that sexual desire was significantly more common than other sexual dysfunction dimensions and the prevalence of vaginismus was the least common.
Published: 2019
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2. A Systematic Review on Overall Survival and Disease-Free Survival Following Total Pelvic Exenteration

Author: Seyed Rouhollah, Miri, Setareh, Akhavan, Azam Sadat, Mousavi, Seyedeh Razieh, Hashemi, Shahrzad, Sheikhhasan, Amir, Almasi-Hashiani, Mohammad, Sadegh Fakhari, and Arezoo, Esmailzadeh
Subjects: Humans, Female, General Medicine, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Colorectal Neoplasms, Disease-Free Survival, Pelvic Exenteration, Retrospective Studies
Abstract: Total Pelvic Exenteration (TPE) is a radical operation for malignancies in which all of the organs inside the pelvic cavity, including the female reproductive organs, the lower urinary tract, and a part of the rectosigmoid are removed. In this study, we aimed to conduct a systematic review to assess the overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) following TPE.This systematic review is composed of a comprehensive review of PubMed and Scopus databases with various related keywords to synthesis the overall survival and disease-free survival following TPE. The Synthesis Without Meta-analysis guideline was used to summarize the results.We included the results of 39 primary studies and the results revealed that one-year OS of gynecological cancer in patients who have undergone TPE ranged from 50.0% to 72.0% and the 5-years OS ranged from 6.0% to 64.6%. The one-year survival rate of colorectal cancer patients was reported to be over 80% in almost all studies. The 3-year survival rate of patients varied from 25% to 75% and the lowest 5-year survival rate was 8% and the highest survival rate was 92%. To synthesis the disease-free survival rate in colorectal cancer, ten studies were included and one-year recurrence rate was 9.1% and the one-year DFS was reported as 61.0%. Three-year recurrence rate study was 20.4% and 3 and 5-year DFS ranged from 22.0% to 78.0%.The results suggested that DFS in primary advanced cancers is higher than locally recurrence tumors. This review showed that patient overall survival and disease-free survival rates have increased over time, especially at high volume centers that are more experienced and possibly better equipped. Therefore, it can be suggested that the attitude towards PE as a palliative surgery can be turned into curative surgery.
Published: 2022

3. Global, regional, and national burden of cancers attributable to excess body weight in 204 countries and territories, 1990 to 2019

Author: Saeid Safiri, Nahid Karamzad, Jay S. Kaufman, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Mark J. M. Sullman, Amir Almasi‐Hashiani, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Gary S. Collins, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, and Ahmedin Jemal
Subjects: Male, Nutrition and Dietetics, Endocrinology, Risk Factors, Neoplasms, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Humans, Medicine (miscellaneous), Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Weight Gain, Risk Assessment, Global Burden of Disease
Abstract: The aim of this study was to report the level and trends of 13 cancers that are attributable to excess body weight (EBW) for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019.Using publicly available data, the burden of cancers attributable to EBW was reported from 1990 to 2019 based on the comparative risk assessment approach used in the Global Burden of Disease study 2019. [Correction added on 27 January 2022, after first online publication: 'Using publicly available data,' has been added before the first sentence and 'estimated' was corrected to 'reported'.] RESULTS: In 2019, EBW caused 11.2 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), or 4.4% of all cancer-related DALYs. Between 1990 and 2019, the global EBW-attributable age-standardized cancer DALY rates (per 100,000) increased from 109.9 to 133.9, a relative increase of 21.9%. The age-standardized DALY rates (per 100,000) of cancers attributable to EBW in 2019 were highest and lowest in Mongolia (611.8) and Bangladesh (30.2), respectively. The 60- to 64-year age group had the highest number of DALYs attributable to EBW, whereas there were no large sex differences in the cancer-related burden attributable to EBW. Furthermore, the association between the age-standardized DALY rates and the sociodemographic index was generally positive.Overall, the EBW-attributable burden of cancers has increased in the past three decades. Public health efforts should focus on identifying appropriate preventive interventions at the population and individual levels, especially in the regions and countries with the highest burden.
Published: 2022

4. A randomized parallel design trial of the efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid, dexmedetomidine and nitroglycerin in controlling intraoperative bleeding and improving surgical field quality during septorhinoplasty under general anesthesia

Author: Fatemeh Faraji, Hesameddin Modir, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Esmail Moshiri, and Narges Naseri
Subjects: Adult, Mean arterial pressure, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), arterial oxygen saturation, Anesthesia, General, Iran, tranexamic acid, Young Adult, Double-Blind Method, Heart rate, medicine, heart rate, Humans, septorhinoplasty, Dexmedetomidine, Lead (electronics), business.industry, dexmedetomidine, bleeding, general anesthesia, nitroglycerin, Clinical trial, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia, mean arterial pressure, Female, Propofol, business, Body mass index, Tranexamic acid, medicine.drug, Research Article
Abstract: In this blinded clinical trial, we attempted to compare the efficacy and safety of administering tranexamic acid, dexmedetomidine and nitroglycerin in preventing intraoperative bleeding and improving the quality of the surgical field during septorhinoplasty under general anesthesia. A total of 105 patients scheduled for septorhinoplasty were enrolled and randomly assigned into three groups based on the balanced-block randomization method. First group received 1 μg/kg intravenous injection dexmedetomidine, second group received 10 mg/kg intravenous injection tranexamic acid and third group received 0.5 μg/kg nitroglycerin, intravenously. The study sample was composed of 105 participants with the total mean age of 25.85 ± 6.52 years, and 59.05% of participants were female and the mean of body mass index was 24.34 ± 2.57 kg/m2. The results showed that there was no statistically significant difference in terms of arterial oxygen saturation, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, bleeding rate, duration of surgery, and surgeon satisfaction among the three groups; however, there was a significant difference in the extubation time, recovery time and the dose of administered propofol among the three groups. Dexmedetomidine reduced the dose of administered propofol while increasing the extubation time and recovery time. In the tranexamic acid group compared with the other two groups, the recovery time was shorter. However, all the three drugs could reduce intraoperative bleeding and lead to surgeon satisfaction. It can be concluded that all these three drugs can be utilized to control bleeding and improve the quality of the surgical field but the ultimate decision lies with the anesthesiologist's judgment and the conditions of the patient. The study protocol was registered in the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (registration No. IRCT20141209020258N121) on September 24, 2019 and it was ethically approved by the Ethical Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (approval No. IR.ARAKMU.REC.1397.355) on February 24, 2019.
Published: 2021

5. Global, Regional and National Burden of Cancers Attributable to High Fasting Plasma Glucose in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2019

Author: Saeid Safiri, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Nahid Karamzad, Jay S. Kaufman, Kristin Carson-Chahhoud, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Mark J. M. Sullman, Mohammad Reza Beyranvand, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Gary S. Collins, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Safiri, Saeid, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Karamzad, Nahid, Kaufman, Jay S, Carson-Chahhoud, Kristin, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Sullman, Mark JM, Beyranvand, Mohammad Reza, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Collins, Gary S, and Kolahi, Ali Asghar
Subjects: Blood Glucose, Male, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, neoplasms, Fasting, mortality, Global Burden of Disease, Neoplasms, diabetes mellitus, incidence, Diabetes Mellitus, Humans, epidemiology, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Aged
Abstract: BackgroundTo report the burden of cancers attributable to high fasting plasma glucose (HFPG) by sex, age, location, cancer type and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) over the period 1990 to 2019 for 204 countries and territories.MethodsUsing the Comparative Risk Assessment approach of Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019, the burden of cancers attributable to HFPG was reported in 1990 and 2019.ResultsGlobally, in 2019 there were an estimated 419.3 thousand cancer deaths (95% UI: 115.7 to 848.5) and 8.6 million cancer DALYs (2.4 to 17.6) attributable to HFPG. By sex, 4.6 (1.1 to 9.9) and 4.0 (1.1 to 8.4) million global cancer DALYs were attributable to HFPG in men and women, respectively. The global age-standardized death and DALY rates of cancers attributable to HFPG (per 100,000) have increased by 27.8% (20.5 to 38.7%) and 24.5% (16.4 to 35.6%), respectively, since 1990. High-income North America (9.5 [2.7 to 18.8]) and Eastern Sub-Saharan Africa (2.0 [0.5 to 4.2]) had the highest and lowest regional age-standardized death rates, respectively, for cancers attributable to HFPG. In 2019, the global number of attributable cancer DALYs were highest in 65-69 age group. Moreover, there was an overall positive association between SDI and the regional age-standardized DALY rate for HFPG-attributable cancers.ConclusionsHFPG was associated with more burden in 2019. Preventive programs for diabetes and screening of individuals with diabetes for cancers, especially in older males living in developed countries, are required to arrest the large increases in HFPG-attributable cancers.
Published: 2022
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6. Epidemiology of familial multiple sclerosis in Iran: a national registry-based study

Author: Zahra, Salehi, Amir, Almasi-Hashiani, Mohammad Ali, Sahraian, Fereshteh, Ashtari, Seyed Mohammad, Baghbanian, Nazanin, Razazian, Abdorreza Naser, Moghadasi, Asghar, Bayati, Amir Reza, Azimi, Nahid, Beladimoghadam, Mohammad Hossein, Harirchian, Maryam, Poursadeghfard, Samira, Navardi, Reza, Shirkoohi, Hora, Heidari, Mehran, Ghaffari, and Sharareh, Eskandarieh
Subjects: Male, Cross-Sectional Studies, Multiple Sclerosis, Prevalence, Humans, Female, Registries, Neurology (clinical), General Medicine, Iran
Abstract: Background Admittedly, little is known about the epidemiological signatures of familial multiple sclerosis (FMS) in different geographical regions of Iran. Objective To determine the epidemiology and the risk of FMS incidence in several provinces of Iran with a different ethnic population including, Fars, Tehran, Isfahan (Persians), and Mazandaran (Mazanis), Kermanshah (Kurds), and Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (Lors). Methods This cross-sectional registry-based study was performed on nationwide MS registry of Iran (NMSRI) data collected from 2018 to 2021. This system, registers baseline characteristics, clinical presentations and symptoms, diagnostic and treatments at regional and national levels. Results A total of 9200 patients including, 7003 (76.1%) female and 2197 (23.9%) male, were participated. About 19% of patients reported a family history of MS; the order from highest to lowest FMS prevalence was as follows: Fars (26.5%), Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari (21.1%), Tehran (20.5%), Isfahan (20.3%), Mazandaran (18.0%), and Kermanshah (12.5%). Of all FMS cases, 74.7% (1308 cases) were female and 25.3% (442 cases) were male. FMS occurrence was much more common in females than males (P-value = 0.001). Further, the mean age at onset was 30 years among FMS cases. A substantially higher probability of relapsing-remitting MS and secondary-progressive MS was found among FMS cases than sporadic MS (SMS) (P_value = 0.001). There was no significant difference in Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores between FMS and SMS. The majority of FMS cases were observed among first-degree relatives, with the highest rate in siblings. There was a significant association between MS risk and positive familial history in both maternal and paternal aunt/uncle (P_value = 0.043 and P_value = 0.019, respectively). Multiple sclerosis occurrence among offspring of females was higher than males (P_value = 0.027). Conclusions In summary, our findings imply a noteworthy upward trend of FMS in Iran, even more than the global prevalence, which suggests a unique Atlas of FMS prevalence in this multi-ethnic population. Despite the highest rate of FMS within Persian and Lor ethnicities, no statistically significant difference was observed among the provinces.
Published: 2022

7. Incidence Trend of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Markazi, in the Center of Iran, Population-Based Cancer Registry Results: 2010–2014

Author: Majid Taheri, Reza Aghabozorgi, Ali Arash Anoshirvani, Masoud Bahrami, Javad Nazari, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, and Seidamir Pasha Tabaeian
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Iran, Breast cancer, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Registries, Gastrointestinal cancer, Sex Distribution, Stomach cancer, education, Aged, Gastrointestinal Neoplasms, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Gastroenterology, Cancer, Middle Aged, Esophageal cancer, medicine.disease, Cancer registry, Oncology, Female, business
Abstract: Gastrointestinal cancers are considered as the most common type of cancer among men and the second most common cancer in women after breast cancer in Iran. This study was performed to investigate the epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancer in Markazi Province. This is an epidemiological study in which data was gathered from the population-based cancer registry program in the Markazi province of Iran during the years 2010–2014. Data were recorded in Excel software and coded based on ICD-O. All cases out of Markazi provinces were excluded from study, and cases with code C-15-C20 were included in this study. Stata 11 was used to analyze the data. In this study, 2975 new cases of gastrointestinal cancer in Markazi province were included in the analysis. The highest number of cancers was stomach (with 1595 cases), followed by colorectal cancer (980 cases), esophageal cancer (318 cases), and finally small bowl cancer (82 cases). The mean age of gastro-intestinal cancer diagnosis was 65.07 years. The results showed that with increasing age, the incidence of gastro-intestinal cancers increased, and in all sites and both sexes, the highest incidence of gastro-intestinal cancer was in the age group above 70 years. In both sexes, the age specific rate of stomach cancer was higher than other sites (with highest incidence in 2013) followed by colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer, and small bowl cancer. The results showed similar incidence rate of gastrointestinal cancer in Markazi province to other provinces in Iran. This study found that stomach cancer is the most common cancer in the Markazi province; therefore, identifying effective and preventing factors is necessary.
Published: 2020

8. Global, regional, and national burden of other musculoskeletal disorders 1990–2017: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Damian G Hoy, Jay S. Kaufman, Kristin Carson-Chahhoud, Lyn March, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Anthony D. Woolf, Saeid Safiri, Emma Smith, Marita Cross, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Gary S. Collins, Safiri, S, Kolahi, AA, Cross, Marita, Carson-Chahhoud, K, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Kaufman, Jay, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Sepidarkish, Mahdi, Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Ahad, Hoy, Damian, Collins, Gary, Woolf, Anthony D, March, Lyn, and Smith, Emma
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, prevalence, Population, Prevalence, Psychological intervention, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, burden, Life Expectancy, systemic lupus erythematosus, Rheumatology, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Humans, Medicine, Disability-adjusted life year, Disabled Persons, Pharmacology (medical), Musculoskeletal Diseases, joint diseases, education, education.field_of_study, Neck pain, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), osteomyelitis, Middle Aged, Low back pain, Socioeconomic Factors, incidence, other musculoskeletal disorders, Female, epidemiology, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, medicine.symptom, business, Demography
Abstract: Objectives To describe the level and trends of point prevalence, deaths and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for other musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders, i.e. those not covered by specific estimates generated for RA, OA, low back pain, neck pain and gout, from 1990 to 2017 by age, sex and sociodemographic index. Methods Publicly available modelled estimates from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study were extracted and reported as counts and age-standardized rates per 100 000 population for 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017. Results Globally, the age-standardized point prevalence estimates and deaths rates of other MSK disorders in 2017 were 4151.1 and 1.0 per 100 000. This was an increase of 3.4% and 7.2%, respectively. The age-standardized DALY rate in 2017 was 380.2, an increase of 3.4%. The point prevalence estimate was higher among females and increased with age. This peaked in the 65–69 year age group for both females and males in 2017, followed by a decreasing trend for both sexes. At the national level, the highest age-standardized point prevalence estimates in 2017 were seen in Bangladesh, India and Nepal. The largest increases in age-standardized point prevalence estimates were observed in Romania, Croatia and Armenia. Conclusion The burden of other MSK disorders is proven to be substantial and increasing worldwide, with a notable intercountry variation. Data pertaining to specific diseases within this overarching category are required for future GBD MSK estimates. This would enable policymakers to better allocate resources and provide interventions appropriately.
Published: 2020

9. The burden of kidney cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017

Author: Christina Fitzmaurice, Ali H. Mokdad, Mostafa Qorbani, Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Mohammadreza Ardalan, Saeid Safiri, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Deepti Bettampadi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, and Mark J.M. Sullman
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, Time Factors, Population, lcsh:Medicine, Disease, Global Health, Article, Body Mass Index, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Sex Factors, Cancer epidemiology, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, medicine, Humans, Vital registration, Disabled Persons, Registries, education, lcsh:Science, Early Detection of Cancer, education.field_of_study, Multidisciplinary, business.industry, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Smoking, lcsh:R, Age Factors, medicine.disease, Kidney Neoplasms, Cancer registry, 030104 developmental biology, Renal cancer, Attributable risk, Female, lcsh:Q, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, business, Kidney cancer, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography
Abstract: Kidney cancer globally accounts for more than 131,000 deaths each year and has been found to place a large economic burden on society. However, there are no recent articles on the burden of kidney cancer across the world. The aim of this study was to present a status report on the incidence, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with kidney cancer in 195 countries, from 1990 to 2017. Vital registration and cancer registry data (total of 23,660 site-years) were used to generate the estimates. Mortality was estimated first and the incidence and DALYs were calculated based on the estimated mortality values. All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardised rates per 100,000 population. The estimated rates were calculated by age, sex and according to the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI). In 2017, kidney cancer accounted for 393.0 thousand (95% UI: 371.0–404.6) incident cases, 138.5 thousand (95% UI: 128.7–142.5) deaths and 3.3 million (95% UI: 3.1–3.4) DALYs globally. The global age-standardised rates for the incidence, deaths and DALY were 4.9 (95% UI: 4.7–5.1), 1.7 (95% UI: 1.6–1.8) and 41.1 (95% UI: 38.7–42.5), respectively. Uruguay [15.8 (95% UI: 13.6–19.0)] and Bangladesh [1.5 (95% UI: 1.0–1.8)] had highest and lowest age-standardised incidence rates, respectively. The age-standardised death rates varied substantially from 0.47 (95% UI: 0.34–0.58) in Bangladesh to 5.6 (95% UI: 4.6–6.1) in the Czech Republic. Incidence and mortality rates were higher among males, than females, across all age groups, with the highest rates for both sexes being observed in the 95+ age group. Generally, positive associations were found between each country’s age-standardised DALY rate and their corresponding SDI. The considerable burden of kidney cancer was attributable to high body mass index (18.5%) and smoking (16.6%) in both sexes. There are large inter-country differences in the burden of kidney cancer and it is generally higher in countries with a high SDI. The findings from this study provide much needed information for those in each country that are making health-related decisions about priority areas, resource allocation, and the effectiveness of prevention programmes. The results of our study also highlight the need for renewed efforts to reduce exposure to the kidney cancer risk factors and to improve the prevention and the early detection of this disease.
Published: 2020

10. Global, regional and national burden of osteoarthritis 1990-2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Saeid Safiri, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Emma Smith, Catherine Hill, Deepti Bettampadi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Damian Hoy, Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Gary Collins, Jay Kaufman, Mostafa Qorbani, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Anthony D Woolf, Francis Guillemin, Lyn March, and Marita Cross
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Asia, Immunology, Population, Prevalence, Overweight, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Global Burden of Disease, Sex Factors, Rheumatology, Osteoarthritis, Epidemiology, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, education, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Australasia, business.industry, Incidence, Public health, Incidence (epidemiology), Age Factors, Health services research, Middle Aged, Europe, Latin America, Africa, North America, Life expectancy, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Demography
Abstract: ObjectivesTo report the level and trends of prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) for osteoarthritis (OA) in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017 by age, sex and Socio-demographic index (SDI; a composite of sociodemographic factors).MethodsPublicly available modelled data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 were used. The burden of OA was estimated for 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017, through a systematic analysis of prevalence and incidence modelled data using the methods reported in the GBD 2017 Study. All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population, with uncertainty intervals (UIs).ResultsGlobally, the age-standardised point prevalence and annual incidence rate of OA in 2017 were 3754.2 (95% UI 3389.4 to 4187.6) and 181.2 (95% UI 162.6 to 202.4) per 100 000, an increase of 9.3% (95% UI 8% to 10.7%) and 8.2% (95% UI 7.1% to 9.4%) from 1990, respectively. In addition, global age-standardised YLD rate in 2017 was 118.8 (95% UI 59.5 to 236.2), an increase of 9.6% (95% UI 8.3% to 11.1%) from 1990. The global prevalence was higher in women and increased with age, peaking at the >95 age group among women and men in 2017. Generally, a positive association was found between the age-standardised YLD rate and SDI at the regional and national levels. Age-standardised prevalence of OA in 2017 ranged from 2090.3 to 6128.1 cases per 100 000 population. United States (6128.1 (95% UI 5729.3 to 6582.9)), American Samoa (5281 (95% UI 4688 to 5965.9)) and Kuwait (5234.6 (95% UI 4643.2 to 5953.6)) had the three highest levels of age-standardised prevalence. Oman (29.6% (95% UI 24.8% to 34.9%)), Equatorial Guinea (28.6% (95% UI 24.4% to 33.7%)) and the United States 23.2% (95% UI 16.4% to 30.5%)) showed the highest increase in the age-standardised prevalence during 1990–2017.ConclusionsOA is a major public health challenge. While there is remarkable international variation in the prevalence, incidence and YLDs due to OA, the burden is increasing in most countries. It is expected to continue with increased life expectancy and ageing of the global population. Improving population and policy maker awareness of risk factors, including overweight and injury, and the importance and benefits of management of OA, together with providing health services for an increasing number of people living with OA, are recommended for management of the future burden of this condition.
Published: 2020

11. Comparison of child abuse history in patients with and without functional abdominal pain: a case-control study

Author: Bahman Salehi, Fereshteh Maghsoudlou, Sima Zahedi, Esmaeil Khedmati Morasae, Seyed Mojtaba Hashemi, Parsa Yousefichaijan, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, and Mohammad Rafiei
Subjects: Child abuse, Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Abdominal pain, lcsh:RC435-571, media_common.quotation_subject, Poison control, Iran, Suicide prevention, Abuse, Neglect, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, lcsh:Psychiatry, Injury prevention, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child Abuse, Psychological abuse, Child, media_common, business.industry, Functional abdominal pain, Case-control study, Abdominal Pain, Psychiatry and Mental health, Physical abuse, Case-Control Studies, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Research Article
Abstract: Background Gastrointestinal (GI) disorders are ranked first amongst medical diseases as a trigger of requests for mental health counselling. Child abuse has been regarded as one of the main causes of the development of functional abdominal pain (FAP) in children. This study aimed, therefore, to compare the prevalence of child abuse experience among two groups of patients with and without FAP. Methods A case-control study of children in Arak, Iran, in which experience of child abuse was compared in children with (n = 100) and without functional abdominal pain (n = 100). Three categories of child abuse - emotional abuse, physical abuse, and neglect - were assessed using the Child Abuse Questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Stata software. Results After adjusting for potential confounders, there were group differences in emotional abuse (96% vs. 81%, aOR = 5.13, 95% CI: 1.3–20.3, p = 0.017), neglect (28% vs. 8%, aOR = 4.27, 95% CI: 1.8–11.8, p = 0.001) and total child abuse score (98% vs. 84%, aOR = 8.2, 95% CI: 1.5–43.8, p = 0.014) but not in physical abuse (57% vs. 46%, aOR = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.81–2.60, p = 0.728). Conclusions As the prevalence of child abuse is higher in patients with FAP, child abuse appears to be related to the occurrence of FAP in children. However, the results of this study cannot be generalized to Iranian society generally and further longitudinal studies are recommended.
Published: 2020

12. Estimating global injuries morbidity and mortality

Author: Zohreh Arefi, Rasmus Havmoeller, Pietro Ferrara, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Payman Salamati, Agegnehu Bante Getenet, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Alexander C. Tsai, Andrew T Olagunju, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Morteza Abdullatif Khafaie, Tim Driscoll, Reza Rawassizadeh, Vishnu Renjith, Taras Kavetskyy, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Richard C. Franklin, Naznin Hossain, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Morteza Naserbakht, Sangram Kishor Patel, Vera Marisa Costa, Suzanne Polinder, Ziad El-Khatib, Ashish Pathak, Mika Shigematsu, Bryan L. Sykes, David M. Pigott, Zeleke Aschalew Melketsedik, Hadi Hassankhani, Nuworza Kugbey, Lal B. Rawal, Masoud Foroutan, Dejana Braithwaite, Muluken Bekele Sorrie, Grant M. A. Wyper, Joht Singh Chandan, Akbar Barzegar, Hamid Safarpour, Kate E. LeGrand, Giulio Castelpietra, Dina Nur Anggraini Ningrum, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Amin Soheili, Azeem Majeed, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Walter Mendoza, Ghulam Mustafa, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Pengpeng Ye, Mahesh P A, Carlos Miguel Rios González, Ahmad Daryani, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Masoud Moradi, Haileab Fekadu Wolde, Mohammad Rabiee, Jaya Prasad Tripathy, Jack T Fox, Diep Ngoc Nguyen, Pallab K. Maulik, Ai-Min Wu, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Fatemeh Rajati, Nathaniel J Henry, David C. Schwebel, Ali H. Mokdad, Akine Eshete Abosetugn, Leonardo Roever, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Khalid A Altirkawi, Hayimro Edemealem Merie, Farhad Ghamari, Ramesh Holla, Arash Sarveazad, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Kedir Hussein Abegaz, Suresh Jungari, Rohan Borschmann, Irfan Ullah, Nitin Joseph, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Michal Grivna, Ivo Rakovac, Mohammad Zamani, Antonio Maria Borzì, Atif Amin Baig, Mohsen Bayati, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Mehdi Sayyah, Teshome Abegaz Kamil, Fakher Rahim, Dillon O Sylte, Feng Sha, Palash Chandra Banik, Mohan Bairwa, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Yong Yu, Delia Hendrie, Spencer L. James, Anusha Ganapati Bhat, Seok Jun Yoon, Siavash Rahimi, Jost B. Jonas, Michael R. Phillips, Diana Silva, Amir Hossein Goudarzian, Samath D Dharmaratne, Roba Khundkar, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Joemer C. Maravilla, Eleonora Dubljanin, Arun Balachandran, Arman Latifi, Randah R. Hamadeh, G. K. Mini, Alessandra C. Goulart, Andreea Mirica, Fatemeh Zarei, Habte Belete, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maseer Khan, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Atte Meretoja, Jasvinder A. Singh, Guilherme Borges, Yasir Waheed, Fahad Alanezi, Masoud Moghadaszadeh, Guoqing Hu, Archith Boloor, Luca Ronfani, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Vahid Rashedi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Yonatal Mesfin Tefera, Yousef Khader, Adnan Kisa, Simon I. Hay, Takeshi Fukumoto, Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi, Yuichiro Yano, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Suzanne Barker-Collo, Ghasem Azarian, Sezer Kisa, Basema Saddik, Leake Gebremeskel, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Jennifer Rickard, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Priya Rathi, Ali Bijani, Smita Pakhale, Francesco Saverio Violante, Neeraj Bedi, Efat Mohamadi, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Marek Majdan, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Richard Ofori-Asenso, Prateek Rastogi, Xuefeng Liu, Monika Sawhney, Ayman Grada, Prasanna Mithra, Shanshan Li, Masood Ali Shaikh, Erin B Hamilton, Hung Chak Ho, Zichen Liu, Irini Chatziralli, Paulo A. Lotufo, Yuming Guo, Daniel N. Kiirithio, Hamidreza Komaki, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Yoosik Youm, Kebreab Paulos, Saqib Ali, Beriwan Abdulqadir Ali, M. Mofizul Islam, Ahad Bakhtiari, Karen M. Tabb, Davood Anvari, Tomislav Mestrovic, Yunquan Zhang, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Naohiro Yonemoto, Rupak Desai, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Carlo La Vecchia, Amrit Banstola, Niguse Meles Alema, Shivakumar K.M. Kondlahalli, Soraya Seedat, Filippo Ariani, Chi Linh Hoang, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Erika Ota, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Van C. Lansingh, Mohammed Madadin, Mostafa Dianati Nasab, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Amanda J. Mason-Jones, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Dinh-Toi Chu, Bach Xuan Tran, Till Bärnighausen, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Bereket Duko Adema, In-Hwan Oh, Paul S. F. Yip, Ionut Negoi, Eduarda Fernandes, Reza Ghanei Gheshlagh, Kelly Jones, Mahdi Safdarian, Josep Maria Haro, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Diego De Leo, Khanh Bao Tran, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Yasser S. Amer, Tommi Vasankari, Vasily Vlassov, Jose C. Adsuar, Zoubida Zaidi, Asadollah Gholamian, Theo Vos, Nauman Khalid, Malke Asaad, André Faro, Rushdia Ahmed, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Hoa Thi Do, Temesgen Gebeyehu Wondmeneh, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Manasi Kumar, Josip Car, Shoaib Hassan, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Gurudatta Naik, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Mustafa Z. Younis, Farid Najafi, Ester Cerin, Lorenzo Monasta, Amit Arora, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Javad Nazari, Joel M. Francis, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Farahnaz Joukar, Babak Moazen, Kebede Deribe, Nithin Kumar, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Getinet Ayano, Serge Resnikoff, Mark A. Stokes, Alaa Badawi, Narinder Kumar, Habibolah Khazaie, Sojib Bin Zaman, Faris Lami, Jens R. Chapman, Onome Bright Oghenetega, Dhirendra N Sinha, Engida Yisma, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Demelash Abewa Elemineh, Junaid Khan, Shane D. Morrison, Mansour Ghafourifard, Ata Rafiee, Hadush Gebremariam, Oghenowede Eyawo, Amir Hasanzadeh, Ana Laura Manda, Muhammed Magdy Abd El Razek, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Narayana Manjunatha, Navid Manafi, Ritesh G. Menezes, Ferrán Catalá-López, Hossein Poustchi, Ghobad Moradi, Suliman Alghnam, Tinuke O Olagunju, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Sorin Hostiuc, Jalal Arabloo, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Chris D Castle, Joan B. Soriano, Syed Amir Gilani, Mariam Molokhia, Gaurav Gupta, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Isabela M. Benseñor, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Atalay Goshu Muluneh, Young Eun Kim, Olatunde Aremu, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Jae Il Shin, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Neha Chaudhary, Juan Sanabria, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Sanni Yaya, Rekha Thapar, Biruk Wogayehu Taddele, Maciej Banach, Salman Rawaf, Nicholas L S Roberts, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Manoochehr Karami, Derrick A Bennett, Duduzile Ndwandwe, Soheil Hassanipour, Ashish Badiye, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Obinna Onwujekwe, Kewal Krishan, João Coelho, Ahmed Abdelalim, Kerrie E. Doyle, Tomasz Miazgowski, Rahman Shiri, Demelash Woldeyohannes Handiso, Navid Rabiee, Nikita Otstavnov, Brian J. Hall, Olalekan A. Uthman, Rohollah Kalhor, Swayam Prakash, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, Chuanhua Yu, Pascual R. Valdez, Martha Híjar, Taweewat Wiangkham, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Melkamu Merid Mengesha, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Ravi Prakash Jha, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Aidin Abedi, Savita Lasrado, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Burcu Kucuk Bicer, Hagazi Gebremedhin Kassaye, Yousef Veisani, Ayenew Kassie Tesema, Amir Radfar, Pawan Faris, Oladimeji Adebayo, Fares Alahdab, Heather Orpana, Narayan Bahadur Mahotra, Tripti Khanna, Girikumar Kumaresh, Alireza Rafiei, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Cyrus Alinia, Era Upadhyay, Stanislav S. Otstavnov, Ahmed Omar Bali, Farshad Farzadfar, Vivek Kumar, Sanghamitra Pati, Gholamreza Roshandel, Daiane Borges Machado, Yuan-Pang Wang, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Aziz Sheikh, Jeevan Pereira, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Soraya Siabani, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Janet L Leasher, Shafiu Mohammed, Shyam Sundar Budhathoki, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Eun-Kee Park, Marwa Rashad Salem, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Achala Upendra Jayatilleke, Paolo Lauriola, Amir Kasaeian, Adam Belay Wondmieneh, Tilahun Belete Mossie, Rovshan Khalilov, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Ai Koyanagi, Shailesh Advani, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Nihad A. Almasri, Abdur Razzaque Sarker, Salman Khazaei, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Matthew Cunningham, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Hosni Salem, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Amy E. Peden, Rajaram Yadav, Srikanta Banerjee, Kenean Getaneh Tlaye, Ronan A Lyons, Farzad Jalilian, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Soufiane Boufous, Leila R Kalankesh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Getnet Gedefaw, Tauseef Ahmad, Faramarz Shaahmadi, Hamed Zandian, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Gregory J. Bertolacci, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Christian Lycke Ellingsen, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Dawit Habte Woldeyes, Robert C. Reiner, Rakhi Dandona, Akram Pourshams, Lorainne Tudor Car, Inbal Salz, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Farnam Mohebi, A. A. Fomenkov, Abraham Getachew Kelbore, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Yousef Mohammad, Arash Ziapour, Zabihollah Yousefi, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu, Neeti Kapoor, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Vinod C. Nayak, Yoshan Moodley, Venkatesh Maled, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Saif Ullah, Anwar Rafay, Ali Koolivand, Ibrahim A Khalil, Parul Puri, Lidia Sanchez Riera, Vinay Nangia, Tanuj Kanchan, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Lidia Morawska, Saeed Shahabi, Tiffany K. Gill, Traolach S. Brugha, Michael K. Hole, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Pankaj Singh, Rosario Cárdenas, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Sanjay Zodpey, Birhanu Geta, Amaha Kahsay, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Samer Hamidi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Peter Memiah, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Sadia Bibi, Bartosz Miazgowski, Daniel Y. Cho, Keyvan Pakshir, Aziz Rezapour, R V Polibin, Sudha Jayaraman, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Amir Manafi, Berhe Gebremichael, Ali Yadollahpour, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Alan D. Lopez, Masoud Behzadifar, Mohammad A. Mohseni Bandpei, Ali Kabir, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Gebretsadkan Hintsa Tekulu, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Sanofi, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital Area, HUS Neurocenter, James, S. L., Castle, C. D., Dingels, Z. V., Fox, J. T., Hamilton, E. B., Liu, Z., Roberts, N. L. S., Sylte, D. O., Bertolacci, G. J., Cunningham, M., Henry, N. J., Legrand, K. E., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahpour, I., Abdulkader, R. S., Abedi, A., Abegaz, K. H., Abosetugn, A. E., Abushouk, A. I., Adebayo, O. M., Adsuar, J. C., Advani, S. M., Agudelo-Botero, M., Ahmad, T., Ahmed, M. B., Ahmed, R., Aichour, M. T. E., Alahdab, F., Alanezi, F. M., Alema, N. M., Alemu, B. W., Alghnam, S. A., Ali, B. A., Ali, S., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Aljunid, S. M., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Almasri, N. A., Altirkawi, K., Amer, Y. S. A., Andrei, C. L., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonio, C. A. T., Anvari, D., Appiah, S. C. Y., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Arefi, Z., Aremu, O., Ariani, F., Arora, A., Asaad, M., Quintanilla, B. P. A., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azarian, G., Badawi, A., Badiye, A. D., Baig, A. A., Bairwa, M., Bakhtiari, A., Balachandran, A., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Banik, P. C., Banstola, A., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barzegar, A., Bayati, M., Bazargan-Hejazi, S., Bedi, N., Behzadifar, M., Belete, H., Bennett, D. A., Bensenor, I. M., Berhe, K., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhardwaj, P., Bhat, A. G., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Bibi, S., Bijani, A., Boloor, A., Borges, G., Borschmann, R., Borzi, A. M., Boufous, S., Braithwaite, D., Briko, N. I., Brugha, T., Budhathoki, S. S., Car, J., Cardenas, R., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castelpietra, G., Catala-Lopez, F., Cerin, E., Chandan, J. S., Chapman, J. R., Chattu, V. K., Chattu, S. K., Chatziralli, I., Chaudhary, N., Cho, D. Y., Choi, J. -Y. J., Chowdhury, M. A. K., Christopher, D. J., Chu, D. -T., Cicuttini, F. M., Coelho, J. M., Costa, V. M., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Daryani, A., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., De Leo, D., Demeke, F. M., Demoz, G. T., Demsie, D. G., Deribe, K., Desai, R., Nasab, M. D., Da Silva, D. D., Forooshani, Z. S. D., Do, H. T., Doyle, K. E., Driscoll, T. R., Dubljanin, E., Adema, B. D., Eagan, A. W., Elemineh, D. A., El-Jaafary, S. I., El-Khatib, Z., Ellingsen, C. L., El Sayedzaki, M., Eskandarieh, S., Eyawo, O., Faris, P. S., Faro, A., Farzadfar, F., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, P., Fischer, F., Folayan, M. O., Fomenkov, A. A., Foroutan, M., Francis, J. M., Franklin, R. C., Fukumoto, T., Geberemariyam, B. S., Gebremariam, H., Gebremedhin, K. B., Gebremeskel, L. G., Gebremeskel, G. G., Gebremichael, B., Gedefaw, G. A., Geta, B., Getenet, A. B., Ghafourifard, M., Ghamari, F., Gheshlagh, R. G., Gholamian, A., Gilani, S. A., Gill, T. K., Goudarzian, A. H., Goulart, A. C., Grada, A., Grivna, M., Guimaraes, R. A., Guo, Y., Gupta, G., Haagsma, J. A., Hall, B. J., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Handiso, D. W., Haro, J. M., Hasanzadeh, A., Hassan, S., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Hassen, H. Y., Havmoeller, R., Hendrie, D., Heydarpour, F., Hijar, M., Ho, H. C., Hoang, C. L., Hole, M. K., Holla, R., Hossain, N., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, S., Hu, G., Ibitoye, S. E., Ilesanmi, O. S., Inbaraj, L. R., Irvani, S. S. N., Islam, M. M., Islam, S. M. S., Ivers, R. Q., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Jalilian, F., Jayaraman, S., Jayatilleke, A. U., Jha, R. P., John-Akinola, Y. O., Jonas, J. B., Jones, K. M., Joseph, N., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jungari, S. B., Jurisson, M., Kabir, A., Kahsay, A., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kamil, T. A., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami, M., Kasaeian, A., Kassaye, H. G., Kavetskyy, T., Kayode, G. A., Keiyoro, P. N., Kelbore, A. G., Khader, Y. S., Khafaie, M. A., Khalid, N., Khalil, I. A., Khalilov, R., Khan, M., Khan, E. A., Khan, J., Khanna, T., Khazaei, S., Khazaie, H., Khundkar, R., Kiirithio, D. N., Kim, Y. -E., Kim, Y. J., Kim, D., Kisa, S., Kisa, A., Komaki, H., Kondlahalli, S. K. M., Koolivand, A., Korshunov, V. A., Koyanagi, A., Kraemer, M. U. G., Krishan, K., Defo, B. K., Bicer, B. K., Kugbey, N., Kumar, N., Kumar, M., Kumar, V., Kumaresh, G., Lami, F. H., Lansingh, V. C., Lasrado, S., Latifi, A., Lauriola, P., Vecchia, C. L., Leasher, J. L., Lee, S. W. H., Li, S., Liu, X., Lopez, A. D., Lotufo, P. A., Lyons, R. A., Machado, D. B., Madadin, M., Abd El Razek, M. M., Mahotra, N. B., Majdan, M., Majeed, A., Maled, V., Malta, D. C., Manafi, N., Manafi, A., Manda, A. -L., Manjunatha, N., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansournia, M. A., Maravilla, J. C., Mason-Jones, A. J., Masoumi, S. Z., Massenburg, B. B., Maulik, P. K., Mehndiratta, M. M., Melketsedik, Z. A., Memiah, P. T. N., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, M. M., Meretoja, T. J., Meretoja, A., Merie, H. E., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Miller, T. R., Mini, G. K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Mithra, P., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad, Y., Darwesh, A. M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, J. A., Mohebi, F., Bandpei, M. A. M., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moodley, Y., Moradi, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Morawska, L., Velasquez, I. M., Morrison, S. D., Mossie, T. B., Muluneh, A. G., Musa, K. I., Mustafa, G., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Naik, G., Naimzada, M. D., Najaf, F., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B. R., Naserbakht, M., Nayak, V., Nazari, J., Ndwandwe, D. E., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, T. H., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, D. N., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nikbakhsh, R., Ningrum, D. N. A., Nnaji, C. A., Ofori-Asenso, R., Ogbo, F. A., Oghenetega, O. B., Oh, I. -H., Olagunju, A. T., Olagunju, T. O., Bali, A. O., Onwujekwe, O. E., Orpana, H. M., Ota, E., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Mahesh, A. P., Padubidri, J. R., Pakhale, S., Pakshir, K., Panda-Jonas, S., Park, E. -K., Patel, S. K., Pathak, A., Pati, S., Paulos, K., Peden, A. E., Pepito, V. C. F., Pereira, J., Phillips, M. R., Polibin, R. V., Polinder, S., Pourmalek, F., Pourshams, A., Poustchi, H., Prakash, S., Pribadi, D. R. A., Puri, P., Syed, Z. Q., Rabiee, N., Rabiee, M., Radfar, A., Rafay, A., Rafee, A., Rafei, A., Rahim, F., Rahimi, S., Rahman, M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Rajati, F., Rakovac, I., Rao, S. J., Rashedi, V., Rastogi, P., Rathi, P., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Renjith, V., Resnikoff, S., Rezapour, A., Ribeiro, A. I., Rickard, J., Gonzalez, C. M. R., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Roshandel, G., Saddik, B., Safarpour, H., Safdarian, M., Sajadi, S. M., Salamati, P., Salem, M. R. R., Salem, H., Salz, I., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Riera, L. S., Milicevic, M. M. S., Sarker, A. R., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sawhney, M., Sayyah, M., Schwebel, D. C., Seedat, S., Senthilkumaran, S., Seyedmousavi, S., Sha, F., Shaahmadi, F., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M. A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Sheikh, A., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J. I., Shiri, R., Siabani, S., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Singh, J. A., Singh, P. K., Sinha, D. N., Soheili, A., Soriano, J. B., Sorrie, M. B., Soyiri, I. N., Stokes, M. A., Sufiyan, M. B., Sykes, B. L., Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Taddele, B. W., Tefera, Y. M., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekulu, G. H., Tesema, A. K. T., Tesfay, B. E., Thapar, R., Titova, M. V., Tlaye, K. G., Tohidinik, H. R., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, K. B., Tran, B. X., Tripathy, J. P., Tsai, A. C., Tsatsakis, A., Car, L. T., Ullah, I., Ullah, S., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Uthman, O. A., Valdez, P. R., Vasankari, T. J., Veisani, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y. -P., Wiangkham, T., Wolde, H. F., Woldeyes, D. H., Wondmeneh, T. 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C., Vos, T., James, S, Castle, C, Dingels, Z, Fox, J, Hamilton, E, Liu, Z, Roberts, N, Sylte, D, Bertolacci, G, Cunningham, M, Henry, N, Legrand, K, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahpour, I, Abdulkader, R, Abedi, A, Abegaz, K, Abosetugn, A, Abushouk, A, Adebayo, O, Adsuar, J, Advani, S, Agudelo-Botero, M, Ahmad, T, Ahmed, M, Ahmed, R, Eddine Aichour, M, Alahdab, F, Alanezi, F, Alema, N, Alemu, B, Alghnam, S, Ali, B, Ali, S, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Aljunid, S, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Almasri, N, Altirkawi, K, Abdeldayem Amer, Y, Andrei, C, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, T Antonio, C, Anvari, D, Yaw Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Arefi, Z, Aremu, O, Ariani, F, Arora, A, Asaad, M, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azarian, G, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Baig, A, Bairwa, M, Bakhtiari, A, Balachandran, A, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Banik, P, Banstola, A, Barker-Collo, S, Bärnighausen, T, Barzegar, A, Bayati, M, Bazargan-Hejazi, S, Bedi, N, Behzadifar, M, Belete, H, Bennett, D, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Bhagavathula, A, Bhardwaj, P, Bhat, A, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bibi, S, Bijani, A, Boloor, A, Borges, G, Borschmann, R, Borzì, A, Boufous, S, Braithwaite, D, Briko, N, Brugha, T, Budhathoki, S, Car, J, Cárdenas, R, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castañeda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Catalá-López, F, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chapman, J, Chattu, V, Chattu, S, Chatziralli, I, Chaudhary, N, Cho, D, Choi, J, Kabir Chowdhury, M, Christopher, D, Chu, D, Cicuttini, F, Coelho, J, Costa, V, Dahlawi, S, Daryani, A, Dávila-Cervantes, C, Leo, D, Demeke, F, Demoz, G, Demsie, D, Deribe, K, Desai, R, Nasab, M, Silva, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Do, H, Doyle, K, Driscoll, T, Dubljanin, E, Adema, B, Eagan, A, Elemineh, D, El-Jaafary, S, El-Khatib, Z, Ellingsen, C, Zaki, M, Eskandarieh, S, Eyawo, O, Faris, P, Faro, A, Farzadfar, F, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, P, Fischer, F, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Foroutan, M, Francis, J, Franklin, R, Fukumoto, T, Geberemariyam, B, Gebremariam, H, 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Z.A., Memiah, P.T.N., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R.G., Mengesha, M.M., Meretoja, T.J., Meretoja, A., Merie, H.E., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Miller, T.R., Mini, G.K., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E.M., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Mithra, P., Moazen, B., Moghadaszadeh, M., Mohamadi, E., Mohammad, Y., Darwesh, A.M., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, S., Mohammed, J.A., Mohebi, F., Bandpei, M.A.M., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Moodley, Y., Moradi, M., Moradi, G., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Morawska, L., Velásquez, I.M., Morrison, S.D., Mossie, T.B., Muluneh, A.G., Musa, K.I., Mustafa, G., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A.J., Naik, G., Naimzada, M.D., Najaf, F., Nangia, V., Nascimento, B.R., Naserbakht, M., Nayak, V., Nazari, J., Ndwandwe, D.E., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J.W., Nguyen, T.H., Nguyen, C.T., Nguyen, D.N., Nguyen, H.L.T., Nikbakhsh, R., Ningrum, D.N.A., Nnaji, C.A., Ofori-Asenso, R., Ogbo, F.A., Oghenetega, O.B., Oh, I.-H., Olagunju, A.T., Olagunju, 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Sayyah, M., Schwebel, D.C., Seedat, S., Senthilkumaran, S., Seyedmousavi, S., Sha, F., Shaahmadi, F., Shahabi, S., Shaikh, M.A., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Sheikh, A., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J.I., Shiri, R., Siabani, S., Sigfusdottir, I.D., Singh, J.A., Singh, P.K., Sinha, D.N., Soheili, A., Soriano, J.B., Sorrie, M.B., Soyiri, I.N., Stokes, M.A., Sufiyan, M.B., Sykes, B.L., Tabarés-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K.M., Taddele, B.W., Tefera, Y.M., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Tekulu, G.H., Tesema, A.K.T., Tesfay, B.E., Thapar, R., Titova, M.V., Tlaye, K.G., Tohidinik, H.R., Topor-Madry, R., Tran, K.B., Tran, B.X., Tripathy, J.P., Tsai, A.C., Tsatsakis, A., Car, L.T., Ullah, I., Ullah, S., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Uthman, O.A., Valdez, P.R., Vasankari, T.J., Veisani, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F.S., Vlassov, V., Waheed, Y., Wang, Y.-P., Wiangkham, T., Wolde, H.F., Woldeyes, D.H., Wondmeneh, T.G., Wondmieneh, A.B., Wu, A.-M., Wyper, G.M.A., Yadav, R., Yadollahpour, A., Yano, Y., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Ye, P., Yip, P., Yisma, E., Yonemoto, N., Yoon, S.-J., Youm, Y., Younis, M.Z., Yousef, Z., Yu, C., Yu, Y., Moghadam, T.Z., Zaidi, Z., Zaman, S.B., Zamani, M., Zandian, H., Zarei, F., Zhang, Z.-J., Zhang, Y., Ziapour, A., Zodpey, S., Dandona, R., Dharmaratne, S.D., Hay, S.I., Mokdad, A.H., Pigott, D.M., Reiner, R.C., Vos, T., Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, James, Spencer L, Castle, Chris D, Dingels, Zachary V, Fox, Jack T, Adema, Bereket Duko, Yisma, Engida, Vos, Theo, and Public Health
Subjects: Male, Populations/contexts, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, Global injuries, population, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Global Health, contexts, context, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Year, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, Original Research, Data, populations/contexts, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, methodology, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Female, Public Health, TERRITORIES, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, descriptive epidemiology, Human, Disabilities, 195 COUNTRIES, statistical issue, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 03 medical and health sciences, AGE, Life Expectancy, Environmental health, Injury prevention, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, statistical issues, Humans, Mortality, Estimation, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, DISABILITY, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, populations, Morbidity, Wounds and Injuries, 1106 Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 1117 Public Health and Health Services, 1701 Psychology, Quality-adjusted life year, Years of potential life lost, 1701 Psychology, Life expectancy, Estimates, Human medicine, populations/context
Abstract: Background. While there is a long history of measuring death and disability from injuries, modern research methods must account for the wide spectrum of disability that can occur in an injury, and must provide estimates with sufficient demographic, geographical and temporal detail to be useful for policy makers. The Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2017 study used methods to provide highly detailed estimates of global injury burden that meet these criteria. Methods. In this study, we report and discuss the methods used in GBD 2017 for injury morbidity and mortality burden estimation. In summary, these methods included estimating cause-specific mortality for every cause of injury, and then estimating incidence for every cause of injury. Non-fatal disability for each cause is then calculated based on the probabilities of suffering from different types of bodily injury experienced. Results. GBD 2017 produced morbidity and mortality estimates for 38 causes of injury. Estimates were produced in terms of incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability, cause-specific mortality, years of life lost and disability-adjusted life-years for a 28-year period for 22 age groups, 195 countries and both sexes. Conclusions. GBD 2017 demonstrated a complex and sophisticated series of analytical steps using the largest known database of morbidity and mortality data on injuries. GBD 2017 results should be used to help inform injury prevention policy making and resource allocation. We also identify important avenues for improving injury burden estimation in the future. Seyed Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Alaa Badawi acknowledges support by the Public Health Agency of Canada. Till Bärnighausen acknowledges support by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Traolach Brugha received support from NatCen Social Research (http://natcen.ac.uk/) via NHS Digital and Department of Health and Social Care London, for the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey (APMS) programme. Felix Carvalho received support from UID/MULTI/04378/2019 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Vera M Costa acknowledges support from grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Kebede Deribe is supported by a grant from the Wellcome Trust [grant number 201900] as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. Tim Driscoll acknowledges that work on occupational risk factors was partially supported by funds from the World Health Organization. Eduarda Fernandes acknowledges support from UID/QUI/50006/2019 with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Yuming Guo acknowledges support from Career Development Fellowships of the Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (numbers APP1107107 and APP1163693). Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam is funded by a Fellowship from National Heart Foundation of Australia and Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges support by the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia through the Grant number OI175014; publication of results was not contingent upon Ministry's censorship or approval. Sudha Jayaraman acknowledges support from: NIH R21: 1R21TW010439-01A1 (PI); Rotary Foundation Global Grant #GG1749568 (PI); NIH P20: 1P20CA210284-01A1 (Co-PI) and DOD grant W81XWH-16-2-0040 (Co-I), during the period of this study. Yun Jin Kim acknowledges support from a grant from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia [grant number: XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001]. Kewal Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Mansai Kumar acknowledges support from FIC/ NIH K43 1K43MH114320-01. Amanda Mason-Jones acknowledges support by the University of York. Mariam Molokhia is supported by the National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Center at Guy’s and St Thomas’s National Health Service Foundation Trust and King’s College London. Ilais Moreno Velasquez is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI, Senacyt, Panama). Mukhammad David Naimzada acknowledges support from Government of the Russian Federation (Agreement No – 075-02-2019-967). Duduzile Ndwandwe acknowledges support from Cochrane South Africa, South African Medical Research Council. Stanislav S. Otstavnov acknowledges the support from the Government of the Russian Federation (Agreement No – 075-02-2019-967). Ashish Pathak acknowledges support from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), New Delhi, India (Grant number 2013-1253). Michael R Phillips acknowledges support in part by a grant from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.81761128031). Abdallah M. Samy received a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Milena Santric Milicevic acknowledges the support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 175087). Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, Clinical Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA. Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Sojib Bin Zaman acknowledges support from an "Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP) Scholarship.
Published: 2020

13. The Persian version of the revised dyadic adjustment scale (RDAS): a validation study in infertile patients

Author: Payam Amini, Saman Maroufizadeh, Reza Omani-Samani, Mostafa Hosseini, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, and Mahdi Sepidarkish
Subjects: Adult, Male, Referral, media_common.quotation_subject, lcsh:BF1-990, Fertility, Personal Satisfaction, Iran, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Validity, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cronbach's alpha, Surveys and Questionnaires, Humans, Marriage, General Psychology, media_common, Psychological Tests, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Revised dyadic adjustment scale, 05 social sciences, Reproducibility of Results, Construct validity, General Medicine, Reliability, Confirmatory factor analysis, Marital quality, lcsh:Psychology, Convergent validity, 050902 family studies, Scale (social sciences), Infertility, Female, 0509 other social sciences, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Psychology, Research Article, Clinical psychology
Abstract: Background Infertility can have a powerful impact on marital quality. The Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) is a widely used measure of marital quality. This scale has not been validated in infertile patients. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the RDAS in a sample of infertile patients. Methods The sample of this methodological study consisted of 254 infertile patients referring to a referral infertility clinic in Tehran, Iran. A battery of questionnaires was administered to the participants, including a demographic/fertility questionnaire, the RDAS, the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS), the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale (KMSS), the Couples Satisfaction Index- 4 Item (CSI-4), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Perceived Stress Scale-4 Item (PSS-4). Internal consistency of the scale was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha, construct validity was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and convergent validity was examined by correlating the RDAS with RAS, KMSS, CSI-4, HADS, and PSS-4 instruments. Results The mean total RDAS score was 49.26 ± 9.34, and 100 patients (39.4%) had marital distress based on the cut-off value of 2/df = 2.26; CFI = 0.96; GFI = 0.91; NFI = 0.93; IFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.071 and SRMR = 0.050. The RDAS and its subscales revealed satisfactory internal consistency that ranged from 0.664 to 0.847. Convergent validity was confirmed by strong correlations between RDAS scores and scores on the RAS, KMSS, and CSI-4. These correlations also tended to be larger than correlations with measures of HADS-anxiety, HADS-depression, and PSS-4. Among demographic/fertility variables, only infertility duration was found to be correlated to the RDAS. Conclusion The RDAS is a reliable and valid inventory for measuring marital quality in infertile patients. Further validation studies are needed to generalize the underlying structure of the scale in various populations.
Published: 2020

14. Global, regional, and national cancer deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to alcohol consumption in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019

Author: Saeid Safiri, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Nahid Karamzad, Kristin Carson‐Chahhoud, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Mark J. M. Sullman, Amir Almasi‐Hashiani, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Gary S. Collins, Jay S. Kaufman, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Safiri, Saeid, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Karamzad, Nahid, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Carson-Chahhoud, Kristin, Sullman, Mark JM, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Collins, Gary S, Kaufman, Jay S, and Kolahi, Ali-Asghar
Subjects: Male, Cancer Research, global burden of disease, Alcohol Drinking, alcohol, disability-adjusted life-year, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, Oncology, Risk Factors, death, Neoplasms, cancer, Humans, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Aged
Abstract: Refereed/Peer-reviewed Background: alcohol consumption is a risk factor for a number of communicable and non-communicable diseases, including several types of cancer. This article reports the burden of cancers attributable to alcohol consumption by age, sex, location, sociodemographic index (SDI), and cancer type from 1990 to 2019. Methods: the comparative risk assessment approach was used in the 2019 Global Burden of Disease study to report the burden of cancers attributable to alcohol consumption between 1990 and 2019. Results: in 2019, there were globally an estimated 494.7 thousand cancer deaths (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 439.7 to 554.1) and 13.0 million cancer disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs; 95% UI, 11.6 to 14.5) that were attributable to alcohol consumption. The alcohol-attributable DALYs were much higher in men (10.5 million; 95% UI, 9.2 to 11.8) than women (2.5 million; 95% UI, 2.2 to 2.9). The global age-standardized death and DALY rates of cancers attributable to alcohol decreased by 14.7% (95% UI, 6.4% to 23%) and 18.1% (95% UI, 9.2% to 26.5%), respectively, over the study period. Central Europe had the highest age-standardized death rates that were attributable to alcohol consumption(10.3; 95% UI, 8.7 to12.0). Moreover, there was an overall positive association between SDI and the regional age-standardized DALY rate for alcohol-attributable cancers. Conclusions: despite decreases in age-standardized deaths and DALYs, substantial numbers of cancer deaths and DALYs are still attributable to alcohol consumption. Because there is a higher burden in males, the elderly, and developed regions (based on SDI), these groups and regions should be prioritized in any prevention programs.
Published: 2021

15. Burden of ischemic heart disease and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019

Author: Saeid Safiri, Nahid Karamzad, Kuljit Singh, Kristin Carson-Chahhoud, Cobi Adams, Seyed Aria Nejadghaderi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Mark J M Sullman, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Nicola Luigi Bragazzi, Jay S Kaufman, Gary S Collins, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Safiri, Saeid, Karamzad, Nahid, Singh, Kuljit, Carson-Chahhoud, Kristin, Adams, Cobi, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Sullman, Mark JM, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Bragazzi, Nicola Luigi, Kaufman, Jay S, Collins, Gary S, and Kolahi, Ali Asghar
Subjects: Male, global burden of disease, Epidemiology, Myocardial Ischemia, Global Health, ischemic heart disease, Global Burden of Disease, risk factor, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Humans, epidemiology, Female, cardiovascular diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract: Aims To report the prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD) and its attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019, by age, sex, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Methods and results Ischemic heart disease was defined as acute myocardial infarction (MI) and chronic IHD (angina; asymptomatic IHD following MI). Cause of death ensemble modelling was used to produce fatality estimates. The prevalence of the non-fatal sequalae of IHD was estimated using DisMod MR 2.1. All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardized rates per 100 000 population. In 2019, IHD accounted for 197.2 million (177.7–219.5) prevalent cases, 9.1 million (8.4–9.7) deaths, and 182.0 million (170.2–193.5) DALYs worldwide. There were decreases in the global age-standardized prevalence rates of IHD [−4.6% (−5.7, −3.6)], deaths [−30.8% (−34.8, −27.2)], and DALYs [−28.6% (−33.3, −24.2)] from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, the global prevalence and death rates of IHD were higher among males across all age groups, while the death rate peaked in the oldest group for both sexes. A negative association was found between the age-standardized DALY rates and SDI. Globally, high systolic blood pressure (54.6%), high low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (46.6%), and smoking (23.9%) were the three largest contributors to the DALYs attributable to IHD. Conclusion Although the global age-standardized prevalence, death, and DALY rates all decreased. Prevention and control programmes should be implemented to reduce population exposure to risk factors, reduce the risk of IHD in high-risk populations, and provide appropriate care for communities.
Published: 2021

16. The causal effect and impact of reproductive factors on breast cancer using super learner and targeted maximum likelihood estimation: a case-control study in Fars Province, Iran

Author: Saeid Safiri, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Reza Ghiasvand, Maryam Nazemipour, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Nasrin Mansournia, and Saharnaz Nedjat
Subjects: TMLE, Breastfeeding, Breast Neoplasms, Iran, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Breast cancer, Population attributable fraction, Super learner, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Causal analysis, Double robustness, Likelihood Functions, business.industry, Age at first marriage, Research, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Absolute risk reduction, Case-control study, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Parity, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Relative risk, Reproductive history, Case-Control Studies, Attributable risk, Female, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270, business, Demography
Abstract: Objectives The relationship between reproductive factors and breast cancer (BC) risk has been investigated in previous studies. Considering the discrepancies in the results, the aim of this study was to estimate the causal effect of reproductive factors on BC risk in a case-control study using the double robust approach of targeted maximum likelihood estimation. Methods This is a causal reanalysis of a case-control study done between 2005 and 2008 in Shiraz, Iran, in which 787 confirmed BC cases and 928 controls were enrolled. Targeted maximum likelihood estimation along with super Learner were used to analyze the data, and risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD), andpopulation attributable fraction (PAF) were reported. Results Our findings did not support parity and age at the first pregnancy as risk factors for BC. The risk of BC was higher among postmenopausal women (RR = 3.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) = (2.3, 4.6)), women with the age at first marriage ≥20 years (RR = 1.6, 95% CI = (1.3, 2.1)), and the history of oral contraceptive (OC) use (RR = 1.6, 95% CI = (1.3, 2.1)) or breastfeeding duration ≤60 months (RR = 1.8, 95% CI = (1.3, 2.5)). The PAF for menopause status, breastfeeding duration, and OC use were 40.3% (95% CI = 39.5, 40.6), 27.3% (95% CI = 23.1, 30.8) and 24.4% (95% CI = 10.5, 35.5), respectively. Conclusions Postmenopausal women, and women with a higher age at first marriage, shorter duration of breastfeeding, and history of OC use are at the higher risk of BC.
Published: 2021

17. Placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PartoSure) test for the prediction of preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Maryam Farid Mojtahedi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Ladan Hosseini, Reihaneh Pirjani, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Ashraf Moini, and Samira Vesali
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Preterm labor, Placenta, Alpha (ethology), Cervix Uteri, Sensitivity and Specificity, 03 medical and health sciences, Obstetric Labor, Premature, 0302 clinical medicine, Predictive Value of Tests, Pregnancy, 030225 pediatrics, Humans, Medicine, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Beta-2 microglobulin, business.industry, Obstetrics, Infant, Newborn, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Predictive value, Systematic review, Meta-analysis, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Premature Birth, Biomarker (medicine), Female, business
Abstract: To assess the accuracy of the placental alpha microglobulin-1 (PAMG-1) to predict preterm birth (PB) in women with symptoms of PB through use of formal methods for systematic reviews and meta-analytic techniques.We performed a comprehensive search of medical bibliographic databases to identify observational studies that reported on the predictive accuracy of PAMG-1 for PB. Two investigators independently assessed studies, assessed quality of studies, and extracted data. Summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves, pooled sensitivities, specificities, likelihood ratios (LR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) were generated.Seventeen studies involving 2590 women met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis of 15 studies (including 1906 women) revealed a pooled sensitivity of 66.2% (95% CI: 59.1, 72.7) and specificity of 96.1% (95% CI: 95.1, 97.0) with the SROC equal to 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98) for prediction of delivery within 7 d of testing. The summary estimates were 15.26 (95% CI: 11.80, 19.75) for LR + and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.17, 0.55) for LR - for prediction of delivery within 7 d of testing. Pooled estimate of DOR for predicting delivery within 7 d of testing was 55.13 (95% CI: 35.32, 86.06). The sensitivity, specificity and the SROC of PAMG-1 pooled from 10 studies (including 1508 women) for prediction of delivery within 14 d of testing were 64.4% (95% CI: 56.8, 71.5), 96.9% (95% CI: 95.8, 97.7) and 0.97 (95% CI: 0.95, 0.98). The overall pooled LR + and LR - of PAMG-1 for predicting delivery within 14 d of testing among the included studies were 16.72 (95% CI: 12.03, 23.23) and 0.42.1 (95% CI: 0.31, 0.56), respectively. The pooled DOR of the PAMG-1 for prediction delivery within 14 d of testing was equal to 44.65 (95% CI: 26.30, 75.78).Cervical PAMG-1 had a high accuracy to predict PB within 7 and 14 d of testing in symptomatic pregnant women.
Published: 2019

18. Risk of gestational diabetes mellitus following assisted reproductive technology: systematic review and meta-analysis of 59 cohort studies

Author: Esmaeil Khedmati Morasae, Payam Amini, Saman Maroufizadeh, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Behnaz Navid, Ahad Alizadeh, Maryam Mohammadi, and Reza Omani-Samani
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted, endocrine system diseases, medicine.medical_treatment, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, medicine, Humans, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Assisted reproductive technology, Obstetrics, business.industry, nutritional and metabolic diseases, Obstetrics and Gynecology, medicine.disease, Gestational diabetes, Diabetes, Gestational, Increased risk, Systematic review, Fertilization, Meta-analysis, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, business, Cohort study
Abstract: The use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has been associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in previous studies, but its risk has not been consistent. Therefore, we aimed to estimate the risk of GDM in women who conceived with ART via a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.ISI Web of Knowledge, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched to identify studies that evaluated the risk of GDM through May 2017 using the relevant keywords. Two reviewers independently performed the screening, data extraction, and quality assessment. Meta-analysis was performed with a random effects model.The search yielded 957 records relating to GDM and use of ART, from which 59 eligible cohorts were selected for meta-analysis (The findings revealed that the risk of GDM was very high among women who conceived with ART treatment. GDM screening, management, and improved care are vital in ART pregnancy.
Published: 2019

19. Global, regional and national burden of rheumatoid arthritis 1990–2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study 2017

Author: Saeid Safiri, Ali Asghar Kolahi, Damian Hoy, Emma Smith, Deepti Bettampadi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Mostafa Qorbani, Gary Collins, Anthony D Woolf, Lyn March, and Marita Cross
Subjects: Male, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, Incidence, Immunology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Global Burden of Disease, Arthritis, Rheumatoid, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, 0302 clinical medicine, Rheumatology, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sex Distribution
Abstract: ObjectivesTo provide the level and trends of prevalence, incidence and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in 195 countries from 1990 to 2017 by age, sex, Socio-demographic Index (SDI; a composite of sociodemographic factors) and Healthcare Access and Quality (an indicator of health system performance) Index.MethodsData from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors study (GBD) 2017 were used. GBD 2017 modelled the burden of RA for 195 countries from 1990 to 2017, through a systematic analysis of mortality and morbidity data to estimate prevalence, incidence and DALYs. All estimates were presented as counts and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population, with uncertainty intervals (UIs).ResultsGlobally, the age-standardised point prevalence and annual incidence rates of RA were 246.6 (95% UI 222.4 to 270.8) and 14.9 (95% UI 13.3 to 16.4) in 2017, which increased by 7.4% (95% UI 5.3 to 9.4) and 8.2% (95% UI 5.9 to 10.5) from 1990, respectively. However, the age-standardised rate of RA DALYs per 100 000 population was 43.3 (95% UI 33.0 to 54.5) in 2017, which was a 3.6% (95% UI −9.7 to 0.3) decrease from the 1990 rate. The age-standardised prevalence and DALY rates increased with age and were higher in females; the rates peaked at 70–74 and 75–79 age groups for females and males, respectively. A non-linear association was found between age-standardised DALY rate and SDI. The global age-standardised DALY rate decreased from 1990 to 2012 but then increased and reached higher than expected levels in the following 5 years to 2017. The UK had the highest age-standardised prevalence rate (471.8 (95% UI 428.9 to 514.9)) and age-standardised incidence rate (27.5 (95% UI 24.7 to 30.0)) in 2017. Canada, Paraguay and Guatemala showed the largest increases in age-standardised prevalence rates (54.7% (95% UI 49.2 to 59.7), 41.8% (95% UI 35.0 to 48.6) and 37.0% (95% UI 30.9 to 43.9), respectively) and age-standardised incidence rates (48.2% (95% UI 41.5 to 55.1), 43.6% (95% UI 36.6 to 50.7) and 36.8% (95% UI 30.4 to 44.3), respectively) between 1990 and 2017.ConclusionsRA is a major global public health challenge. The age-standardised prevalence and incidence rates are increasing, especially in countries such as Canada, Paraguay and Guatemala. Early identification and treatment of RA is vital especially among females, in order to reduce the ongoing burden of this condition. The quality of health data needs to be improved for better monitoring of disease burden.
Published: 2019

20. Effect of different doses of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic parameters and block characteristics after ropivacaine spinal anesthesia in lower-limb orthopedic surgery: a randomized clinical trial

Author: Laleh Farokhmehr, Bijan Yazdi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Hesameddin Modir, and Alireza Kamali
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Visual analogue scale, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), Blood Pressure, Placebo, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Oxygen Consumption, Randomized controlled trial, Double-Blind Method, 030202 anesthesiology, law, Heart Rate, Heart rate, medicine, Humans, Orthopedic Procedures, Ropivacaine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Dexmedetomidine, Anesthetics, Local, Injections, Spinal, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, business.industry, block characteristics, dexmedetomidine, sensory block, Middle Aged, randomized clinical trial, Placebo Effect, oxygen saturation, Clinical trial, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia, motor block, Orthopedic surgery, Female, business, hemodynamic changes, medicine.drug, Research Article
Abstract: The study aims to compare the efficacy of different doses of intrathecal dexmedetomidine on hemodynamic parameters and block characteristics after ropivacaine spinal anesthesia in lower-limb orthopedic surgery. In a double-blind trial, 90 patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for lower-limb orthopedic surgery were included and then randomly assigned to three groups; dexmedetomidine 5 μg/kg, dexmedetomidine 10 μg/kg and placebo. Blood pressure, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were recorded in the three groups at the first 15 minutes and then every 15 to 180 minutes at recovery by a resident anesthesiologist, as well as sensory-motor block onset. The visual analog scale scores for the assessment of pain were recorded at recovery, and 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours postoperatively and the data were analyzed by Stata software. The onset and time to achieve sensory block to ≥ T8 were faster in the 10 μg/kg dexmedetomidine group than the other groups (P = 0.001). The Bromage score was higher in the 10 μg/kg dexmedetomidine group (P = 0.0001) with lower pain score as compared with the 5 μg/kg dexmedetomidine and placebo groups (P = 0.0001). Therefore, an increase in dexmedetomidine hastens the onset of sensory-motor block but not causes side effects. This study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences in 2017 (Ethical Code: IR.ARAKMU.REC.1396.37), and the trail was registered and approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials in 2017 (IRCT No. IRCT2017070614056N12).
Published: 2019

21. Assisted reproductive technology and the risk of preeclampsia: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Payam Amini, Ahad Alizadeh, Saman Maroufizadeh, Behnaz Navid, Esmaeil Khedmati Morasae, Reza Omani-Samani, Maryam Mohammadi, and Amir Almasi-Hashiani
Subjects: Risk, medicine.medical_specialty, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted, medicine.medical_treatment, Reproductive medicine, MEDLINE, lcsh:Gynecology and obstetrics, Cochran's Q test, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pre-Eclampsia, Pregnancy, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:RG1-991, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Assisted reproductive technology, Obstetrics, business.industry, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Preeclampsia, Meta-analysis, Data extraction, Case-Control Studies, Relative risk, Infertility, Systematic review, Female, business, Research Article, Cohort study
Abstract: Background The objective of this systematic review and meta-analyses was to assess the risk of preeclampsia among women who conceived with assisted reproductive technology (ART). Methods We searched the ISI Web of Knowledge, Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Embase (from inception to May 2017) for English language articles using a list of key words. In addition, reference lists from identified studies and relevant review articles were also searched. Data extraction was performed by two authors, and the study quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Random-effects model meta-analysis was applied to pool the relative risks (RR) across studies. Results A total of 48 studies (5 case-control studies and 43 cohort studies) were included in this meta-analysis. The Cochran Q test and I2 statistics revealed substantial heterogeneity (Q = 26,313.92, d.f. = 47, p
Published: 2019

22. Systematic review and meta‐analysis of adverse pregnancy outcomes after uterine adenomyosis

Author: Mahroo Rezaeinejad, Safoura Rouholamin, Maryam Razavi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Mahdi Sepidarkish, and Arezoo Maleki-Hajiagha
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pre-Eclampsia, Pregnancy, medicine, Humans, Adenomyosis, 030212 general & internal medicine, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, business.industry, Obstetrics, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy Outcome, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Medicine, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Pregnancy Complications, Observational Studies as Topic, Premature birth, Case-Control Studies, Meta-analysis, Infant, Small for Gestational Age, Premature Birth, Small for gestational age, Female, Observational study, business
Abstract: Background Studies on the impact of adenomyosis and its pregnancy complications have yielded conflicting results. Objective To determine the likelihood of adverse pregnancy outcomes among women with adenomyosis relative to women without adenomyosis. Search strategy PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for studies published up to June 15, 2018. Selection criteria Observational studies with medically confirmed pregnancy outcomes as endpoints. Data collection and analysis Two researchers independently screened and selected relevant studies. Dichotomous data for all adverse pregnancy outcomes were expressed as an odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), and combined in a meta-analysis by using a random-effects model. Main results Six studies (322 cases and 9420 controls) were eligible for inclusion in the meta-analysis. Women with adenomyosis had an increased likelihood of preterm birth (OR, 3.05; 95% CI, 2.08-4.47; P˂0.001), small for gestational age (OR, 3.22; 95% CI, 1.71-6.08; P˂0.001), and pre-eclampsia (OR, 4.35; 95% CI, 1.07-17.72; P=0.042). Conclusion Adenomyosis seems to have a detrimental impact on pregnancy outcomes, resulting in a higher likelihood of preterm birth, small for gestational age, and pre-eclampsia.
Published: 2019

23. The effect of alcohol on osteoporosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Amin Doosti-Irani, Mahyar Etminan, Nasrin Mansournia, Vali Baigi, Zahra Cheraghi, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, and Amir Almasi-Hashiani
Subjects: Male, Risk, Alcohol Drinking, Osteoporosis, MEDLINE, Toxicology, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, Humans, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), 030212 general & internal medicine, Pharmacology, business.industry, Odds ratio, medicine.disease, Psychiatry and Mental health, Cross-Sectional Studies, Case-Control Studies, Relative risk, Meta-analysis, Cohort, Female, Observational study, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cohort study
Abstract: Background Osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease hallmarked by the interaction of genetic, nutritional and environmental factors. We aimed to assess the effect of alcohol consumption on the osteoporosis by undertaking a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We searched electronic databases including MEDLINE, Scopus, and Web of Science until June 2018. We identified all pertinent observational studies that examined the risk of OSTEOPOROSIS with alcohol use including cohort, case-control and cross-sectional studies. Relative risks (RR) for cohort studies and odds ratios (ORs) for case-control studies were pooled using the random effects model. Risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Results From a pool of 3479 studies identified six met the study inclusion criteria (three case control, two cohorts and one cross-sectional study). Compared with abstainers of alcohol, persons consuming 0.5–1 drinks per day had 1.38 times the risk of developing osteoporosis (adjusted RR = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.90–2.12), persons consuming 1–2 drinks per day had 1.34 times the risk of developing OSTEOPOROSIS (adjusted RR = 1.34, 95% CI: 1.11–1.62), and persons consuming two drinks or more per day had 1.63 times the risk of developing osteoporosis (adjusted RR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.01–2.65). We found a positive association between alcohol consumption and osteoporosis in the case-control studies (adjusted OR = 2.95, 95% CI: 1.78–4.90). Conclusion Our study demonstrates a positive relationship between alcohol consumption and osteoporosis.
Published: 2019

24. Risk of preeclampsia following assisted reproductive technology: systematic review and meta-analysis of 72 cohort studies

Author: Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Payam Amini, Esmaeil Khedmati Morasae, Maryam Mohammadi, Saman Maroufizadeh, Ahad Alizadeh, Reza Omani-Samani, and Behnaz Navid
Subjects: Adult, 0301 basic medicine, Infertility, medicine.medical_specialty, Reproductive Techniques, Assisted, medicine.medical_treatment, Risk Assessment, Preeclampsia, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pre-Eclampsia, Pregnancy, medicine, Humans, reproductive and urinary physiology, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Assisted reproductive technology, business.industry, Obstetrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, medicine.disease, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, 030104 developmental biology, Increased risk, Meta-analysis, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, business, Cohort study
Abstract: Objective: Previous studies have indicated that women with assisted reproductive technology (ART) pregnancy have an increased risk of preeclampsia. The aim of this current study was to estimate, th...
Published: 2019

25. Multiple sclerosis projection in Tehran, Iran using Bayesian structural time series

Author: Payam Amini, Masood Najafi, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, and Mohammad Ali Sahraian
Subjects: Male, Time series, Multiple Sclerosis, Prevalence, Iran, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Asian country, Humans, Prevalence ratio, RC346-429, 030304 developmental biology, Female to male, 0303 health sciences, Series (stratigraphy), business.industry, Research, Multiple sclerosis, Bayes Theorem, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Population data, Female, Neurology (clinical), Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography, Tehran, Forecasting
Abstract: Background The prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) has been increasing worldwide and the highest prevalence ratio among Asian countries was reported in Iran. This study aims to estimate the increase in MS occurrence during more than three decades in Tehran and forecast the future condition of the disease using time series approaches for the next ten years. Methods The cross-sectional study was conducted from 1999 to 2019 based on records of MS cases from Iranian MS Society (IMSS) registry system. The prevalence was estimated using population data presented by the Statistical Centre of Iran. Through Bayesian Structural Time Series (BSTS) model, we want to predict the prevalence of familial and sporadic MS in the next ten years. . Results Among 22,421 cases with MS, 16,831 (75.1 %) were female and 5589 (24.9 %) were male. Female to male ratio was 3.0:1 and the number of familial MS cases were 2982 (13.3 %) of subjects. Female gender was less responsible for higher rate of MS in familial definition (beta = 0.020) in comparison to sporadic cases (beta = 0.034). Forecasting by BSTS revealed an increase in MS prevalence for the next ten years so that the prevalence rate for total, familial and sporadic MS respectively begins with 189.50 (183.94-195.14), 25.69 (24.97–26.45) and 163.74(159.06-168.57) in 2020 and ends with 220.84 (171.48-266.92), 30.79 (24.16–37.15), and 189.33(146.97-230.19) in 2029. Conclusions According to the findings, MS prevalence increased during three decades and it will increase over the next ten years. Tehran province is one of the regions with highest MS prevalence in Asia. The results of present study indicated that females are at higher risk for MS than males in both sporadic and familial MS.
Published: 2021

26. Exaggerated Mini Puberty during Early Infancy of a Preterm Girl: A Case Report and Review of Literature

Author: Mohamad Ahangar Davoodi, Fatemeh Ghobadi, Golsa Mahmoudi, and Amir Almasi-Hashiani
Subjects: Male, Puberty, Infant, Newborn, Humans, Infant, Infant, Very Low Birth Weight, Female, General Medicine, Uterine Hemorrhage, Infant, Premature
Abstract: Mini puberty is the important period of infancy life that can have a serious impact on sexual development in both sexes. In the infants born very preterm and with extremely low birth weight, mini puberty changes including changes in clinical, hormonal, and imaging data are severe and long lasting, especially in girls. It can be called "exaggerated mini puberty". In this study, a 6-month preterm infant with bronchopulmonary dysplasia presented with periodic vaginal bleeding, Tanner stage 3 breast development, and Tanner stage 2 pubic hair. We did follow up clinical and para-clinical evaluations for the infant during one year and compared the obtained data with those of similar published articles. During one year of monitoring, the case gradually grew to the normal pre-pubertal state, without any hormonal suppressive treatment. Exaggerated mini puberty is a temporary physiologic state in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants that does not require any extra hormonal and surgical interventions.
Published: 2021

27. A systematic review and meta-analysis on tubal ligation and breast cancer risk

Author: Nazila Najdi, Arezoo Esmailzadeh, Maryam Shokrpour, Somayeh Nikfar, Seyedeh Zahra Razavi, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Saman Maroufizadeh, Saeid Safiri, and Amir Almasi-Hashiani
Subjects: Cohort Studies, Risk Factors, Sterilization, Tubal, Case-Control Studies, Medicine (miscellaneous), Humans, Breast Neoplasms, Female
Abstract: Background Based on previous studies, it has been hypothesized that tube sterilization may be associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. This study aims to investigate the relationship between tubal ligation and the risk of breast cancer through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant non randomized studies published up to November 2020. Then, we screened the papers to include the eligible papers in the meta-analysis. Finally, we pooled the extracted results of individual studies to estimate the summary effect size. All analyses were done using Stata software version 13 (Stata Corp, College Station, TX). Results Four hundred sixty-four papers were retrieved from PubMed/Medline (160), Scopus (165), and Web of Science (139), and 21 papers from Google Scholar and manual search of references in selected full texts. After the removal of duplicates and screening of the papers, 11 articles (6 cohort and 5 case-control study) were included in the final analysis. The results of cohort (RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.97–1.0, I2 = 21.1%) and case control studies (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.62–1.12, I2 = 88.9%) revealed that tubal ligation was not significantly associated with breast cancer risk. Conclusion According to our findings, tubal ligation cannot be considered as a risk factor associated with breast cancer risk.
Published: 2021

28. Estimating the Marginal Causal Effect and Potential Impact of Waterpipe Smoking on Risk of Multiple Sclerosis Using the Targeted Maximum Likelihood Estimation Method: A Large, Population-Based Incident Case-Control Study

Author: Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Saharnaz Nedjat, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Miguel Angel Luque-Fernandez, and Maryam Nazemipour
Subjects: Adult, Male, Multiple Sclerosis, Adolescent, Epidemiology, Population, Water Pipe Smoking, Iran, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Odds Ratio, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Likelihood Functions, education.field_of_study, Population Health, business.industry, Incidence, Confounding, Case-control study, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, Confidence interval, Causality, Case-Control Studies, Relative risk, Attributable risk, Etiology, Female, business, Demography
Abstract: There are few if any reports regarding the role of lifetime waterpipe smoking in the etiology of multiple sclerosis (MS). In a population-based incident case-control study conducted in Tehran, Iran, we investigated the association between waterpipe smoking and MS, adjusted for confounders. Cases (n = 547) were patients aged 15–50 years identified from the Iranian Multiple Sclerosis Society between 2013 and 2015. Population-based controls (n = 1,057) were persons aged 15–50 years recruited through random digit telephone dialing. A doubly robust estimation method, the targeted maximum likelihood estimator (TMLE), was used to estimate the marginal risk ratio and odds ratio for the association between waterpipe smoking and MS. The estimated risk ratio and odds ratio were both 1.70 (95% confidence interval: 1.34, 2.17). The population attributable fraction was 21.4% (95% confidence interval: 4.0, 38.8). Subject to the limitations of case-control studies in interpreting associations causally, these results suggest that waterpipe use, or strongly related but undetermined factors, increases the risk of MS. Further epidemiologic studies, including nested case-control studies, are needed to confirm these findings.
Published: 2021

29. Mapping subnational HIV mortality in six Latin American countries with incomplete vital registration systems

Author: Simachew Animen Bante, Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez, Deniz Yuce, Ninuk Hariyani, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Natalie Maria Cormier, Ghulam Mustafa, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Shirin Djalalinia, Jalal Arabloo, Bay Vo, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Farahnaz Joukar, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Julia Moreira Pescarini, Getinet Kassahun, Robert Ancuceanu, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Aubrey J. Cook, Jasvinder A. Singh, Maysaa El Sayed Zaki, Sergio I. Prada, Seyedeh Zahra Masoumi, Rajesh Sagar, Emmanuel Peprah, Fenta Hun Y. Beyene, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, Yun Jin Kim, Maryam Adabi, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Mathew M. Baumann, Bárbara Niegia Garcia de Goulart, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Nooshin Abbasi, Eyayou Girma Tadesse, Sanjay Basu, Hadi Hassankhani, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Keshab Deuba, Dilshad Manzar, Robert L. Thompson, Keivan Ahmadi, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Alessandra C. Goulart, Diana Fernanda Bejarano Ramirez, Samata Nepal, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Gebiyaw Wudie Tsegaye, Irina Filip, Ian D. Letourneau, Ramesh Holla, Neda Kianipour, Maha El Tantawi, Lucas Earl, Paul S. F. Yip, Miguel A Barboza, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Nauman Khalid, Kimberly B. Johnson, Iván Landires, Manasi Kumar, Babak Moazen, Rohol Lah Kalhor, Dinh-Toi Chu, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Nima Rezaei, Alexandre C. Pereira, Susan F. Rumisha, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Xuefeng Liu, Feng Sha, Mahaveer Golechha, Davood Anvari, Urvish K Patel, Bing-Fang Hwang, Samath D Dharmaratne, Muhammad Aqeel, Kebede Deribe, Nelsensius Klau Fauk, Lillian Mwanri, Nuruzzaman Khan, Yunquan Zhang, Paula Moraga, Ai Koyanagi, Abdallah M. Samy, Nithin Kumar, Rahul Gupta, Samad Azari, Soheil Hassanipour, Archith Boloor, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Andrew J. Croneberger, Enrico Rubagotti, Jaykaran Charan, Khezar Hayat, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Kio Mars Sharafi, Ionut Negoi, Simon I. Hay, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Yasser Vasseghian, Yihienew M. Bezabih, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Nazir Fattahi, Adnan Kisa, Alok Atreya, Devasahayam J. Christopher, Ayenew Kassie Tesema, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Jaffar Abbas, Daniel Diaz, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Malke Asaad, Arief Hargono, Zahid A Butt, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Pankaj Bhardwaj, Amir Radfar, Salman Rawaf, Vardhmaan Jain, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Krittika Bhattacharyya, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Mohammad Rifat Haider, Emily Haeuser, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Carlos Alberto Marrugo Arnedo, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Tomislav Mestrovic, Hawraz Ibrahim M. Amin, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Arash Ziapour, Samantha Perkins, Deepa Jahagirdar, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Eduarda Fernandes, Nataliya Foigt, Audrey L. Serfes, Fissaha Tekulu Welay, Savita Lasrado, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Hedayat Abbastabar, Om P Kurmi, Hung Chak Ho, Faheem Hyder Pottoo, Priya Rathi, Chukwuma David Umeokonkwo, Ali Bijani, Shanshan Li, Reza Rawassizadeh, Vishnu Renjith, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Giang Thu Vu, Farah Daoud, Tudorel Andrei, Ricardo de Souza Kuchenbecker, Fakher Rahim, Adeyinka Emmanuel Adegbosin, Sezer Kisa, Rajesh Elayedath, Shafiu Mohammed, Vinod C. Nayak, Fisaha Haile Tesfay, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Masoud Foroutan, Mingyou Yang, Yousef Mohammad, Abdul-Aziz Seidu, Benjamin K. Mayala, Diego Augusto Santos Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Nikha Bhardwaj, Masoud Moradi, Charles Ugochukwu Ibeneme, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Carlo La Vecchia, Tesfay B.B. Gebremariam, Ritesh G. Menezes, Olatunde Aremu, Bogdan Oancea, Mohiuddin Ahsanul Kabir Chowdhury, Stefanie Watson, Yousef Moradi, Souranshu Chatterjee, Ugo Gori, Isabela M. Benseñor, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Hailay Abrha Gesesew, Paul Ward, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Usman Iqbal, Rekha Thapar, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Yasir Waheed, Ziad A. Memish, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Daiane Borges Machado, Shrikant Pawar, Soosanna Kumary Chattu, Sanni Yaya, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Marcela Agudelo-Botero, Amber Sligar, Nicole Davis Weaver, Kenji Shibuya, Claudiu Herteliu, Andreea Mirica, André Karch, Asif Hanif, Atif Amin Baig, Salah Eddin Karimi, Gulfaraz Khan, David Laith Rawaf, Andrew T Olagunju, Chuanhua Yu, Darshan B B, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Takeshi Fukumoto, Neeraj Bedi, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Deepak Madi, Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider, Masood Ali Shaikh, Juwel Rana, Tanuj Kanchan, Mohamed M. Gad, Syed Amir Gilani, Victor Adekanmbi, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Harish Chander Gugnani, Tadele G. Adal, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Leila R Kalankesh, Gbenga A. Kayode, Bach Xuan Tran, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Basavaprabhu Achappa, Andem Effiong, André Faro, Javad Nazari, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Soewarta Kosen, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Rosario Cárdenas, Milena Ilic, Ravi Prakash Jha, Zebenay Workneh Bitew, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Dian Kusuma, Yum Ing Guo, Mowafa Househ, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Krista M. Steuben, Hadush Negash, Ahamarshan Jayaraman Nagarajan, Irena Ilic, Laura Dwyer-Lindgren, Godfrey Mutashambara Rwegerera, Florian Fischer, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Kate E. LeGrand, Ravishankar Nagaraja, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Mark Drew Crosland Guimarães, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Paul H. Lee, Emerito Jose A. Faraon, Rafael Alves Guimarães, Aziz Sheikh, Marwa Rashad Salem, Michael A. Cork, Francesco Saverio Violante, Bright Opoku Ahinkorah, Liliana Preotescu, Somayeh Bohlouli, Aziz Rezapour, Ana Melisa Pardo-Montaño, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Teklehaimanot Gereziher Haile, Mohammad Ali Moni, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Leonardo Roever, Carlos Magis-Rodriguez, Andre R. Brunoni, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Bingyu Li, Maciej Banach, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Nikita Otstavnov, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Fernando de la Hoz, Georges Nguefack-Tsague, Zulfiqar A Bhutta, Robert Kaba Alhassan, Jae Il Shin, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Yuan-Pang Wang, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Vaman Kulkarni, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Sait Mentes Birlik, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Walter Mendoza, Yanzhong Wang, Maryam Keramati, Mahesh P A, Ali H. Mokdad, Muhammad Naveed, Nitin Joseph, Ronny Westerman, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Cork M.A., Henry N.J., Watson S., Croneberger A.J., Baumann M., Letourneau I.D., Yang M., Serfes A.L., Abbas J., Abbasi N., Abbastabar H., Abreu L.G., Abu-Gharbieh E., Achappa B., Adabi M., Adal T.G., Adegbosin A.E., Adekanmbi V., Adetokunboh O.O., Agudelo-Botero M., Ahinkorah B.O., Ahmadi K., Ahmed M.B., Alhassan R.K., Alipour V., Almasi-Hashiani A., Alvis-Guzman N., Ancuceanu R., Andrei T., Anvari D., Aqeel M., Arabloo J., Aremu O., Asaad M., Atnafu D.D., Atreya A., Quintanilla B.P.A., Azari S., B D.B., Baig A.A., Banach M., Bante S.A., Barboza M.A., Basu S., Bedi N., Ramirez D.F.B., Bensenor I.M., Beyene F.-H.Y., Bezabih Y.M., Bhagavathula A.S., Bhardwaj N., Bhardwaj P., Bhattacharyya K., Bhutta Z.A., Bijani A., Birlik S.M., Bitew Z.W., Bohlouli S., Boloor A., Brunoni A.R., Butt Z.A., Cardenas R., Carvalho F., Castaldelli-Maia J.M., Casta-neda-orjuela C.A., Charan J., Chatterjee S., Chattu V.K., Chattu S.K., Chowdhury M.A.K., Christopher D.J., Chu D.-T., Cook A.J., Cormier N.M., Dahlawi S.M.A., Daoud F., Davila-Cervantes C.A., Weaver N.D., De la Hoz F.P., Demeke F.M., Denova-Gutierrez E., Deribe K., Deuba K., Dharmaratne S.D., Dhungana G.P., Diaz D., Djalalinia S., Duraes A.R., Eagan A.W., Earl L., Effiong A., Zaki M.E.S., Tantawi M.E., Elayedath R., El-Jaafary S.I., Faraon E.J.A., Faro A., Fattahi N., Fauk N.K., Fernandes E., Filip I., Fischer F., Foigt N.A., Foroutan M., Fukumoto T., Gad M.M., Gebremariam T.B.B., Gebremed-Hin K.B., Gebremeskel G.G., Gesesew H.A., Ghadiri K., Ghashghaee A., Gilani S.A., Golechha M., Gori U., Goulart A.C., Goulart B.N.G., Gugnani H.C., Guimaraes M.D.C., Guimaraes R.A., Guo Y.-I., Gupta R., Haeuser E., Haider M.R., Haile T.G., Haj-Mirzaian A., Hanif A., Hargono A., Hariyani N., Hassanipour S., Hassankhani H., Hayat K., Herteliu C., Ho H.C., Holla R., Hosseinzadeh M., Househ M., Hwang B.-F., Ibeneme C.U., Ibitoye S.E., Ile-Sanmi O.S., Ilic M.D., Ilic I.M., Iqbal U., Jahagir-Dar D., Jain V., Jakovljevic M., Jha R.P., Johnson K.B., Joseph N., Joukar F., Kalankesh L.R., Kalhor R.-L., Kanchan T., Matin B.K., Karch A., Karimi S.E., Kassahun G., Kayode G.A., Karyani A.K., Keramati M., Khalid N., Khan E.A., Khan G., Khan M.N.N., Khatab K., Kianipour N., Kim Y.J., Kisa S., Kisa A., Kosen S., Laxminarayana S.L.K., Koyanagi A., Krishan K., Defo B.K., Kuchenbecker R.S., Kulkarni V., Kumar N., Kumar M., Kurmi O.P., Kusuma D., Vecchia C.L., Lal D.K., Landires I., Lasrado S., Lee P.H., Legrand K.E., Li B., Li S., Liu X., Amin H.I.M., Machado D.B., Madi D., Magis-Rodriguez C., Malta D.C., Mansournia M.A., Manzar M.D., Arnedo C.A.M., Martins-Melo F.R., Masoumi S.Z., Mayala B.K., Medina-Solis C.E., Memish Z.A., Mendoza W., Menezes R.G., Mestrovic T., Mirica A., Moazen B., Mohammad Y., Mezerji N.M.G., Mohammadian-Hafshejani A., Mohammadpourhodki R., Mohammed S., Mokdad A.H., Moni M.A., Moradi M., Moradi Y., Moradzadeh R., Moraga P., Khaneghah A.M.-S., Mustafa G., Mwanri L., Nagaraja R., Nagarajan A.J., Naim-Zada M.D., Nascimento B.R., Naveed D.M., Nayak V.C., Nazari J., Negash H., Negoi I., Nepal S., Nguefack-Tsague G., Nguyen C.T., Nguyen H.L.T., Nikbakhsh R., Noubiap J.J., Nunez-Samudio V., Oancea B., Ogbo F.A., Olagunju A.T., Otstav-Nov N., A M.P., Padubidri J.R., Pandi-Perumal S.R., Pardo-Montano A.M., Patel U.K., Pawar S., Peprah E.K., Pereira A., Perkins S., Pescarini J.M., Pokhrel K.N., Postma M.J., Pot-Too F.H., Prada S.I., Preotescu L., Pribadi D.R.A., Radfar A., Rahim F., Rahman M.H.U., Rahmani A.M., Ramezanzadeh K., Rana J., Ranabhat C.L., Rao S.J., Rathi P., Rawaf S., Rawaf D.L., Rawassizadeh R., Renjith V., Rezaei N., Rezapour A., Ribeiro A.I., Roever L., Rubagotti E., Rumisha S.F., Rwegerera G.M., Sagar R., Sajadi S.M., Salem M.R., Samy A.M., Sarmiento-Suarez R., Sathian B., Schaeffer L.E., Schneider I.J.C., Seidu A.-A., Sha F., Shaikh M.A., Sharafi K.-M., Sheikh A., Shibuya K., Shin J.I., Silva D.A.S., Singh J.A., Skryabin V.Y., Skryabina A.A., Sligar A., Soheili A., Steuben K.M., Sufiyan M.B., Tadesse E.G., Tesema A.K.T., Tesfay F.H., Thapar R., Thompson R.L., Tovani-Palone M.R., Tran B.X., Tsegaye G.W., Umeokonkwo C.D., Unnikrish-Nan B., Vasseghian Y., Violante F.S., Vo B., Vu G.T., Waheed Y., Wang Y.-P., Wang Y., Ward P., Welay F.T., Westerman R., Wickramasinghe N.D., Yaya S., Yip P., Yonemoto N., Yu C., Yuce D., Yusefzadeh H., Zamanian M., Zastroz-Hin M.S., Zhang Z.-J., Zhang Y., Ziapour A., Hay S.I., Dwyer-Lindgren L., Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators, Clinicum, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cork, Michael A, Henry, Nathaniel J, Watson, Stefanie, Croneberger, Andrew J, Ahmed, Muktar B, Dwyer-Lindgren, Laura, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, and Collaborators, Local Burden of Disease HIV
Subjects: Male, Latin Americans, lcsh:Medicine, LOW-INCOME, HIV Infections, HIV mortality, HIV/AIDS, Latin America, Mapping, Small area estimation, Spatial statistics, Vital registration, Vital registrations, 0302 clinical medicine, ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Registries, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, media_common, Mortality rate, 1. No poverty, DEATH, Regression analysis, General Medicine, Middle Aged, BRAZIL, Local Burden of Disease HIV Collaborators, 3. Good health, AIDS, SEX, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, HEALTH, 0305 other medical science, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Inequality, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, TUBERCULOSIS, Small area estimations, 03 medical and health sciences, Medicine, General & Internal, Sex Factors, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), HIV mortalities, General & Internal Medicine, Humans, Aged, Science & Technology, 030505 public health, business.industry, Public health, lcsh:R, Ecological study, HIV, Bayes Theorem, GLOBAL BURDEN, medicine.disease, TRENDS, Vital Statistics, Spatial statistic, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Human medicine, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a public health priority in Latin America. While the burden of HIV is historically concentrated in urban areas and high-risk groups, subnational estimates that cover multiple countries and years are missing. This paucity is partially due to incomplete vital registration (VR) systems and statistical challenges related to estimating mortality rates in areas with low numbers of HIV deaths. In this analysis, we address this gap and provide novel estimates of the HIV mortality rate and the number of HIV deaths by age group, sex, and municipality in Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Mexico. Methods We performed an ecological study using VR data ranging from 2000 to 2017, dependent on individual country data availability. We modeled HIV mortality using a Bayesian spatially explicit mixed-effects regression model that incorporates prior information on VR completeness. We calibrated our results to the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Results All countries displayed over a 40-fold difference in HIV mortality between municipalities with the highest and lowest age-standardized HIV mortality rate in the last year of study for men, and over a 20-fold difference for women. Despite decreases in national HIV mortality in all countries—apart from Ecuador—across the period of study, we found broad variation in relative changes in HIV mortality at the municipality level and increasing relative inequality over time in all countries. In all six countries included in this analysis, 50% or more HIV deaths were concentrated in fewer than 10% of municipalities in the latest year of study. In addition, national age patterns reflected shifts in mortality to older age groups—the median age group among decedents ranged from 30 to 45 years of age at the municipality level in Brazil, Colombia, and Mexico in 2017. Conclusions Our subnational estimates of HIV mortality revealed significant spatial variation and diverging local trends in HIV mortality over time and by age. This analysis provides a framework for incorporating data and uncertainty from incomplete VR systems and can help guide more geographically precise public health intervention to support HIV-related care and reduce HIV-related deaths.
Published: 2021

30. The association between dietary inflammatory index, dietary antioxidant index, and mental health in adolescent girls: an analytical study

Author: Parvin Dehghan, Marzieh Nejati, Farhad Vahid, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Sevda Saleh-Ghadimi, Reza Parsi, Hamed Jafari-Vayghan, Nitin Shivappa, and James R. Hébert
Subjects: Inflammation, Cross-Sectional Studies, Mental Health, Adolescent, Risk Factors, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Humans, Female, Overweight, Antioxidants, Diet
Abstract: Background Diet is considered as one of the modifiable factors that appears to exert a vital role in psychological status. In this way, we designed this study to examine the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII), dietary antioxidant index (DAI), and mental health in female adolescents. Methods This cross-sectional study included 364 female adolescents selected from high schools in the five regions of Tabriz, Iran. A 3-day food record was used to extract the dietary data and calculate DII/DAI scores. DII and DAI were estimated to assess the odds of depression, anxiety, and stress based on the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21. Adjusted relationships of the DII and DAI with depression, anxiety, and stress were determined using multiple regression after adjusting for age, energy intake, BMI, family income and mother and father education. Overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI)-for-age > + 1 z-score relative to world health organization standards. Results Depression, anxiety, and stress were observed in 21.4%, 26.6%, and 25.7% of subjects, respectively. The percentage of overweight among adolescents was 19.4%. The association between DII and score of mental health profile was positive among subjects in the third tertile of DII compared to subjects in the first tertile. However, this association was not statistically significant after adjusting for confounding variables. Moreover, there was a significant inverse association between DAI and depression and anxiety; and a statistically insignificant association between DAI and stress after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions Our results highlighted the importance of a healthy and anti-inflammatory diet on mental health in female adolescents. Therefore, modifying unhealthy dietary habits are likely to be effective in the management of psychosocial disorders.
Published: 2020

31. Burden of Tracheal, Bronchus, and Lung Cancer and Its Attributable Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990 to 2019

Author: Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Saeid Safiri, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Mohammad-Reza Sohrabi, Ali Taghizadieh, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Arielle Eagen, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Deepti Bettampadi, Kristin Carson-Chahhoud, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Safiri, Saeid, Sohrabi, Mohammad Reza, Carson-Chahhoud, Kristin, Bettampadi, Deepti, Taghizadieh, Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Ahad, Sepidarkish, Mahdi, Eagen, Arielle, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, and Kolahi, Ali Asghar
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Male, Population ageing, medicine.medical_specialty, Lung Neoplasms, Population, Bronchi, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, medicine, Prevalence, Humans, Lung cancer, education, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Incidence (epidemiology), Mortality rate, Incidence, Cancer, medicine.disease, 030104 developmental biology, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Attributable risk, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, business, Demography
Abstract: Introduction: Understanding trends in the annual incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for tracheal, bronchus, and lung (TBL) cancer globally is important to enable appropriate targeting of resources for prevention, clinical practice improvement, and research. The aim of this study was to determine the global, regional, and national burdens of TBL cancer in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019 by age, sex, and sociodemographic index. Methods: Estimates were produced through various data inputs including the following: cancer registries (nsite-years = 5318), vital registration (nsite-years = 22,553), vital registration-sample (nsite-years = 825), and verbal autopsies (nsite-years = 516). Annual incidence, mortality, and DALYs were estimated and presented as counts and age-standardized rates per 100,000 population. Results: There were 2.3 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 2.1–2.5) incident cases of TBL cancer, with an age-standardized annual incidence rate of 27.7 (95% UI: 25.3–30), which decreased by 2.6% (95% UI: −12.4 to 6.5) between 1990 and 2019. TBL cancer was responsible for 2 million (95% UI: 1.9–2.2) deaths globally with an age-standardized death rate of 25.2 (95% UI: 23.2–27), a decrease of 7.8% (95% UI: −15.9 to 0.2) between 1990 and 2019. Moreover, TBL accounted for 45.9 million (95% UI: 42.3–49.3) DALYs at the global level, with an age-standardized rate of 551.6 (95% UI: 509–593.1) DALYs per 100,000 population. The standardized DALY rate declined by 16.2% (95% UI: −24 to −8.2) from 1990 to 2019. Greenland (77.7 [95% UI: 64.4–90.6]), Monaco (75.6 [95% UI: 61.4–90.8]), and Montenegro (56.7 [95% UI: 46.5–68.9]) had the three highest age-standardized annual incidence rates. The aforementioned three countries also had the three highest age-standardized death and DALY rates of TBL cancer. Honduras (68% [95% UI: 14.5–137.7]), Cabo Verde (62.2% [95% UI: 24.1–101.3]), and Monaco (58.2% [95% UI: 19.2–109.7]) had the largest increase in age-standardized annual incidence rates for TBL cancer during 1990 to 2019. The largest increases were found in age-standardized death rates of TBL cancer in Honduras (67.1% [95% UI: 14.7–133.1]), Cabo Verde (64.4% [95% UI: 25–103.4]), and Mozambique (49.9% [95% UI: 7.9 –101.3]). Age-standardized annual incidence and death rates were higher in male than female individuals and increased with population aging. There were nonlinear but generally positive associations between age-standardized DALY rates with corresponding sociodemographic index of countries. Globally, smoking (62.4%), ambient particulate matter (15.3%), and high fasting plasma glucose (9.9%) had the top three highest percent of attributable DALYs owing to TBL cancer in 2019 for both sexes. Conclusions: This study found a decline in burden globally but with some countries having an increase. These results are crucial to set priorities for prevention and treatment of TBL cancer and would be beneficial for policymakers, government officials, clinicians, and researchers. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
Published: 2020

32. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Soufiane Boufous, Yousef Veisani, Mehran Asadi-Aliabadi, Sharath Burugina Nagaraja, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Edward J Mills, Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi, William James Dangel, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Catherine O. Johnson, Gregory A. Roth, Giuseppe Gorini, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Alberto Ortiz, Samad Azari, Assefa Ayalew Ayalew Ayalew Gebreslassie, Salime Goharinezhad, Stephanie R. M. Zimsen, Peng Zheng, Michael Assmus, Elisabetta Pupillo, Bach Xuan Tran, Lal B. Rawal, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Noushin Mohammadifard, Stephen S Lim, Ata Rafiee, Maria Inês Schmidt, Vincent C. Iannucci, Suzanne Lyn Barker-Collo, Leah E. Cahill, Tauseef Ahmad, Platon D. Lopukhov, Kazumasa Yamagishi, Abdullah Al Mamun, Iqbal R. F. Elyazar, Giovanni Damiani, Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei, Mehdi Fazlzadeh, Virginia Núñez-Samudio, Alyssa Pennini, Dietrich Plass, Atkilt Esaiyas Etisso, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Alexandrea Watson, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Paul S Briant, Frank B. Osei, Blair R. Bumgarner, Maciej Banach, Ravensara S. Travillian, Kai-Lan Chang, Shirin Djalalinia, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Silvano Gallus, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Aaron van Donkelaar, Azeem Majeed, Hans Kromhout, Robert Ancuceanu, Blessing J. Akombi, Pushpendra Singh, Nayu Ikeda, William M. Gardner, Zahid A Butt, Mohammad Abdollahi, Temesgen Yihunie Akalu, Rahman Shiri, Benn Sartorius, Ai-Min Wu, Bing Fang Hwang, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Hiroyasu Iso, Luis Camera, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Caleb Mackay Salpeter Irvine, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Giulio Castelpietra, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Ali Kazemi Karyani, Parkes J Kendrick, Hamidreza Haririan, Lucas Guimarães Abreu, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Jeff T. Zhao, Samiah Alam, Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Takahiro Tabuchi, Manu Raj Mathur, Søren Thorgaard Skou, Thomas Khaled Dwayne Classen, Reza Heidari-Soureshjani, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Mehdi Bohluli, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Animut Tagele Tamiru, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Itamar S. Santos, Mekdes Tigistu Yilma, Lars Johansson, Arielle Wilder Eagan, Nevine El Nahas, Silvia Schiavolin, Kevin D. Shield, Dinh-Toi Chu, Shiva Borzouei, Paul S. F. Yip, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Deanna Anderlini, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Khalid A Altirkawi, Farahnaz Joukar, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Ratilal Lalloo, Panniyammakal Jeemon, Rohollah Kalhor, Daniel Youngwhan Cho, Weijia Fu, João Pedro Silva, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Seth Christopher Yaw Appiah, Mehdi Ahmadi, Jacob Olusegun Olusanya, José Neves, Gaorui Guo, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Charles D. H. Parry, Maryam Ghadimi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Anna E. Torre, Vinod C Nayak, Jamileh Shadid, Susanne Breitner, Mohammad Khammarnia, Mathilde Touvier, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Hosna Janjani, Floriane Ausloos, Irmina Maria Michalek, Alexandra S. Boon-Dooley, Jessica A. Cruz, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Abiodun M. Adeoye, André Faro, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Erin C Mullany, Giannina Ferrara, Martin McKee, Emmanuel Peprah, Oommen John, Reza Saeedi, Yasser Vasseghian, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Yingxi Zhao, Omid Shafaat, Ali Rajabpour-Sanati, Farid Najafi, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Fatemeh Rajati, Tarun Gupta, Łukasz Szumowski, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen Gubari, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Zhi Jiang Zhang, Osayomwanbo Osarenotor, Tanvir M. Huda, Perminder S. Sachdev, Farhad Ghamari, Era Upadhyay, Vivek Kumar, Guoqing Hu, Vinay Nangia, Vladimir Andreevich Korshunov, Saeed Shahabi, Golnaz Heidari, Ashraf Nabhan, Robert C. Reiner, Aziz Rezapour, Justin J. Lang, Rakhi Dandona, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Anna-Karin Danielsson, André Karch, Filippo Ariani, Ahmed Abdelalim, Masih Tajdini, Stefanos Tyrovolas, Mohamed Hsairi, Jae Il Shin, Jasvinder A. Singh, Meghan D. Mooney, Fiona B. Bennitt, Hesam Alizade, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Pradhum Ram, Soraya Siabani, Evanson Z. Sambala, Reza Malekzadeh, Falk Schwendicke, Lalit Dandona, Masoud Moradi, Molly R Nixon, Roya Mirzaei, Rachel Feldman, Hosni Salem, Alberto L. García-Basteiro, Lorainne Tudor Car, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Ramesh Holla, Ritesh G. Menezes, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Hai Quang Pham, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Ali Bijani, Harvey Whiteford, Shanshan Li, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Joshua A. Salomon, Franz Castro, Lisa M. Force, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Mina Anjomshoa, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Maseer Khan, Irina Filip, Santi Martini, Randah R. Hamadeh, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Tim Driscoll, Jingkai Wei, Hermann Brenner, Reza Rawassizadeh, Radoslaw Sierpinski, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Emmanuel Wandera Okunga, Marisa Freitas, Srikanta Banerjee, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Shahin Soltani, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Reed J D Sorensen, Elena V. Gnedovskaya, Johan Ärnlöv, Ivo Rakovac, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Hussain Jafari, Atte Meretoja, Yasir Waheed, Fahad Alanezi, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Sezer Kisa, Jaifred Christian F. Lopez, Khalid F. Alhabib, Basema Saddik, Michael R. Phillips, Vishnu Renjith, Yafeng Wang, Kevan R. Polkinghorne, Liliana G Ciobanu, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, Gelin Xu, Richard C. Franklin, Junjie Wu, Thomas R. Hird, Mohammad Zamani, Diana Silva, Fotis Topouzis, Irena Ilic, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Hadi Pourjafar, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Khaled Khatab, Ammas Siraj Mohammed, Ziyad Al-Aly, A. A. Fomenkov, Charlie Ashbaugh, Mowafa Househ, Paul I. Dargan, Endalkachew Worku Mengesha, Shaimaa I. El-Jaafary, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Iffat Elbarazi, Dara K. Mohammad, Naznin Hossain, Reza Shirkoohi, João M. Furtado, Arash Ziapour, Morteza Jafarinia, M. Mofizul Islam, Anamika Pandey, Ahmed I. Hasaballah, Tanuj Kanchan, Lee Ling Lim, Muktar Omer Omer, Charles D.A. Wolfe, Ulrich O Mueller, Helen Bitew, V. Prakash, Fereshteh Mehri, Randall V. Martin, Claudiu Herteliu, Constance D. Pond, Min Jeong Shin, Morteza Oladnabi, Antonio Maria Borzì, Yousef Mohammad, Yuichiro Yano, Luke D. Knibbs, Kevin S Ikuta, Maryam Mirzaei, Andreea Mirica, Sofia Boston Redford, Siamak Sabour, Mariya Vladimirovna Titova, Davood Anvari, Ghobad Moradi, Jordi Alonso, Shiwei Liu, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Owen R. Cooper, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Kejia Hu, Hannah J. Henrikson, Sanni Yaya, Robert P. Dellavalle, Chidozie Declan Iwu, Sergey Soshnikov, Jee-Young Jasmine Choi, Satinath Mukhopadhyay, Zabihollah Yousefi, Iman El Sayed, Biresaw Wassihun Alemu, Neeti Kapoor, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nuno Taveira, Masoud Foroutan, Fatemeh Amiri, Mariam Molokhia, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Mostafa Amini-Rarani, J. Becker, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Ben Lacey, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Simon Yadgir, Spencer L. James, Cory N. Spencer, Aletta E. Schutte, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Rixing Xu, Jonathan F. Mosser, Josep Maria Haro, Enrico Rubagotti, Anurag Agrawal, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Hoa Thi Do, Ettore Beghi, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Abraham Geremew, Alireza Esteghamati, Paramjit Gill, Farzad Jalilian, J. Jason West, Mikhail Sergeevich Zastrozhin, Albertino Damasceno, Bruce Bartholow Duncan, Nazir Fattahi, Daniel Cury Ribeiro, Michael Brauer, Mark A. Stokes, Veincent Christian Filipino Pepito, Lidia Morawska, Fiona J Charlson, Babak Moazen, Dejana Braithwaite, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Sergio I. Prada, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Atafar, Heather Orpana, Daniela Balzi, Marco Vacante, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Jacek A. Kopec, Iván Landires, Robert G. Weintraub, Leonardo Roever, Yannick Béjot, Markus P. Schlaich, Hamed Zandian, Subramanian Senthilkumaran, Klara Dokova, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Rakesh Ghosh, Omar Mukhtar Salman, Faris Lami, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Hamid Reza Tohidinik, Seyed Mohammad Riahi, Adnan Kisa, Ghasem Azarian, Caroline Stein, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Sinead Langan, Kunihiro Matsushita, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Kathryn H. Jacobsen, Mehdi Naderi, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Bahram Armoon, Dan J. Stein, Jessica Fanzo, Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan, Luca Ronfani, Phetole Walter Mahasha, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Adrian Oţoiu, Arash Sarveazad, Marc L. Serre, Mostafa Hosseini, Nicolas Cherbuin, George D. Thurston, Jalal Arabloo, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Andre Rodrigues Duraes, Ana Laura Manda, Ahmed Abualhasan, Nima Rezaei, Yuan-Pang Wang, Theodore Patrick Younker, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Borhan Mansouri, Adam E. Berman, Khezar Hayat, Rosario Cárdenas, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Tommi Vasankari, Simon I. Hay, Fatemeh Ghaffarifar, Leo Stockfelt, Ai Koyanagi, Giorgia Giussani, Yuming Guo, Sonia Saxena, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Mehedi Hasan, Negar Rezaei, Maja Pasovic, Jukka Takala, Bogdan Oancea, Sare Safi, A. Werdecker, Florian Fischer, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Takeshi Fukumoto, Maha Atout, Brijesh Sathian, Cristina Bosetti, Mitchell T. Wallin, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Anthony Masaka, Chantal Huynh, Justin Lo, Jordan Weiss, Joemer C. Maravilla, Alberto Raggi, Peter W. Gething, Cristiana Abbafati, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Isabela M. Benseñor, Emilie R Maddison, John J. McGrath, Salman Khazaei, Scott B. Patten, Jean Jacques Noubiap, Emmanuela Gakidou, Celine M. Barthelemy, Ashish Badiye, George C. Patton, Obinna Onwujekwe, Peter Allebeck, Victor Aboyans, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mousa Yaminfirooz, Neeraj Bedi, Nicholas L S Roberts, Joht Singh Chandan, Hans W. Hoek, Usman Iqbal, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Haley Lescinsky, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Anders Larsson, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Richard T. Burnett, Yang Liu, Carlo La Vecchia, Felix Akpojene Ogbo, Morteza Naserbakht, Sangram Kishor Patel, Melanie S. Hammer, Prasanna Mithra, Mohammad Amin Bahrami, Kanyin L. Ong, Mona Pathak, Afshin Maleki, Saeid Safiri, Masood Ali Shaikh, Kate Causey, Michael R.M. Abrigo, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Ali S. Shalash, Abdiwahab Hashi, Ionut Negoi, Nataliya A. Foigt, Andrey Nikolaevich Briko, François Alla, Giuseppe Grosso, Houman Goudarzi, Di H. Cross, Vera Marisa Costa, Eduarda Fernandes, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramareddy, Odgerel Chimed-Ochir, Sonia Rodríguez-Ramírez, Bo Norrving, Kerem Shuval, Jacob L. Stubbs, Muhammad Ali, Shuhei Nomura, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Navid Rabiee, Dana Bryazka, Hussen Mohammed, Asadollah Gholamian, Ashley Marks, Rizwan Kalani, Molly E. Herbert, Islam Y. Elgendy, Moritz U. G. Kraemer, Chuanhua Yu, Suzanne Polinder, Pascual R. Valdez, Jennifer Rickard, Kylie Ball, Turki Alanzi, Mohsen Bayati, Hamed Mirzaei, Christopher M Odell, Amira Shaheen, Ziad A. Memish, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Michael A. Piradov, Hamed Kalani, Lorenzo Monasta, Christopher S Yilgwan, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Riaz Uddin, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader, Vinay Srinivasan, Hamid Ahmadieh, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Raffaele Palladino, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Mika Shigematsu, Stein Emil Vollset, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Paulo A. Lotufo, Nasir Salam, Binyam Minuye Birihane, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Tomislav Mestrovic, Samer Hamidi, Rajesh Sagar, Mayowa O. Owolabi, Kara Estep, Ester Cerin, Michael T. Chung, Simon Øverland, Amir Taherkhani, Sheng Chia Chung, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Nikolaos Dervenis, Joan B. Soriano, Tahereh Javaheri, Victor Adekanmbi, Seid Tiku Mereta, Gbenga A. Kayode, Christopher R. Cederroth, Razique Anwer, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Kaja Abbas, Fatemeh Heydarpour, Louisa Degenhardt, Tahiya Alam, Mohammad Miri, Alibek Mereke, David Laith Rawaf, Ippazio Cosimo Antonazzo, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Moslem Soofi, Edris Hasanpoor, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Nikolay Ivanovich Briko, Joanna L Whisnant, Christopher J L Murray, Simin Mouodi, Alize J. Ferrari, Damian Santomauro, Katrin Burkart, Tudorel Andrei, Alberto Baldasseroni, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Valery L. Feigin, Nauman Khalid, Ewerton Cousin, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Shankar M Bakkannavar, Themba G.G. Ginindza, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Sanjay Basu, Getinet Ayano, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Jason A. Anderson, Catherine Bisignano, Iyad Sultan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Keivan Ahmadi, Fariba Dorostkar, Rajeev Gupta, David M. Pereira, Mustafa Z. Younis, Adel Spotin, Rasmus Havmoeller, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mithila Faruque, Alan D. Lopez, Shailesh Advani, Behshad Naghshtabrizi, Shane D. Morrison, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Konrad Pesudovs, Anna Gershberg Hayoon, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Reshmi Bhageerathy, H. Dean Hosgood, Giulia Carreras, Sarika Chaturvedi, James L. Fisher, In-Hwan Oh, G Anil Kumar, Christoph Nowak, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Puja C Rao, Marcel Ausloos, Ali Kabir, Rannveig Sigurvinsdottir, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Minh Nguyen, Ashkan Afshin, Payman Salamati, Colin Angus, Mona M. Khater, Ehsan Sadeghi, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Antonio Biondi, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Andrew T Olagunju, Amir Radfar, Laith J. Abu-Raddad, Marcello Tonelli, Hesam Ghiasvand, Hanne Christensen, Juan Jesus Carrero, Maryam Adabi, Saravanan Muthupandian, Kurt Straif, Hossein Samadi Kafil, Lope H Barrero, Harish Chander Gugnani, Mohammad Fareed, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Juan A Rivera, Shai Linn, Saad M.A. Dahlawi, Janni Leung, Shokofeh Maleki, Mohd Anisul Karim, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Dietrich Rothenbacher, Kiomars Sharafi, Alessandra C. Goulart, Leila Doshmangir, Gabriele Nagel, Helena Manguerra, Olatunji O. Adetokunboh, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Nermin Ghith, Maha El Tantawi, Awoke Misganaw, Yunquan Zhang, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Vahid Rashedi, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Bhaskaran Unnikrishnan, Holly E. Erskine, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Getayeneh Antehunegn Tesema, Javad Javidnia, Ismael R. 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Mini, Christian Razo, Manuela L. Ferreira, Diego De Leo, Francesco Saverio Violante, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Tea Lallukka, Dickson A. Amugsi, Anna Poznańska, Graeme J. Hankey, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Eirini Skiadaresi, Jai K Das, Felix Greaves, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Mansour Ghafourifard, M. DeLang, Morteza Mahmoudi, Alton Lu, Brian J. Hall, Ravi Prakash Jha, David Edvardsson, Xiu Ju George Zhao, Farshad Farzadfar, Hadi Hassankhani, Samuel M. Ostroff, Gerhard Sulo, Keyghobad Ghadiri, Neeraj Bhala, Stefan Lorkowski, Mohammad Rabiee, Sivan Yegnanarayana Iyer Saraswathy, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Rashid Abdi Guled, Abdallah M. Samy, Roman Topor-Madry, Michal Grivna, Afsaneh Arzani, Ayesha Humayun, Simin Liu, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Davoud Adham, Ahad Bakhtiari, Shafiu Mohammed, Paolo Lauriola, Abbas Mosapour, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Khurshid Alam, Rajat Das Gupta, Matilde Leonardi, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Mohamed M. Gad, Kelly Compton, Leila R Kalankesh, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Catherine M. Antony, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Daniel Diaz, Salman Rawaf, Gina Agarwal, Ted R. Miller, Rebecca Ivers, João Vasco Santos, Savita Lasrado, Abdul Moiz Hafiz, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Praveen Hoogar, Fares Alahdab, Om P Kurmi, Anbissa Muleta Senbeta, Tomi Akinyemiju, Boris Bikbov, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Yahya Safari, Guilherme Borges, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Kenji Shibuya, Bahman Yousefi, Berrin Serdar, Karen M. Tabb, Sonali Kochhar, Till Bärnighausen, Kala M. Mehta, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Arash Etemadi, Melissa Y. Wei, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Lingkan Barua, Zubair Kabir, Rade Vukovic, Hesham M. Al-Mekhlafi, Shoshana H. Ballew, Miriam Levi, Zainab Samad, Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos, Juan Sanabria, Ramu Rawat, Chinwe Juliana Iwu, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Mohsen Naghavi, Maarten J. Postma, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Mahesh P A, Pallab K. Maulik, Ali H. Mokdad, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Parvaiz A Koul, Foad Abd-Allah, Mihaela Hostiuc, Richard G. Cowden, Ronny Westerman, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Department of Earth Observation Science, UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Tampere University, Tays Research Services, Health Sciences, Murray, C. J. L., Aravkin, A. Y., Zheng, P., Abbafati, C., Abbas, K. M., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Abdollahi, M., Abdollahpour, I., Abegaz, K. H., Abolhassani, H., Aboyans, V., Abreu, L. G., Abrigo, M. R. M., Abualhasan, A., Abu-Raddad, L. J., Abushouk, A. I., Adabi, M., Adekanmbi, V., Adeoye, A. M., Adetokunboh, O. O., Adham, D., Advani, S. M., Agarwal, G., Aghamir, S. M. K., Agrawal, A., Ahmad, T., Ahmadi, K., Ahmadi, M., Ahmadieh, H., Ahmed, M. B., Akalu, T. Y., Akinyemi, R. O., Akinyemiju, T., Akombi, B., Akunna, C. J., Alahdab, F., Al-Aly, Z., Alam, K., Alam, S., Alam, T., Alanezi, F. M., Alanzi, T. M., Alemu, B. W., Alhabib, K. F., Ali, M., Ali, S., Alicandro, G., Alinia, C., Alipour, V., Alizade, H., Aljunid, S. M., Alla, F., Allebeck, P., Almasi-Hashiani, A., Al-Mekhlafi, H. M., Alonso, J., Altirkawi, K. A., Amini-Rarani, M., Amiri, F., Amugsi, D. A., Ancuceanu, R., Anderlini, D., Anderson, J. A., Andrei, C. L., Andrei, T., Angus, C., Anjomshoa, M., Ansari, F., Ansari-Moghaddam, A., Antonazzo, I. C., Antonio, C. A. T., Antony, C. M., Antriyandarti, E., Anvari, D., Anwer, R., Appiah, S. C. Y., Arabloo, J., Arab-Zozani, M., Ariani, F., Armoon, B., Arnlov, J., Arzani, A., Asadi-Aliabadi, M., Asadi-Pooya, A. A., Ashbaugh, C., Assmus, M., Atafar, Z., Atnafu, D. D., Atout, M. M. W., Ausloos, F., Ausloos, M., Ayala Quintanilla, B. P., Ayano, G., Ayanore, M. A., Azari, S., Azarian, G., Azene, Z. N., Badawi, A., Badiye, A. D., Bahrami, M. A., Bakhshaei, M. H., Bakhtiari, A., Bakkannavar, S. M., Baldasseroni, A., Ball, K., Ballew, S. H., Balzi, D., Banach, M., Banerjee, S. K., Bante, A. B., Baraki, A. G., Barker-Collo, S. L., Barnighausen, T. W., Barrero, L. H., Barthelemy, C. M., Barua, L., Basu, S., Baune, B. T., Bayati, M., Becker, J. S., Bedi, N., Beghi, E., Bejot, Y., Bell, M. L., Bennitt, F. B., Bensenor, I. M., Berhe, K., Berman, A. E., Bhagavathula, A. S., Bhageerathy, R., Bhala, N., Bhandari, D., Bhattacharyya, K., Bhutta, Z. A., Bijani, A., Bikbov, B., Bin Sayeed, M. S., Biondi, A., Birihane, B. M., Bisignano, C., Biswas, R. K., Bitew, H., Bohlouli, S., Bohluli, M., Boon-Dooley, A. S., Borges, G., Borzi, A. M., Borzouei, S., Bosetti, C., Boufous, S., Braithwaite, D., Breitborde, N. J. K., Breitner, S., Brenner, H., Briant, P. S., Briko, A. N., Briko, N. I., Britton, G. B., Bryazka, D., Bumgarner, B. R., Burkart, K., Burnett, R. T., Burugina Nagaraja, S., Butt, Z. A., Caetano dos Santos, F. L., Cahill, L. E., Camera, L. L. A., Campos-Nonato, I. R., Cardenas, R., Carreras, G., Carrero, J. J., Carvalho, F., Castaldelli-Maia, J. M., Castaneda-Orjuela, C. A., Castelpietra, G., Castro, F., Causey, K., Cederroth, C. R., Cercy, K. M., Cerin, E., Chandan, J. S., Chang, K. -L., Charlson, F. J., Chattu, V. K., Chaturvedi, S., Cherbuin, N., Chimed-Ochir, O., Cho, D. Y., Choi, J. -Y. J., Christensen, H., Chu, D. -T., Chung, M. T., Chung, S. -C., Cicuttini, F. M., Ciobanu, L. G., Cirillo, M., Classen, T. K. D., Cohen, A. J., Compton, K., Cooper, O. R., Costa, V. M., Cousin, E., Cowden, R. G., Cross, D. H., Cruz, J. A., Dahlawi, S. M. A., Damasceno, A. A. M., Damiani, G., Dandona, L., Dandona, R., Dangel, W. J., Danielsson, A. -K., Dargan, P. I., Darwesh, A. M., Daryani, A., Das, J. K., Das Gupta, R., das Neves, J., Davila-Cervantes, C. A., Davitoiu, D. V., De Leo, D., Degenhardt, L., Delang, M., Dellavalle, R. P., Demeke, F. M., Demoz, G. T., Demsie, D. G., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Dervenis, N., Dhungana, G. P., Dianatinasab, M., Dias da Silva, D., Diaz, D., Dibaji Forooshani, Z. S., Djalalinia, S., Do, H. T., Dokova, K., Dorostkar, F., Doshmangir, L., Driscoll, T. R., Duncan, B. B., Duraes, A. R., Eagan, A. W., Edvardsson, D., El Nahas, N., El Sayed, I., El Tantawi, M., Elbarazi, I., Elgendy, I. Y., El-Jaafary, S. I., Elyazar, I. R., Emmons-Bell, S., Erskine, H. E., Eskandarieh, S., Esmaeilnejad, S., Esteghamati, A., Estep, K., Etemadi, A., Etisso, A. E., Fanzo, J., Farahmand, M., Fareed, M., Faridnia, R., Farioli, A., Faro, A., Faruque, M., Farzadfar, F., Fattahi, N., Fazlzadeh, M., Feigin, V. L., Feldman, R., Fereshtehnejad, S. -M., Fernandes, E., Ferrara, G., Ferrari, A. J., Ferreira, M. L., Filip, I., Fischer, F., Fisher, J. L., Flor, L. S., Foigt, N. A., Folayan, M. O., Fomenkov, A. A., Force, L. M., Foroutan, M., Franklin, R. C., Freitas, M., Fu, W., Fukumoto, T., Furtado, J. M., Gad, M. M., Gakidou, E., Gallus, S., Garcia-Basteiro, A. L., Gardner, W. M., Geberemariyam, B. S., Gebreslassie, A. A. A. A., Geremew, A., Gershberg Hayoon, A., Gething, P. W., Ghadimi, M., Ghadiri, K., Ghaffarifar, F., Ghafourifard, M., Ghamari, F., Ghashghaee, A., Ghiasvand, H., Ghith, N., Gholamian, A., Ghosh, R., Gill, P. S., Ginindza, T. G. G., Giussani, G., Gnedovskaya, E. V., Goharinezhad, S., Gopalani, S. V., Gorini, G., Goudarzi, H., Goulart, A. C., Greaves, F., Grivna, M., Grosso, G., Gubari, M. I. M., Gugnani, H. C., Guimaraes, R. A., Guled, R. A., Guo, G., Guo, Y., Gupta, R., Gupta, T., Haddock, B., Hafezi-Nejad, N., Hafiz, A., Haj-Mirzaian, A., Hall, B. J., Halvaei, I., Hamadeh, R. R., Hamidi, S., Hammer, M. S., Hankey, G. J., Haririan, H., Haro, J. M., Hasaballah, A. I., Hasan, M. M., Hasanpoor, E., Hashi, A., Hassanipour, S., Hassankhani, H., Havmoeller, R. J., Hay, S. I., Hayat, K., Heidari, G., Heidari-Soureshjani, R., Henrikson, H. J., Herbert, M. E., Herteliu, C., Heydarpour, F., Hird, T. R., Hoek, H. W., Holla, R., Hoogar, P., Hosgood, H. D., Hossain, N., Hosseini, M., Hosseinzadeh, M., Hostiuc, M., Hostiuc, S., Househ, M., Hsairi, M., Hsieh, V. C. -R., Hu, G., Hu, K., Huda, T. M., Humayun, A., Huynh, C. K., Hwang, B. -F., Iannucci, V. C., Ibitoye, S. E., Ikeda, N., Ikuta, K. S., Ilesanmi, O. S., Ilic, I. M., Ilic, M. D., Inbaraj, L. R., Ippolito, H., Iqbal, U., Irvani, S. S. N., Irvine, C. M. S., Islam, M. M., Islam, S. M. S., Iso, H., Ivers, R. Q., Iwu, C. C. D., Iwu, C. J., Iyamu, I. O., Jaafari, J., Jacobsen, K. H., Jafari, H., Jafarinia, M., Jahani, M. A., Jakovljevic, M., Jalilian, F., James, S. L., Janjani, H., Javaheri, T., Javidnia, J., Jeemon, P., Jenabi, E., Jha, R. P., Jha, V., Ji, J. S., Johansson, L., John, O., John-Akinola, Y. O., Johnson, C. O., Jonas, J. B., Joukar, F., Jozwiak, J. J., Jurisson, M., Kabir, A., Kabir, Z., Kalani, H., Kalani, R., Kalankesh, L. R., Kalhor, R., Kanchan, T., Kapoor, N., Karami Matin, B., Karch, A., Karim, M. A., Kassa, G. M., Katikireddi, S. V., Kayode, G. A., Kazemi Karyani, A., Keiyoro, P. N., Keller, C., Kemmer, L., Kendrick, P. J., Khalid, N., Khammarnia, M., Khan, E. A., Khan, M., Khatab, K., Khater, M. M., Khatib, M. N., Khayamzadeh, M., Khazaei, S., Kieling, C., Kim, Y. J., Kimokoti, R. W., Kisa, A., Kisa, S., Kivimaki, M., Knibbs, L. D., Knudsen, A. K. S., Kocarnik, J. M., Kochhar, S., Kopec, J. A., Korshunov, V. A., Koul, P. A., Koyanagi, A., Kraemer, M. U. G., Krishan, K., Krohn, K. J., Kromhout, H., Kuate Defo, B., Kumar, G. A., Kumar, V., Kurmi, O. P., Kusuma, D., La Vecchia, C., Lacey, B., Lal, D. K., Lalloo, R., Lallukka, T., Lami, F. H., Landires, I., Lang, J. J., Langan, S. M., Larsson, A. O., Lasrado, S., Lauriola, P., Lazarus, J. V., Lee, P. H., Lee, S. W. H., Legrand, K. E., Leigh, J., Leonardi, M., Lescinsky, H., Leung, J., Levi, M., Li, S., Lim, L. -L., Linn, S., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Lo, J., Lopez, A. D., Lopez, J. C. F., Lopukhov, P. D., Lorkowski, S., Lotufo, P. A., Lu, A., Lugo, A., Maddison, E. R., Mahasha, P. W., Mahdavi, M. M., Mahmoudi, M., Majeed, A., Maleki, A., Maleki, S., Malekzadeh, R., Malta, D. C., Mamun, A. A., Manda, A. L., Manguerra, H., Mansour-Ghanaei, F., Mansouri, B., Mansournia, M. A., Mantilla Herrera, A. M., Maravilla, J. C., Marks, A., Martin, R. V., Martini, S., Martins-Melo, F. R., Masaka, A., Masoumi, S. Z., Mathur, M. R., Matsushita, K., Maulik, P. K., Mcalinden, C., Mcgrath, J. J., Mckee, M., Mehndiratta, M. M., Mehri, F., Mehta, K. M., Memish, Z. A., Mendoza, W., Menezes, R. G., Mengesha, E. W., Mereke, A., Mereta, S. T., Meretoja, A., Meretoja, T. J., Mestrovic, T., Miazgowski, B., Miazgowski, T., Michalek, I. M., Miller, T. R., Mills, E. J., Mini, G. K., Miri, M., Mirica, A., Mirrakhimov, E. M., Mirzaei, H., Mirzaei, M., Mirzaei, R., Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M., Misganaw, A. T., Mithra, P., Moazen, B., Mohammad, D. K., Mohammad, Y., Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N., Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A., Mohammadifard, N., Mohammadpourhodki, R., Mohammed, A. S., Mohammed, H., Mohammed, J. A., Mohammed, S., Mokdad, A. H., Molokhia, M., Monasta, L., Mooney, M. D., Moradi, G., Moradi, M., Moradi-Lakeh, M., Moradzadeh, R., Moraga, P., Morawska, L., Morgado-da-Costa, J., Morrison, S. D., Mosapour, A., Mosser, J. F., Mouodi, S., Mousavi, S. M., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., Mueller, U. O., Mukhopadhyay, S., Mullany, E. C., Musa, K. I., Muthupandian, S., Nabhan, A. F., Naderi, M., Nagarajan, A. J., Nagel, G., Naghavi, M., Naghshtabrizi, B., Naimzada, M. D., Najafi, F., Nangia, V., Nansseu, J. R., Naserbakht, M., Nayak, V. C., Negoi, I., Ngunjiri, J. W., Nguyen, C. T., Nguyen, H. L. T., Nguyen, M., Nigatu, Y. T., Nikbakhsh, R., Nixon, M. R., Nnaji, C. A., Nomura, S., Norrving, B., Noubiap, J. J., Nowak, C., Nunez-Samudio, V., Otoiu, A., Oancea, B., Odell, C. M., Ogbo, F. A., Oh, I. -H., Okunga, E. W., Oladnabi, M., Olagunju, A. T., Olusanya, B. O., Olusanya, J. O., Omer, M. O., Ong, K. L., Onwujekwe, O. E., Orpana, H. M., Ortiz, A., Osarenotor, O., Osei, F. B., Ostroff, S. M., Otstavnov, N., Otstavnov, S. S., Overland, S., Owolabi, M. O., P A, M., Padubidri, J. R., Palladino, R., Panda-Jonas, S., Pandey, A., Parry, C. D. H., Pasovic, M., Pasupula, D. K., Patel, S. K., Pathak, M., Patten, S. B., Patton, G. C., Pazoki Toroudi, H., Peden, A. E., Pennini, A., Pepito, V. C. F., Peprah, E. K., Pereira, D. M., Pesudovs, K., Pham, H. Q., Phillips, M. R., Piccinelli, C., Pilz, T. M., Piradov, M. A., Pirsaheb, M., Plass, D., Polinder, S., Polkinghorne, K. R., Pond, C. D., Postma, M. J., Pourjafar, H., Pourmalek, F., Poznanska, A., Prada, S. I., Prakash, V., Pribadi, D. R. A., Pupillo, E., Quazi Syed, Z., Rabiee, M., Rabiee, N., Radfar, A., Rafiee, A., Raggi, A., Rahman, M. A., Rajabpour-Sanati, A., Rajati, F., Rakovac, I., Ram, P., Ramezanzadeh, K., Ranabhat, C. L., Rao, P. C., Rao, S. J., Rashedi, V., Rathi, P., Rawaf, D. L., Rawaf, S., Rawal, L., Rawassizadeh, R., Rawat, R., Razo, C., Redford, S. B., Reiner, R. C., Reitsma, M. B., Remuzzi, G., Renjith, V., Renzaho, A. M. N., Resnikoff, S., Rezaei, N., Rezapour, A., Rhinehart, P. -A., Riahi, S. M., Ribeiro, D. C., Ribeiro, D., Rickard, J., Rivera, J. A., Roberts, N. L. S., Rodriguez-Ramirez, S., Roever, L., Ronfani, L., Room, R., Roshandel, G., Roth, G. A., Rothenbacher, D., Rubagotti, E., Rwegerera, G. M., Sabour, S., Sachdev, P. S., Saddik, B., Sadeghi, E., Sadeghi, M., Saeedi, R., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Safari, Y., Safi, S., Safiri, S., Sagar, R., Sahebkar, A., Sajadi, S. M., Salam, N., Salamati, P., Salem, H., Salem, M. R. R., Salimzadeh, H., Salman, O. M., Salomon, J. A., Samad, Z., Samadi Kafil, H., Sambala, E. Z., Samy, A. M., Sanabria, J., Sanchez-Pimienta, T. G., Santomauro, D. F., Santos, I. S., Santos, J. V., Santric-Milicevic, M. M., Saraswathy, S. Y. I., Sarmiento-Suarez, R., Sarrafzadegan, N., Sartorius, B., Sarveazad, A., Sathian, B., Sathish, T., Sattin, D., Saxena, S., Schaeffer, L. E., Schiavolin, S., Schlaich, M. P., Schmidt, M. I., Schutte, A. E., Schwebel, D. C., Schwendicke, F., Senbeta, A. M., Senthilkumaran, S., Sepanlou, S. G., Serdar, B., Serre, M. L., Shadid, J., Shafaat, O., Shahabi, S., Shaheen, A. A., Shaikh, M. A., Shalash, A. S., Shams-Beyranvand, M., Shamsizadeh, M., Sharafi, K., Sheikh, A., Sheikhtaheri, A., Shibuya, K., Shield, K. D., Shigematsu, M., Shin, J. I., Shin, M. -J., Shiri, R., Shirkoohi, R., Shuval, K., Siabani, S., Sierpinski, R., Sigfusdottir, I. D., Sigurvinsdottir, R., Silva, J. P., Simpson, K. E., Singh, J. A., Singh, P., Skiadaresi, E., Skou, S. T. S., Skryabin, V. Y., Smith, E. U. R., Soheili, A., Soltani, S., Soofi, M., Sorensen, R. J. D., Soriano, J. B., Sorrie, M. B., Soshnikov, S., Soyiri, I. N., Spencer, C. N., Spotin, A., Sreeramareddy, C. T., Srinivasan, V., Stanaway, J. D., Stein, C., Stein, D. J., Steiner, C., Stockfelt, L., Stokes, M. A., Straif, K., Stubbs, J. L., Sufiyan, M. B., Suleria, H. A. R., Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R., Sulo, G., Sultan, I., Szumowski, Tabares-Seisdedos, R., Tabb, K. M., Tabuchi, T., Taherkhani, A., Tajdini, M., Takahashi, K., Takala, J. S., Tamiru, A. T., Taveira, N., Tehrani-Banihashemi, A., Temsah, M. -H., Tesema, G. A., Tessema, Z. T., Thurston, G. D., Titova, M. V., Tohidinik, H. R., Tonelli, M., Topor-Madry, R., Topouzis, F., Torre, A. E., Touvier, M., Tovani-Palone, M. R. R., Tran, B. X., Travillian, R., Tsatsakis, A., Tudor Car, L., Tyrovolas, S., Uddin, R., Umeokonkwo, C. D., Unnikrishnan, B., Upadhyay, E., Vacante, M., Valdez, P. R., van Donkelaar, A., Vasankari, T. J., Vasseghian, Y., Veisani, Y., Venketasubramanian, N., Violante, F. S., Vlassov, V., Vollset, S. E., Vos, T., Vukovic, R., Waheed, Y., Wallin, M. T., Wang, Y., Wang, Y. -P., Watson, A., Wei, J., Wei, M. Y. W., Weintraub, R. G., Weiss, J., Werdecker, A., West, J. J., Westerman, R., Whisnant, J. L., Whiteford, H. A., Wiens, K. E., Wolfe, C. D. A., Wozniak, S. S., Wu, A. -M., Wu, J., Wulf Hanson, S., Xu, G., Xu, R., Yadgir, S., Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S. H., Yamagishi, K., Yaminfirooz, M., Yano, Y., Yaya, S., Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V., Yeheyis, T. Y., Yilgwan, C. S., Yilma, M. T., Yip, P., Yonemoto, N., Younis, M. Z., Younker, T. P., Yousefi, B., Yousefi, Z., Yousefinezhadi, T., Yousuf, A. Y., Yu, C., Yusefzadeh, H., Zahirian Moghadam, T., Zamani, M., Zamanian, M., Zandian, H., Zastrozhin, M. S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Z. -J., Zhao, J. T., Zhao, X. -J. G., Zhao, Y., Zhou, M., Ziapour, A., Zimsen, S. R. M., Brauer, M., Afshin, A., Lim, S. S., Lacey, B, Sartorius, B, Abbafati, C, Abbas, K, Abbasi-Kangevari, M, Abd-Allah, F, Abdelalim, A, Abdollahi, M, Abdollahpour, I, Abegaz, K, Abolhassani, H, Aboyans, V, Abreu, L, Abrigo, M, Abualhasan, A, Abu-Raddad, L, Abushouk, A, Adabi, M, Adekanmbi, V, Adeoye, A, Adetokunboh, O, Adham, D, Advani, S, Afshin, A, Agarwal, G, Aghamir, S, Agrawal, A, Ahmad, T, Ahmadi, K, Ahmadi, M, Ahmadieh, H, Ahmed, M, Akalu, T, Akinyemi, R, Akinyemiju, T, Akombi, B, Akunna, C, Alahdab, F, Al-Aly, Z, Alam, K, Alam, S, Alam, T, Alanezi, F, Alanzi, T, Alemu, B, Alhabib, K, Ali, M, Ali, S, Alicandro, G, Alinia, C, Alipour, V, Alizade, H, Aljunid, S, Alla, F, Allebeck, P, Almasi-Hashiani, A, Al-Mekhlafi, H, Alonso, J, Altirkawi, K, Amini-Rarani, M, Amiri, F, Amugsi, D, Ancuceanu, R, Anderlini, D, Anderson, J, Andrei, C, Andrei, T, Angus, C, Anjomshoa, M, Ansari, F, Ansari-Moghaddam, A, Antonazzo, I, Antonio, C, Antony, C, Antriyandarti, E, Anvari, D, Anwer, R, Appiah, S, Arabloo, J, Arab-Zozani, M, Aravkin, A, Ariani, F, Armoon, B, Arnlov, J, Arzani, A, Asadi-Aliabadi, M, Asadi-Pooya, A, Ashbaugh, C, Assmus, M, Atafar, Z, Atnafu, D, Atout, M, Ausloos, F, Ausloos, M, Ayala Quintanilla, B, Ayano, G, Ayanore, M, Azari, S, Azarian, G, Azene, Z, Badawi, A, Badiye, A, Bahrami, M, Bakhshaei, M, Bakhtiari, A, Bakkannavar, S, Baldasseroni, A, Ball, K, Ballew, S, Balzi, D, Banach, M, Banerjee, S, Bante, A, Baraki, A, Barker-Collo, S, Barnighausen, T, Barrero, L, Barthelemy, C, Barua, L, Basu, S, Baune, B, Bayati, M, Becker, J, Bedi, N, Beghi, E, Bejot, Y, Bell, M, Bennitt, F, Bensenor, I, Berhe, K, Berman, A, Bhagavathula, A, Bhageerathy, R, Bhala, N, Bhandari, D, Bhattacharyya, K, Bhutta, Z, Bijani, A, Bikbov, B, Bin Sayeed, M, Biondi, A, Birihane, B, Bisignano, C, Biswas, R, Bitew, H, Bohlouli, S, Bohluli, M, Boon-Dooley, A, Borges, G, Borzi, A, Borzouei, S, Bosetti, C, Boufous, S, Braithwaite, D, Brauer, M, Breitborde, N, Breitner, S, Brenner, H, Briant, P, Briko, A, Briko, N, Britton, G, Bryazka, D, Bumgarner, B, Burkart, K, Burnett, R, Burugina Nagaraja, S, Butt, Z, Caetano Dos Santos, F, Cahill, L, Camera, L, Campos-Nonato, I, Cardenas, R, Carreras, G, Carrero, J, Carvalho, F, Castaldelli-Maia, J, Castaneda-Orjuela, C, Castelpietra, G, Castro, F, Causey, K, Cederroth, C, Cercy, K, Cerin, E, Chandan, J, Chang, K, Charlson, F, Chattu, V, Chaturvedi, S, Cherbuin, N, Chimed-Ochir, O, Cho, D, Choi, J, Christensen, H, Chu, D, Chung, M, Chung, S, Cicuttini, F, Ciobanu, L, Cirillo, M, Classen, T, Cohen, A, Compton, K, Cooper, O, Costa, V, Cousin, E, Cowden, R, Cross, D, Cruz, J, Dahlawi, S, Damasceno, A, Damiani, G, Dandona, L, Dandona, R, Dangel, W, Danielsson, A, Dargan, P, Darwesh, A, Daryani, A, Das, J, Das Gupta, R, das Neves, J, Davila-Cervantes, C, Davitoiu, D, De Leo, D, Degenhardt, L, Delang, M, Dellavalle, R, Demeke, F, Demoz, G, Demsie, D, Denova-Gutierrez, E, Dervenis, N, Dhungana, G, Dianatinasab, M, Dias da Silva, D, Diaz, D, Dibaji Forooshani, Z, Djalalinia, S, Do, H, Dokova, K, Dorostkar, F, Doshmangir, L, Driscoll, T, Duncan, B, Duraes, A, Eagan, A, Edvardsson, D, El Nahas, N, El Sayed, I, El Tantawi, M, Elbarazi, I, Elgendy, I, El-Jaafary, S, Elyazar, I, Emmons-Bell, S, Erskine, H, Eskandarieh, S, Esmaeilnejad, S, Esteghamati, A, Estep, K, Etemadi, A, Etisso, A, Fanzo, J, Farahmand, M, Fareed, M, Faridnia, R, Farioli, A, Faro, A, Faruque, M, Farzadfar, F, Fattahi, N, Fazlzadeh, M, Feigin, V, Feldman, R, Fereshtehnejad, S, Fernandes, E, Ferrara, G, Ferrari, A, Ferreira, M, Filip, I, Fischer, F, Fisher, J, Flor, L, Foigt, N, Folayan, M, Fomenkov, A, Force, L, Foroutan, M, Franklin, R, Freitas, M, Fu, W, Fukumoto, T, Furtado, J, Gad, M, Gakidou, E, Gallus, S, Garcia-Basteiro, A, Gardner, W, Geberemariyam, B, Ayalew Gebreslassie, A, Geremew, A, Gershberg Hayoon, A, Gething, P, Ghadimi, M, Ghadiri, K, Ghaffarifar, F, Ghafourifard, M, Ghamari, F, Ghashghaee, A, Ghiasvand, H, Ghith, N, Gholamian, A, Ghosh, R, Gill, P, Ginindza, T, Giussani, G, Gnedovskaya, E, Goharinezhad, S, Gopalani, S, Gorini, G, Goudarzi, H, Goulart, A, Greaves, F, Grivna, M, Grosso, G, Gubari, M, Gugnani, H, Guimaraes, R, Guled, R, Guo, G, Guo, Y, Gupta, R, Gupta, T, Haddock, B, Hafezi-Nejad, N, Hafiz, A, Haj-Mirzaian, A, Hall, B, Halvaei, I, Hamadeh, R, Hamidi, S, Hammer, M, Hankey, G, Haririan, H, Haro, J, Hasaballah, A, Hasan, M, Hasanpoor, E, Hashi, A, Hassanipour, S, Hassankhani, H, Havmoeller, R, Hay, S, Hayat, K, Heidari, G, Heidari-Soureshjani, R, Henrikson, H, Herbert, M, Herteliu, C, Heydarpour, F, Hird, T, Hoek, H, Holla, R, Hoogar, P, Hosgood, H, Hossain, N, Hosseini, M, Hosseinzadeh, M, Hostiuc, M, Hostiuc, S, Househ, M, Hsairi, M, Hsieh, V, Hu, G, Hu, K, Huda, T, Humayun, A, Huynh, C, Hwang, B, Iannucci, V, Ibitoye, S, Ikeda, N, Ikuta, K, Ilesanmi, O, Ilic, I, Ilic, M, Inbaraj, L, Ippolito, H, Iqbal, U, Irvani, S, Irvine, C, Islam, M, Islam, S, Iso, H, Ivers, R, Iwu, C, Iyamu, I, Jaafari, J, Jacobsen, K, Jafari, H, Jafarinia, M, Jahani, M, Jakovljevic, M, Jalilian, F, James, S, Janjani, H, Javaheri, T, Javidnia, J, Jeemon, P, Jenabi, E, Jha, R, Jha, V, Ji, J, Johansson, L, John, O, John-Akinola, Y, Johnson, C, Jonas, J, Joukar, F, Jozwiak, J, Jurisson, M, Kabir, A, Kabir, Z, Kalani, H, Kalani, R, Kalankesh, L, Kalhor, R, Kanchan, T, Kapoor, N, Matin, B, Karch, A, Karim, M, Kassa, G, Katikireddi, S, Kayode, G, Kazemi Karyani, A, Keiyoro, P, Keller, C, Kemmer, L, Kendrick, P, Khalid, N, Khammarnia, M, Khan, E, Khan, M, Khatab, K, Khater, M, Khatib, M, Khayamzadeh, M, Khazaei, S, Kieling, C, Kim, Y, Kimokoti, R, Kisa, A, Kisa, S, Kivimaki, M, Knibbs, L, Knudsen, A, Kocarnik, J, Kochhar, S, Kopec, J, Korshunov, V, Koul, P, Koyanagi, A, Kraemer, M, Krishan, K, Krohn, K, Kromhout, H, Kuate Defo, B, Kumar, G, Kumar, V, Kurmi, O, Kusuma, D, La Vecchia, C, Lal, D, Lalloo, R, Lallukka, T, Lami, F, Landires, I, Lang, J, Langan, S, Larsson, A, Lasrado, S, Lauriola, P, Lazarus, J, Lee, P, Lee, S, Legrand, K, Leigh, J, Leonardi, M, Lescinsky, H, Leung, J, Levi, M, Li, S, Lim, L, Linn, S, Liu, S, Liu, Y, Lo, J, Lopez, A, Lopez, J, Lopukhov, P, Lorkowski, S, Lotufo, P, Lu, A, Lugo, A, Maddison, E, Mahasha, P, Mahdavi, M, Mahmoudi, M, Majeed, A, Maleki, A, Maleki, S, Malekzadeh, R, Malta, D, Mamun, A, Manda, A, Manguerra, H, Mansour-Ghanaei, F, Mansouri, B, Mansournia, M, Mantilla Herrera, A, Maravilla, J, Marks, A, Martin, R, Martini, S, Martins-Melo, F, Masaka, A, Masoumi, S, Mathur, M, Matsushita, K, Maulik, P, Mcalinden, C, Mcgrath, J, Mckee, M, Mehndiratta, M, Mehri, F, Mehta, K, Memish, Z, Mendoza, W, Menezes, R, Mengesha, E, Mereke, A, Mereta, S, Meretoja, A, Meretoja, T, Mestrovic, T, Miazgowski, B, Miazgowski, T, Michalek, I, Miller, T, Mills, E, Mini, G, Miri, M, Mirica, A, Mirrakhimov, E, Mirzaei, H, Mirzaei, M, Mirzaei, R, Mirzaei-Alavijeh, M, Misganaw, A, Mithra, P, Moazen, B, Mohammad, D, Mohammad, Y, Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, N, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, A, Mohammadifard, N, Mohammadpourhodki, R, Mohammed, A, Mohammed, H, Mohammed, J, Mohammed, S, Mokdad, A, Molokhia, M, Monasta, L, Mooney, M, Moradi, G, Moradi, M, Moradi-Lakeh, M, Moradzadeh, R, Moraga, P, Morawska, L, Morgado-Da-Costa, J, Morrison, S, Mosapour, A, Mosser, J, Mouodi, S, Mousavi, S, Khaneghah, A, Mueller, U, Mukhopadhyay, S, Mullany, E, Musa, K, Muthupandian, S, Nabhan, A, Naderi, M, Nagarajan, A, Nagel, G, Naghavi, M, Naghshtabrizi, B, Naimzada, M, Najafi, F, Nangia, V, Nansseu, J, Naserbakht, M, Nayak, V, Negoi, I, Ngunjiri, J, Nguyen, C, Nguyen, H, Nguyen, M, Nigatu, Y, Nikbakhsh, R, Nixon, M, Nnaji, C, Nomura, S, Norrving, B, Noubiap, J, Nowak, C, Nunez-Samudio, V, Oancea, B, Odell, C, Ogbo, F, Oh, I, Okunga, E, Oladnabi, M, Olagunju, A, Olusanya, B, Olusanya, J, Omer, M, Ong, K, Onwujekwe, O, Orpana, H, Ortiz, A, Osarenotor, O, Osei, F, Ostroff, S, Otoiu, A, Otstavnov, N, Otstavnov, S, Overland, S, Owolabi, M, Mahesh, P, Padubidri, J, Palladino, R, Panda-Jonas, S, Pandey, A, Parry, C, Pasovic, M, Pasupula, D, Patel, S, Pathak, M, Patten, S, Patton, G, Toroudi, H, Peden, A, Pennini, A, Pepito, V, Peprah, E, Pereira, D, Pesudovs, K, Pham, H, Phillips, M, Piccinelli, C, Pilz, T, Piradov, M, Pirsaheb, M, Plass, D, Polinder, S, Polkinghorne, K, Pond, C, Postma, M, Pourjafar, H, Pourmalek, F, Poznanska, A, Prada, S, Prakash, V, Pribadi, D, Pupillo, E, Syed, Z, Rabiee, M, Rabiee, N, Radfar, A, Rafiee, A, Raggi, A, Rahman, M, Rajabpour-Sanati, A, Rajati, F, Rakovac, I, Ram, P, Ramezanzadeh, K, Ranabhat, C, Rao, P, Rao, S, Rashedi, V, Rathi, P, Rawaf, D, Rawaf, S, Rawal, L, Rawassizadeh, R, Rawat, R, Razo, C, Redford, S, Reiner, R, Reitsma, M, Remuzzi, G, Renjith, V, Renzaho, A, Resnikoff, S, Rezaei, N, Rezapour, A, Rhinehart, P, Riahi, S, Ribeiro, D, Rickard, J, Rivera, J, Roberts, N, Rodriguez-Ramirez, S, Roever, L, Ronfani, L, Room, R, Roshandel, G, Roth, G, Rothenbacher, D, Rubagotti, E, Rwegerera, G, Sabour, S, Sachdev, P, Saddik, B, Sadeghi, E, Sadeghi, M, Saeedi, R, Saeedi Moghaddam, S, Safari, Y, Safi, S, Safiri, S, Sagar, R, Sahebkar, A, Sajadi, S, Salam, N, Salamati, P, Salem, H, Salem, M, Salimzadeh, H, Salman, O, Salomon, J, Samad, Z, Samadi Kafil, H, Sambala, E, Samy, A, Sanabria, J, Sanchez-Pimienta, T, Santomauro, D, Santos, I, Santos, J, Santric-Milicevic, M, Saraswathy, S, Sarmiento-Suarez, R, Sarrafzadegan, N, Sarveazad, A, Sathian, B, Sathish, T, Sattin, D, Saxena, S, Schaeffer, L, Schiavolin, S, Schlaich, M, Schmidt, M, Schutte, A, Schwebel, D, Schwendicke, F, Senbeta, A, Senthilkumaran, S, Sepanlou, S, Serdar, B, Serre, M, Shadid, J, Shafaat, O, Shahabi, S, Shaheen, A, Shaikh, M, Shalash, A, Shams-Beyranvand, M, Shamsizadeh, M, Sharafi, K, Sheikh, A, Sheikhtaheri, A, Shibuya, K, Shield, K, Shigematsu, M, Shin, J, Shin, M, Shiri, R, Shirkoohi, R, Shuval, K, Siabani, S, Sierpinski, R, Sigfusdottir, I, Sigurvinsdottir, R, Silva, J, Simpson, K, Singh, J, Singh, P, Skiadaresi, E, Skou, S, Skryabin, V, Smith, E, Soheili, A, Soltani, S, Soofi, M, Sorensen, R, Soriano, J, Sorrie, M, Soshnikov, S, Soyiri, I, Spencer, C, Spotin, A, Sreeramareddy, C, Srinivasan, V, Stanaway, J, Stein, C, Stein, D, Steiner, C, Stockfelt, L, Stokes, M, Straif, K, Stubbs, J, Sufiyan, M, Suleria, H, Suliankatchi Abdulkader, R, Sulo, G, Sultan, I, Tabares-Seisdedos, R, Tabb, K, Tabuchi, T, Taherkhani, A, Tajdini, M, Takahashi, K, Takala, J, Tamiru, A, Taveira, N, Tehrani-Banihashemi, A, Temsah, M, Tesema, G, Tessema, Z, Thurston, G, Titova, M, Tohidinik, H, Tonelli, M, Topor-Madry, R, Topouzis, F, Torre, A, Touvier, M, Tovani-Palone, M, Tran, B, Travillian, R, Tsatsakis, A, Tudor Car, L, Tyrovolas, S, Uddin, R, Umeokonkwo, C, Unnikrishnan, B, Upadhyay, E, Vacante, M, Valdez, P, van Donkelaar, A, Vasankari, T, Vasseghian, Y, Veisani, Y, Venketasubramanian, N, Violante, F, Vlassov, V, Vollset, S, Vos, T, Vukovic, R, Waheed, Y, Wallin, M, Wang, Y, Watson, A, Wei, J, Wei, M, Weintraub, R, Weiss, J, Werdecker, A, West, J, Westerman, R, Whisnant, J, Whiteford, H, Wiens, K, Wolfe, C, Wozniak, S, Wu, A, Wu, J, Wulf Hanson, S, Xu, G, Xu, R, Yadgir, S, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, S, Yamagishi, K, Yaminfirooz, M, Yano, Y, Yaya, S, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, V, Yeheyis, T, Yilgwan, C, Yilma, M, Yip, P, Yonemoto, N, Younis, M, Younker, T, Yousefi, B, Yousefi, Z, Yousefinezhadi, T, Yousuf, A, Yu, C, Yusefzadeh, H, Moghadam, T, Zamani, M, Zamanian, M, Zandian, H, Zastrozhin, M, Zhang, Y, Zhang, Z, Zhao, J, Zhao, X, Zhao, Y, Zheng, P, Zhou, M, Ziapour, A, Zimsen, S, Lim, S, Murray, C, GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborator, Violante FS, Biosciences, Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Sub Foundations&PhilosophyofNaturSc begr, IRAS OH Epidemiology Chemical Agents, dIRAS RA-2, Public Health, Bin Sayeed, M. S. B., Caetano Dos Santos, F. L., Camera, L. A., Elyazar, I. R. F., Ayalew Gebreslassie, A. A. A., Ginindza, T. G., Matin, B. K., Morgado-Da-Costa, J., Khaneghah, A. M., Mahesh, P. A., Toroudi, H. P., Syed, Z. Q., Salem, M. R., Skou, S. T., Tovani-Palone, M. R., Tudor Car, L. T., and Moghadam, T. Z.
Subjects: Male, Nutritional Sciences, Specific risk, Contaminación del Aire Interior, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Socioeconomic Factor, systematic analysis, Global Health, Body Mass Index, Global Burden of Disease, Health Risk Behavior, Health Risk Behaviors, Disease studies, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, METABOLIC RISKS, 030212 general & internal medicine, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Factores de Riesgo, 2. Zero hunger, education.field_of_study, Public health, Injuries, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, General Medicine, GBD, risck factors, attributable burden of disease, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, 3. Good health, Relative risk, Environmental health, Health, Hypertension, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, Risk Factors, A990 Medicine and Dentistry not elsewhere classified, Female, Leading risk factors, Global Health Metrics, Cohort study, Human, medicine.medical_specialty, Substance-Related Disorders, Population, UNITED-STATES, Risk Assessment, DIET, ITC-HYBRID, 03 medical and health sciences, Life Expectancy, MORTALITY, DISABILITY, POLLUTION, CLUSTERS, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, Risk factor, education, Global burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Malnutrition, Klinisk medicin, Global Burden of Diseases, Environmental Exposure, medicine.disease, Enfermedades, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Risk factors, Disease study, Hyperglycemia, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, NA, Clinical Medicine, business, RA
Abstract: Background Rigorous analysis of levels and trends in exposure to leading risk factors and quantification of their effect on human health are important to identify where public health is making progress and in which cases current efforts are inadequate. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019 provides a standardised and comprehensive assessment of the magnitude of risk factor exposure, relative risk, and attributable burden of disease. Methods GBD 2019 estimated attributable mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years of life lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 87 risk factors and combinations of risk factors, at the global level, regionally, and for 204 countries and territories. GBD uses a hierarchical list of risk factors so that specific risk factors (eg, sodium intake), and related aggregates (eg, diet quality), are both evaluated. This method has six analytical steps. (1) We included 560 risk-outcome pairs that met criteria for convincing or probable evidence on the basis of research studies. 12 risk-outcome pairs included in GBD 2017 no longer met inclusion criteria and 47 risk-outcome pairs for risks already included in GBD 2017 were added based on new evidence. (2) Relative risks were estimated as a function of exposure based on published systematic reviews, 81 systematic reviews done for GBD 2019, and meta-regression. (3) Levels of exposure in each age-sex-location-year included in the study were estimated based on all available data sources using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression method, or alternative methods. (4) We determined, from published trials or cohort studies, the level of exposure associated with minimum risk, called the theoretical minimum risk exposure level. (5) Attributable deaths, YLLs, YLDs, and DALYs were computed by multiplying population attributable fractions (PAFs) by the relevant outcome quantity for each age-sex-location-year. (6) PAFs and attributable burden for combinations of risk factors were estimated taking into account mediation of different risk factors through other risk factors. Across all six analytical steps, 30 652 distinct data sources were used in the analysis. Uncertainty in each step of the analysis was propagated into the final estimates of attributable burden. Exposure levels for dichotomous, polytomous, and continuous risk factors were summarised with use of the summary exposure value to facilitate comparisons over time, across location, and across risks. Because the entire time series from 1990 to 2019 has been re-estimated with use of consistent data and methods, these results supersede previously published GBD estimates of attributable burden. Findings The largest declines in risk exposure from 2010 to 2019 were among a set of risks that are strongly linked to social and economic development, including household air pollution; unsafe water, sanitation, and handwashing; and child growth failure. Global declines also occurred for tobacco smoking and lead exposure. The largest increases in risk exposure were for ambient particulate matter pollution, drug use, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body-mass index. In 2019, the leading Level 2 risk factor globally for attributable deaths was high systolic blood pressure, which accounted for 10.8 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 9.51-12.1) deaths (19.2% [16.9-21.3] of all deaths in 2019), followed by tobacco (smoked, second-hand, and chewing), which accounted for 8.71 million (8.12-9.31) deaths (15.4% [14.6-16.2] of all deaths in 2019). The leading Level 2 risk factor for attributable DALYs globally in 2019 was child and maternal malnutrition, which largely affects health in the youngest age groups and accounted for 295 million (253-350) DALYs (11.6% [10.3-13.1] of all global DALYs that year). The risk factor burden varied considerably in 2019 between age groups and locations. Among children aged 0-9 years, the three leading detailed risk factors for attributable DALYs were all related to malnutrition. Iron deficiency was the leading risk factor for those aged 10-24 years, alcohol use for those aged 25-49 years, and high systolic blood pressure for those aged 50-74 years and 75 years and older. Interpretation Overall, the record for reducing exposure to harmful risks over the past three decades is poor. Success with reducing smoking and lead exposure through regulatory policy might point the way for a stronger role for public policy on other risks in addition to continued efforts to provide information on risk factor harm to the general public. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2020

33. Prevalence, Deaths, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years Due to Musculoskeletal Disorders for 195 Countries and Territories 1990-2017

Author: Damian G Hoy, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Christopher Hill, Emma Smith, Saeid Safiri, Rachelle Buchbinder, Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Marita Cross, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Anthony D. Woolf, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Jay S. Kaufman, Seyed Kazem Shakouri, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Lyn March, Gary S. Collins, Kristin Carson-Chahhoud, Safiri, Saeid, Kolahi, Ali-Ashgar, Cross, Marita, Hill, Catherine, Smith, Emma, Carson-Chahhoud, Kristin, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Ahad, Kaufman, Jay, Sepidarkish, Mahdi, Shakouri, Seyed Kazem, Hoy, Damian, Woolf, Anthony D, March, Lyn, Collins, Gary, and Buchbinder, Rachelle
Subjects: rheumatoid arthritis, Male, neck pain, Prevalence, Global Health, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Epidemiology, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Musculoskeletal Diseases, Child, low back pain, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, Neck pain, education.field_of_study, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Middle Aged, Low back pain, Survival Rate, Child, Preschool, Cohort, epidemiology, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, medicine.symptom, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Immunology, Population, prevalence, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, gout, Age Distribution, Rheumatology, Humans, Sex Distribution, education, Aged, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Infant, osteoarthritis, incidence, business, musculoskeletal disease, Demography
Abstract: Objective To report the levels and trends of prevalence, deaths, and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) due to musculoskeletal disorders, categorized as low back pain, neck pain, osteoarthritis (OA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), gout, and other musculoskeletal disorders, across 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017 according to age, sex, and Sociodemographic Index (SDI; a composite of sociodemographic factors). Methods Data were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2017. The fatal and nonfatal burdens of musculoskeletal disorders were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and Bayesian meta‐regression tool, respectively. Estimates were provided for all musculoskeletal disorders and the corresponding 6 categories at global, regional, and national levels from 1990 to 2017. Counts and age‐standardized rates per 100,000 population along with 95% uncertainty intervals (95% UIs) were reported for prevalence, deaths, and DALYs. Results Globally, there were ~1.3 billion prevalent cases (95% UI 1.2 billion, 1.4 billion), 121.3 thousand deaths (95% UI 105.6 thousand, 126.2 thousand), and 138.7 million DALYs (95% UI 101.9 million, 182.6 million) due to musculoskeletal disorders in 2017. Age‐standardized prevalence, death, and DALY rates per 100,000 population were 16,276.2 (95% UI 15,495.5, 17,145.8), 1.6 (95% UI 1.4, 1.6), and 1,720 (95% UI 1,264.4, 2,259.2), respectively. Age‐standardized prevalence (−1.6% [95% UI −2.4, −0.8]) and DALY rates (−3.5% [95% UI −4.7, −2.3]) decreased slightly from 1990. The global point prevalence rate of musculoskeletal disorders in 2017 was higher in women than in men and increased with age up to the oldest age group. Globally, the proportion of prevalent cases according to category of musculoskeletal disorders in 2017 was greatest for low back pain (36.8%), followed by other musculoskeletal disorders (21.5%), OA (19.3%), neck pain (18.4%), gout (2.6%), and RA (1.3%). These proportions did not change appreciably compared with 1990. The burden due to musculoskeletal conditions was higher in developed countries. The countries with the highest age‐standardized prevalence rates of musculoskeletal disorders in 2017 were Switzerland (23,346.0 [95% UI 22,392.6, 24,329.8]), Chile (23,007.9 [95% UI 21,746.5, 24,165.8]), and Denmark (22,166.1 [95% UI 20,817.2, 23,542.1]). The greatest increases from 1990 were found in Chile (10.8% [95% UI 6.6, 15.4]), Benin (8.8% [95% UI 6.7, 11.1]), and El Salvador (8.5% [95% UI 5.5, 11.9]). Conclusion There is a large burden of musculoskeletal disorders globally, with some notable inter‐country variation. Some countries have twice the burden of other countries. Increasing population awareness regarding risk factors, consequences, and evidence‐informed treatment strategies for musculoskeletal disorders with a focus on the older female population in developed countries is needed, particularly for low back and neck pain and OA, which contribute a large burden among this cohort.
Published: 2020

34. Global, regional, and national burden of neck pain in the general population, 1990-2017: systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Emma Smith, Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Saeid Safiri, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Damian G Hoy, Anthony D. Woolf, Mostafa Qorbani, Marita Cross, Lyn March, Manuela L. Ferreira, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Rachelle Buchbinder, Deepti Bettampadi, Gary S. Collins, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, and Amir Almasi-Hashiani
Subjects: Burden of disease, Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Population, Prevalence, Scandinavian and Nordic Countries, Severity of Illness Index, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Cost of Illness, Risk Factors, Severity of illness, Medicine, Humans, Disabled Persons, 030212 general & internal medicine, Young adult, education, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Neck pain, Neck Pain, business.industry, Public health, Incidence (epidemiology), Research, Age Factors, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Socioeconomic Factors, Female, Public Health, medicine.symptom, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography
Abstract: Objective To use data from the Global Burden of Disease Study between 1990 and 2017 to report the rates and trends of point prevalence, annual incidence, and years lived with disability for neck pain in the general population of 195 countries. Design Systematic analysis. Data source Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017. Main outcome measures Numbers and age standardised rates per 100 000 population of neck pain point prevalence, annual incidence, and years lived with disability were compared across regions and countries by age, sex, and sociodemographic index. Estimates were reported with uncertainty intervals. Results Globally in 2017 the age standardised rates for point prevalence of neck pain per 100 000 population was 3551.1 (95% uncertainty interval 3139.5 to 3977.9), for incidence of neck pain per 100 000 population was 806.6 (713.7 to 912.5), and for years lived with disability from neck pain per 100 000 population was 352.0 (245.6 to 493.3). These estimates did not change significantly between 1990 and 2017. The global point prevalence of neck pain in 2017 was higher in females compared with males, although this was not significant at the 0.05 level. Prevalence increased with age up to 70-74 years and then decreased. Norway (6151.2 (95% uncertainty interval 5382.3 to 6959.8)), Finland (5750.3 (5058.4 to 6518.3)), and Denmark (5316 (4674 to 6030.1)) had the three highest age standardised point prevalence estimates in 2017. The largest increases in age standardised point prevalence estimates from 1990 to 2017 were in the United Kingdom (14.6% (10.6% to 18.8%)), Sweden (10.4% (6.0% to 15.4%)), and Kuwait (2.6% (2.0% to 3.2%)). In general, positive associations, but with fluctuations, were found between age standardised years lived with disability for neck pain and sociodemographic index at the global level and for all Global Burden of Disease regions, suggesting the burden is higher at higher sociodemographic indices. Conclusions Neck pain is a serious public health problem in the general population, with the highest burden in Norway, Finland, and Denmark. Increasing population awareness about risk factors and preventive strategies for neck pain is warranted to reduce the future burden of this condition.
Published: 2020

35. Evidence of an increased prevalence of multiple sclerosis: a population-based study of Tehran registry during 1999-2018

Author: Sharareh Eskandarieh, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, and Mohammad Ali Sahraian
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Epidemiology, Population, Iran, lcsh:RC346-429, Multiple sclerosis, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Age groups, medicine, Prevalence, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, lcsh:Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Mean age, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Population based study, Cross-Sectional Studies, Population data, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography, Research Article, Tehran
Abstract: Background The epidemiological characteristics of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been investigated in various studies, which have revealed that the prevalence of MS varies across countries. The present study was conducted to investigate the longitudinal prevalence of MS in Tehran, Iran. Methods The present population-based study was conducted in Tehran, the capital of Iran from 1999 to 2018 based on the annual report data provided by the Iranian MS Society (IMSS) registry system. The age-standardized and crude prevalence were estimated using population data presented by the Statistical Centre of Iran. Results A total of 21,580 MS cases were registered and included in the analysis. Among the participant patients, 24.99% (5393) and 75.01% (16,187) of cases were male and female, respectively. The mean age of MS onset was 28.8 years (S.D: 8.7). The age-standardized prevalence (ASP) of MS increased from 73.7 (95%CI: 72.1–75.2) per 100,000 people in 2006 to 137.6 (95% CI: 135.7–139.5) per 100,000 people in 2018. The ASP of MS in 2018 was estimated to be 67.9 (95%CI: 66.0–69.8) and 207.3 (95%CI: 204.0–210.7) per 100,000 people among males and females, respectively. The age-standardized female-to-male ratio of MS ranged from 3.7 (in 2010) to 2.06 (in 2017). Conclusion The findings of this study suggested that the prevalence of MS in Tehran province is relatively high, and the occurrence of the disease is more common in the age groups under 40 years as compared with older-aged groups. In line with reports provided for various regions of the world, the prevalence of MS was higher among women. Similarly, the findings of this study revealed that the female-to-male ratio was 2.14 in 2018.
Published: 2020

36. The global, regional, and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Vahid Alipour, Amir Anushiravani, Saeid Safiri, Derrick Tsoi, Bach Xuan Tran, Ali Bijani, Mowafa Househ, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Homayoon Vahedi, Molly R Nixon, Ali Reza Sima, Atif Amin Baig, Zeinab Sharafi, Shahin Merat, Hassan Abolhassani, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Sonia Saxena, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Chi L Hoang, Jalal Arabloo, Jasvinder A. Singh, Lorenzo Monasta, Kevin Ikuta, Antonio Biondi, Akram Pourshams, Spencer L. James, Maryam Hashemian, Afshin Zarghi, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Amin Soheili, Félix Carvalho, Alaa Badawi, Aziz Eftekhari, Sudabeh Alatab, Nader Jafari Balalami, Amir Hasanzadeh, Antonio Maria Borzì, Andre Pascal Kengne, Luca Ronfani, Simon I. Hay, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Navid Rabiee, Reza Malekzadeh, Neeraj Bhala, Mohsen Naghavi, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Kristin E Burke, Mehdi Sharif, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Marco Vacante, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Nima Rezaei, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Ahmad Daryani, Ionut Negoi, David Laith Rawaf, Mohammad Rabiee, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ali H. Mokdad, Suleman Atique, Majid A Almadi, João C. Fernandes, Rasoul Sotoudehmanesh, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Hamid Reza Mirzaei, Masood Sepehrimanesh, Anahita Sadeghi, Eduarda Fernandes, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Salman Rawaf, Florian Fischer, Manisha Dubey, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Stephen R. Robinson, Masood Ali Shaikh, Hossein Poustchi, Tomislav Mestrovic, Masoud M Malekzadeh, Soraya Siabani, Catherine Bisignano, Mae Dirac, Adam Belay Wondmieneh, Amir Abdoli, Ashish Awasthi, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, Staff Services, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, IBD, Prevalence, Disease, Global Health, DIAGNOSIS, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cause of Death, Epidemiology, medicine, MANAGEMENT, Humans, EPIDEMIOLOGY, COHORT, education, POPULATION, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Cause of death, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Hepatology, business.industry, Mortality rate, Gastroenterology, Bayes Theorem, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, CROHNS-DISEASE, PREVALENCE, Survival Rate, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, ULCERATIVE-COLITIS, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, 3121 General medicine, internal medicine and other clinical medicine, Cohort, RISK-FACTORS, Female, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Morbidity, business, Demography
Abstract: Background The burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is rising globally, with substantial variation in levels and trends of disease in different countries and regions. Understanding these geographical differences is crucial for formulating effective strategies for preventing and treating IBD. We report the prevalence, mortality, and overall burden of IBD in 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017, based on data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017. Methods We modelled mortality due to IBD using a standard Cause of Death Ensemble model including data mainly from vital registrations. To estimate the non-fatal burden, we used data presented in primary studies, hospital discharges, and claims data, and used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to ensure consistency between measures. Mortality, prevalence, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature death, years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were estimated. All of the estimates were reported as numbers and rates per 100 000 population, with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI). Findings In 2017, there were 6.8 million (95% UI 6.4-7.3) cases of IBD globally. The age-standardised prevalence rate increased from 79.5 (75.9-83.5) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 84.3 (79.2-89.9) per 100 000 population in 2017. The age-standardised death rate decreased from 0.61 (0.55-0.69) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 0.51 (0.42-0.54) per 100 000 population in 2017. At the GBD regional level, the highest age-standardised prevalence rate in 2017 occurred in high-income North America (422.0 [398.7-446.1] per 100 000) and the lowest age-standardised prevalence rates were observed in the Caribbean (6.7 [6.3-7.2] per 100 000 population). High Sociodemographic Index (SDI) locations had the highest age-standardised prevalence rate, while low SDI regions had the lowest age-standardised prevalence rate. At the national level, the USA had the highest age-standardised prevalence rate (464.5 [438.6-490.9] per 100 000 population), followed by the UK (449.6 [420.6-481.6] per 100 000). Vanuatu had the highest age-standardised death rate in 2017 (1.8 [0.8-3.2] per 100 000 population) and Singapore had the lowest (0.08 [0.06-0.14] per 100 000 population). The total YLDs attributed to IBD almost doubled over the study period, from 0.56 million (0.39-0.77) in 1990 to 1.02 million (0.71-1.38) in 2017. The age-standardised rate of DALYs decreased from 26.5 (21.0-33.0) per 100 000 population in 1990 to 23.2 (19.1-27.8) per 100 000 population in 2017. Interpretation The prevalence of IBD increased substantially in many regions from 1990 to 2017, which might pose a substantial social and economic burden on governments and health systems in the coming years. Our findings can be useful for policy makers developing strategies to tackle IBD, including the education of specialised personnel to address the burden of this complex disease. Copyright (C) 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.
Published: 2020

37. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author: Sorin Hostiuc, Shaun Wen Huey Lee, Jorge R. Ledesma, Carsten Flohr, Masoumeh Sadeghi, João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Behzad Karami Matin, Cyrus Alinia, Mehdi Bohluli, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Catalina Liliana Andrei, Seyyed Meysam Mousavi, Bernhard T. Baune, Ehsan Ahmadpour, Dinh-Toi Chu, Beatrix Haddock, Gianfranco Alicandro, Vasily Vlassov, Mohammad Taghi Khodayari, Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul, Arash Tehrani-Banihashemi, Govinda Prasad Dhungana, Fereshteh Ansari, Michael K. Hole, Azeem Majeed, Iman Halvaei, Saqib Ali, Arianna Maever L. Amit, Tomas Y. Yeheyis, John S. Ji, Martin McKee, Jamileh Shadid, Leonardo Roever, Peng Jia, Ettore Beghi, Pablo M. Lavados, Young Eun Kim, Vahid Alipour, Sowmya J. Rao, Ahmad Daryani, Cathleen Keller, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Nicole K. DeCleene, Ebrahim Babaee, Saman Esmaeilnejad, Boris Bikbov, William M. Gardner, Lydia M. Haile, Luca Ronfani, Azalea M. Thomson, Irena Ilic, Ruth W. Kimokoti, Yingxi Zhao, Guoqing Hu, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Ilais Moreno Velásquez, Nathaniel J. Henry, Brijesh Sathian, Daniel Kim, Peter Memiah, Mohammad Hadi Abbasi, Andrea Farioli, Zahra Kamiab, Bolajoko O. Olusanya, Matthew C. Doxey, Tommi Vasankari, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Luisa Sorio Flor, Priya Rathi, Shanshan Li, Tanvir M. Huda, Dillon O Sylte, Rosario Cárdenas, Agegnehu Bante, Helen Ippolito, Alyssa Acebedo, Jeffrey D. Stanaway, Anwar Faraj, João Pedro Silva, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Pushpendra Kumar, Sangram Kishor Patel, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Holly E. Erskine, Eugene Sobngwi, Filippo Ariani, Shane D. Morrison, Mohammad Aghaali, Meghan D. Mooney, Vera Marisa Costa, Palash Chandra Banik, Rupak Desai, Ken Takahashi, Maigeng Zhou, Morteza Oladnabi, Bogdan Oancea, Daniela Ribeiro, Mohammad Farahmand, Irmina Maria Michalek, Yetunde O. John-Akinola, Khem Narayan Pokhrel, Emilie R Maddison, Syed Mohamed Aljunid, Damian G. Hoy, Hosni Salem, V. Prakash, Shuhei Nomura, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, Anders Larsson, Sharareh Eskandarieh, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Somayeh Bohlouli, Joana Morgado-da-Costa, Siamak Sabour, Theo Vos, Han Yong Wunrow, Khaled Khatab, Alireza Zangeneh, Ann Kristin Knudsen, Marissa B Reitsma, Hannah J. Henrikson, Randah R. Hamadeh, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Giuseppe Grosso, Ziyad Al-Aly, Taraneh Yousefinezhadi, Joseph L Ward, Roba Khundkar, Ricardo Santiago Gomez, Reza Malekzadeh, John J. McGrath, Sandra B. Munro, Shahin Soltani, Amy E. Peden, Rufus Akinyemi, Marcel Ausloos, Naohiro Yonemoto, Bogdan Wojtyniak, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Guilherme Borges, Sadia Bibi, Farhad Islami, Hamed Mirzaei, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, M. Ashworth Dirac, Hosna Janjani, Kairat Davletov, Hermann Brenner, Yuichiro Yano, Elissa M. Abrams, Ana Vukovic, Bartosz Miazgowski, Jobert Richie Nansseu, Jennifer O Lam, Mona Pathak, Leeberk Raja Inbaraj, Thirunavukkarasu Sathish, Asadollah Gholamian, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Babak Eshrati, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Atte Meretoja, Lorenzo Monasta, Ronan A. Lyons, Neda Kianipour, Desalegn Getnet Demsie, Yasir Waheed, Desta Debalkie Atnafu, Davide Sattin, Kevin S Ikuta, Ghobad Moradi, Srinivas Goli, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Mika Kivimäki, Christopher Troeger, Jordi Alonso, Alireza Ahmadi, Navid Manafi, Caroline Stein, Songhomitra Panda-Jonas, Jason Nguyen, Moses K. Muriithi, Aziz Rezapour, Ismael R. Campos-Nonato, Adrian Pana, H. Dean Hosgood, Noore Alam, James L. Fisher, Mariam Molokhia, Susan F. Rumisha, Ernoiz Antriyandarti, Ayman Grada, Emma Nichols, Babak Asghari, André Luiz Sena Guimarães, Ferrán Catalá-López, Aletta E. Schutte, Fiona B. Bennitt, Maciej Banach, Antonio Biondi, Donal Bisanzio, Josip Car, Ronny Westerman, Shafiu Mohammed, Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam, Kenji Shibuya, Meghdad Pirsaheb, Milena Santric-Milicevic, Karen M. Tabb, Paula Moraga, Soheil Hassanipour, Hasan Yusefzadeh, Avina Vongpradith, Dara K. Mohammad, Ralph Maddison, Babak Moazen, Getachew Mullu Kassa, Rahman Shiri, Fernando Neves Hugo, Hmwe H Kyu, Zachary V Dingels, Florian Fischer, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Massimo Cirillo, Nikita Otstavnov, Robert C. Reiner, Van C. Lansingh, Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suarez, Ashkan Afshin, Benjamin A Stark, Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari, Natalie C. Galles, Behnam Heidari, Eun-Kee Park, Mohammad Ali Jahani, Suzanne Polinder, Mahalaqua Nazli Khatib, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh, Amir Radfar, Mowafa Househ, Derrick A Bennett, Gaorui Guo, Hesam Ghiasvand, Taweewat Wiangkham, Tamás Joó, Cristiana Abbafati, Kathryn Mei Ming Lau, Anita K. Nandi, Miklós Szócska, Manasi Kumar, Eduardo A. Undurraga, Oladimeji M. Adebayo, Simon Yadgir, Victor Aboyans, Justin J. Lang, Catherine O. Johnson, Soewarta Kosen, Carla Sofia e.Sá Farinha, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Kamarul Imran Musa, Farshad Pourmalek, Kiomars Sharafi, Heather Orpana, Samuel B. Albertson, Mahdi Afshari, Nicholas J K Breitborde, Nelson J. Alvis-Zakzuk, Adrian Oţoiu, Iván Landires, Robert G. Weintraub, Kidanemaryam Berhe, André Faro, Sophia Emmons-Bell, Lauren E. Schaeffer, Alexandre C. Pereira, Mehdi Naderi, Yordanos Gizachew Yeshitila, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Arash Etemadi, Oleguer Plana-Ripoll, Theodore Patrick Younker, Joemer C. Maravilla, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Borhan Mansouri, Narayanaswamy Venketasubramanian, Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir, Linda Morales, Amanda Deen, Noushin Mohammadifard, Obinna Onwujekwe, Ai Koyanagi, Michele Nguyen, Chieh Han, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Mika Shigematsu, Mohammed Shannawaz, Khurshid Alam, Javad Nazari, Bryan L. Sykes, Rajat Das Gupta, Stephen S Lim, Lingkan Barua, Zubair Kabir, Michael Brauer, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Deepa Jahagirdar, Kaja Abbas, Gholamreza Bazmandegan, Mark A. Stokes, Rajaa Al-Raddadi, Kanyin L. Ong, Kate Causey, Ahmed Omar Bali, Matilde Leonardi, Jeffrey V. Lazarus, Wondimeneh Shibabaw Shiferaw, André Karch, Blair R. Bumgarner, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Jennifer H MacLachlan, Saeed Amini, Parvaiz A Koul, Blessing J. Akombi, Ro Ting Lin, Dabere Nigatu, Alaa Badawi, Flavia M. Cicuttini, Deanna Anderlini, Claudio Alberto Dávila-Cervantes, Rupert R A Bourne, Tanuj Kanchan, Catherine P. Benziger, Tahiya Alam, M. Mofizul Islam, Muktar Omer Omer, Leila Zaki, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Inbal Salz, Katharine J Looker, Shiwei Liu, Fatemeh Amiri, Christopher R. Cederroth, Mitra Abbasifard, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Gbenga A. Kayode, Antonio Luiz Pinho Ribeiro, Krishna Kumar Aryal, Mu'awiyyah Babale Sufiyan, Mohamed M. Gad, Assefa Desalew, Lidia Morawska, Davood Anvari, Mohammad Reza Salahshoor, Hadi Pourjafar, Abdu A. Adamu, Maryam Adabi, Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Jessica A. Cruz, Foad Abd-Allah, Amir Hasanzadeh, Jordan Weiss, Maryam Ghadimi, Seyed-Mohammad Fereshtehnejad, Serge Resnikoff, Joanna L Whisnant, Kelly Compton, Priya Parmar, Sanjay Basu, Leila R Kalankesh, Nickolas Reinig, Ana Maria Mantilla Herrera, Fatemeh Rajati, Damian Santomauro, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, David M. Pereira, Joht Singh Chandan, Deepak Kumar Pasupula, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Hoa Thi Do, Whitney L. Teagle, Hans W. Hoek, James Leigh, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Yasser Vasseghian, Stephanie R M Zimsen, Charlie Ashbaugh, Fariba Dorostkar, Abdelrahman Ibrahim Abushouk, Mikk Jürisson, Golnaz Heidari, Kala M. Mehta, Saeed Shahabi, Sarah Wulf Hanson, Nizal Sarrafzadegan, Dharmesh Kumar Lal, Hai Quang Pham, Aleksandr Y. Aravkin, Joshua A. Salomon, David C. Schwebel, Milena Ilic, Kareha M Agesa, Jost B. Jonas, Dian Kusuma, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Santosh Varughese, Yousef Mohammad, Beatriz Paulina Ayala Quintanilla, Mihaela Hostiuc, Richard G. Cowden, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Thomas Pilgrim, Alessandra C. Goulart, Leila Doshmangir, Gabriele Nagel, Saravanan Muthupandian, Zahra Sadat Dibaji Forooshani, Maryam Mirzaei, Zabihollah Yousefi, Shadrach Wilson, Iman El Sayed, Juanita A. Haagsma, Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye, Eirini Skiadaresi, Reza Shirkoohi, Tim Driscoll, Morteza Jafarinia, Maha El Tantawi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Katarzyna Kissimova-Skarbek, Abdilahi Yousuf Yousuf, Dickson A. Amugsi, Awoke Misganaw, Maseer Khan, Norito Kawakami, Jingkai Wei, Jai K Das, Vishnu Renjith, Tessa M. Pilz, Sameer Vali Gopalani, Roghiyeh Faridnia, Islam Y. Elgendy, Prateek Rastogi, Lauren B. Wilner, Josep Maria Haro, Zahiruddin Quazi Syed, Ben Lacey, Ketema Bizuwork Gebremedhin, Sam Rolfe, Iffat Elbarazi, Yannick Béjot, Raimundas Lunevicius, Sezer Kisa, Harish Chander Gugnani, Basema Saddik, Manu Raj Mathur, Mansour Ghafourifard, Riaz Uddin, Anna Poznańska, Faris Lami, Niguse Meles Alema, Michael T. Chung, Arya Aminorroaya, Arash Sarveazad, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Seyed Hossein Yahyazadeh Jabbari, João M. Furtado, Hamid Ahmadieh, Sara Conti, Yunquan Zhang, Manthan D Janodia, Aislyn U. Orji, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Jalal Arabloo, Gabrielle B. Britton, Colm McAlinden, Francisco Rogerlândio Martins-Melo, Simona Cătălina Ştefan, Ester Cerin, Nuno Taveira, Lars Jacob Stovner, Amir Taherkhani, Masoud Foroutan, Tomasz Miazgowski, Amir Manafi, Yeshambel T. Nigatu, Barthelemy Kuate Defo, Mithila Faruque, Alan D. Lopez, Man Mohan Mehndiratta, Graeme J. Hankey, Mojgan Gitimoghaddam, Chantal Huynh, G Anil Kumar, Martin Amogre Ayanore, Abbas Sheikhtaheri, Turki Alanzi, Simon Øverland, David Laith Rawaf, Brian J. Hall, Edward J Mills, Ali Kabir, Ravi Prakash Jha, Akbar Barzegar, Simin Mouodi, Alize J. Ferrari, Chirag P. Doshi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Mohsen Naghavi, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Amir Jalali, Chukwudi A Nnaji, Kebadnew Mulatu Mihretie, Maarten J. Postma, David Edvardsson, Chhabi Lal Ranabhat, Catherine M. Antony, Hannah Han, Ken Lee Chin, Getinet Ayano, Kewal Krishan, Maryam Zamanian, Farshad Farzadfar, Ali A. Asadi-Pooya, Daniel Diaz, Oliver J. Brady, Mohsen Bayati, Christopher M Odell, Jalil Jaafari, Walter Mendoza, Susanna Dunachie, Raffaele Palladino, Raaj Kishore Biswas, Alessandra Lugo, Reshmi Bhageerathy, Paulo A. Lotufo, Maia Kereselidze, Salman Rawaf, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Mousa Yaminfirooz, Neeraj Bedi, Mahesh P A, Harvey Whiteford, Gina Agarwal, Pallab K. 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L., Department of Public Health, Clinicum, Department of Neurosciences, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Environmental Sciences, Public Health, Real World Studies in PharmacoEpidemiology, -Genetics, -Economics and -Therapy (PEGET), Value, Affordability and Sustainability (VALUE), Microbes in Health and Disease (MHD), Sálfræðideild (HR), Department of Psychology (RU), Samfélagssvið (HR), School of Social Sciences (RU), Háskólinn í Reykjavík, Reykjavik University, GBD 2019 Diseases and Injuries Collaborator, Violante FS, Department of Earth Observation Science, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation, and UT-I-ITC-ACQUAL
Subjects: Male, Life expectancy, Disability-Adjusted Life Year, Diseases, Disease, communicable disease, systematic analysis, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, 80 and over, Medicine, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, injuries, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Sjúkdómar, DEMENTIA, FALLS, General Medicine, Forvarnir, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Human, GBD, Population health, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Humans, Global Burden of Disease Study, education, Aged, Spatial Analysis, Global burden, Disability, Prevention, DISABILITY, Infant, Spatial Analysi, Mortality rate, Global Burden of Disease, Diseases, Injuries, Systematic analysis, PREVENTION, Years of potential life lost, Risk factors, Disease study, ITC-ISI-JOURNAL-ARTICLE, RISK-FACTORS, Clinical Medicine, RA, Demography, Fötlun, Dánartíðni, Áhættuþættir, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Global health, 030212 general & internal medicine, 1. No poverty, Disability-Adjusted Life Years, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Middle Aged, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Female, Infant, Newborn, Young Adult, Lýðheilsa, CLINICAL-TRIALS, Population, Settore MED/01 - Statistica Medica, diseases, ITC-HYBRID, Heilbrigðisvísindi, General & Internal Medicine, Mortality, Preschool, Disease burden, business.industry, Risk Factor, Klinisk medicin, Newborn, purl.org/pe-repo/ocde/ford#3.02.00 [https], Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Áverkar, Systematic analysis, NA, business
Abstract: Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd., Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career., "Peer Reviewed"
Published: 2020

38. The global, regional, and national burden of stomach cancer in 195 countries, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study 2017

Author: Mohammad Mahdi Zamani, Mehdi Naderi, Christina Fitzmaurice, Shailesh Advani, Marveh Rahmati, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Tomi Akinyemiju, James D. Harvey, Birhanu Geta, Saeid Safiri, Hagos Degefa Hidru, Hamidreza Komaki, Hadi Parsian, Carlos A Castañeda-Orjuela, Isidora S. Vujcic, Azin Nahvijou, Asmamaw Demis, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Arash Etemadi, Ronny Westerman, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Shirin Djalalinia, Gurudatta Naik, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Amir Shamshirian, Ensiyeh Jenabi, Farid Najafi, Molly R Nixon, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Abdullah T Khoja, Félix Carvalho, Yun Jin Kim, Yousef Veisani, Jasvinder A. Singh, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Mostafa Dianati Nasab, Edgar Denova-Gutiérrez, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Mohammad Amani, Gulfaraz Khan, Lorenzo Monasta, Getnet A Gedefew, Ilais Moreno Vel squez, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Amir Kasaeian, Nooshin Abbasi, Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Florian Fischer, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Bartosz Miazgowski, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Amir Vahedian-Azimi, Khanh Bao Tran, Marco Vacante, Kaire Innos, Kevin S Ikuta, Adam Belay Wondmieneh, Farhad Moradpour, Yousef Khader, Kia Vosoughi, Akram Pourshams, Christine Allen, Navid Manafi, Milena Ilic, Andre Pascal Kengne, Antonio Maria Borzì, Ai Koyanagi, Giuseppe Gorini, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Ali Bijani, Franz Castro, Dragos Virgil Davitoiu, Hossein Poustchi, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Fatemeh Ghaseni-Kebria, Bach Xuan Tran, Dejana Braithwaite, Mahtab Alikhani, Navid Rabiee, Dinh-Toi Chu, Amir Hasanzadeh, Mahdi Mohammadian, Reza Malekzadeh, Bhaman Yousefi, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Sanni Yaya, Fatemah Khosravi Shadmani, Tinuke O Olagunju, Subhojit Dey, Alan D. Lopez, Masoud Behzadifar, Mowafa Househ, João C. Fernandes, Leili Tapak, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Hailemariam Abiy Alemu Meheretu, Mahdi Rahimi, Ana-Laura Manda, Hamed Zandian, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Shafiu Mohammed, Mohsen Afarideh, Hermann Brenner, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Arash Sarveazad, Spencer L. James, Takahiro Tabuchi, Rohollah Kalhor, Getnet Mengistu, Maryam Hashemian, Reza Assadi, Jalal Arabloo, Vivek Kumar, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Ashish Awasthi, Vahid Alipour, Abbas Mosapour, Silvano Gallus, Maryam Moossavi, Amir Radfar, Rovshan Khalilov, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Farin Kamangar, Salman Khazaei, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Simon I. Hay, Gholamreza Roshandel, Mohamed M. Gad, Eugenio Traini, Masood Ali Shaikh, Marzieh Nojomi, Carlo La Vecchia, Tone Bjørge, Farhad Islami, Catherine Bisignano, Ahmad Daryani, Neeraj Bhala, Anas M. Saad, Mario Šekerija, Faramarz Shaahmadi, Suleman Atique, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Abdallah M. Samy, Giulia Carreras, Mohammad Farahmand, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Seyedmohammad Saadatagah, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Moslem Soofi, Ramin Shakeri, Andrew T Olagunju, Maryam Khayamzadeh, Rixing Xu, Farnam Mohebi, Vera Marisa Costa, Alireza Rafiei, Zabihollah Yousefi, Ahad Bakhtiari, Raimundas Lunevicius, Maryam Zamanian, Tahiya Alam, Leila Zaki, Josep Maria Haro, Ghobad Moradi, Maryam Khazaee-Pool, Hassan Abolhassani, Cristiano Piccinelli, Afshin Zarghi, Monika Sawhney, Eyal Oren, Masoud Foroutan, Juan Sanabria, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Mihaela Hostiuc, Nima Rezaei, Muhammad Shahdaat Bin Sayeed, Ionut Negoi, Mohsen Naghavi, Ali H. Mokdad, Andre M. N. Renzaho, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, GBD 2017 Stomach Canc Collaborator, Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, and Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto
Subjects: Adult, Male, Population, Global Health, Risk Assessment, Article, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Stomach Neoplasms, Cause of Death, medicine, Global health, Humans, Registries, education, Stomach cancer, Disease burden, Cause of death, Aged, Retrospective Studies, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Hepatology, business.industry, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Incidence, Gastroenterology, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Quality-adjusted life year, Socioeconomic Factors, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Female, Human medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Morbidity, business, Demography
Abstract: Background: Stomach cancer is a major health problem in many countries. Understanding the current burden of stomach cancer and the differential trends across various locations is essential for formulating effective preventive strategies. We report on the incidence, mortality, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to stomach cancer in 195 countries and territories from 21 regions between 1990 and 2017. Methods: Estimates from GBD 2017 were used to analyse the incidence, mortality, and DALYs due to stomach cancer at the global, regional, and national levels. The rates were standardised to the GBD world population and reported per 100 000 population as age-standardised incidence rates, age-standardised death rates, and age-standardised DALY rates. All estimates were generated with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). Findings: In 2017, more than 1·22 million (95% UI 1·19-1·25) incident cases of stomach cancer occurred worldwide, and nearly 865 000 people (848 000-885 000) died of stomach cancer, contributing to 19·1 million (18·7-19·6) DALYs. The highest age-standardised incidence rates in 2017 were seen in the high-income Asia Pacific (29·5, 28·2-31·0 per 100 000 population) and east Asia (28·6, 27·3-30·0 per 100 000 population) regions, with nearly half of the global incident cases occurring in China. Compared with 1990, in 2017 more than 356 000 more incident cases of stomach cancer were estimated, leading to nearly 96 000 more deaths. Despite the increase in absolute numbers, the worldwide age-standardised rates of stomach cancer (incidence, deaths, and DALYs) have declined since 1990. The drop in the disease burden was associated with improved Socio-demographic Index. Globally, 38·2% (21·1-57·8) of the age-standardised DALYs were attributable to high-sodium diet in both sexes combined, and 24·5% (20·0-28·9) of the age-standardised DALYs were attributable to smoking in males. Interpretation: Our findings provide insight into the changing burden of stomach cancer, which is useful in planning local strategies and monitoring their progress. To this end, specific local strategies should be tailored to each country's risk factor profile. Beyond the current decline in age-standardised incidence and death rates, a decrease in the absolute number of cases and deaths will be possible if the burden in east Asia, where currently almost half of the incident cases and deaths occur, is further reduced. This study was funded by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. AA is supported by Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi through INSPIRE Faculty programme. FC and JF acknowledge support with funding from Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia/Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (FCT/MCTES) through Portuguese national funds, through UID/MULTI/04378/2019 (FC), UID/QUI/50006/2019 (FC), and UID/Multi/50016/2019 (JF) grants. VMC acknowledges her grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. APK is supported by the South African Medical Research Council. YJK is supported by Xiamen University Malaysia Research Fund (Grant No. XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001). IMV is supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigación (SNI), Panama.
Published: 2020

39. Prevalence, incidence and years lived with disability due to gout and its attributable risk factors for 195 countries and territories 1990‐2017: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Damian G Hoy, Ahad Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Ali-Asghar Kolahi, Maziar Moradi-Lakeh, Anthony D. Woolf, Lyn March, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Kristin Carson-Chahhoud, Jay S. Kaufman, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Marita Cross, Gary S. Collins, Saeid Safiri, Emma Smith, Safiri, Saeid, Asghar Kolahi, Ali, Cross, Marita, Carson-Chahhoud, Kristin, Hoy, Damian, Almasi-Hashiani, Amir, Sepidarkish, Mahdi, Ashrafi-Asgarabad, Ahad, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Kaufman, Jay S, Collins, Gary, Woolf, Anthony D, March, Lyn, and Smith, Emma
Subjects: Adult, Male, Burden of disease, Gout, Immunology, Population, Prevalence, Article, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, Sex Factors, 0302 clinical medicine, Rheumatology, Risk Factors, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Sex Distribution, education, Disease burden, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, 030203 arthritis & rheumatology, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Incidence, Incidence (epidemiology), Age Factors, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Quality-adjusted life year, Attributable risk, Female, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, business, Demography
Abstract: Objectives: To describe the level and trends of point prevalence, annual incidence and years lived with disability (YLDs) for gout and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017 by age, sex and socio‐demographic index (SDI; a composite of socio‐demographic factors). Methods: Data were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017. A comprehensive systematic review on databases and the disease modelled analysis were performed by the GBD Team at Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, in collaboration with researchers and experts worldwide, to provide the estimates at global‐, regional‐, and national‐levels during 1990 and 2017. Counts and age‐standardised rates per 100,000 population along with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs) were reported for point prevalence, annual incidence and YLDs. Results: Globally, there were approximately 41.2 million (95% UI: 36.7 to 46.1) prevalent cases of gout, with 7.4 million (95% UI: 6.6 to 8.5) incident cases per year and almost 1.3 million (95% UI: 0.87 to 1.8) YLDs in 2017. The global age‐standardised point prevalence estimates and annual incidence rates in 2017 were 510.6 (95% UI: 455.6 to 570.3) and 91.8 (95% UI: 81.3 to 104.1) per 100,000, an increase of 7.2% (95% UI: 6.4 to 8.1) and 5.5% (95% UI: 4.8 to 6.3) from 1990, respectively. The corresponding age‐standardised YLD rate was 15.9 (95% UI: 10.7 to 21.8) per 100,000, a 7.2% (95% UI: 5.9 to 8.6) increase since 1990. The global point prevalence estimates of gout was higher in males and higher prevalence was seen in older age groupsand increasing with age for both females and males in 2017. The burden of gout was generally highest in developed regions and countries. New Zealand [1394.0 (95% UI: 1290.1 to 1500.9)], Australia [1171.4 (95% UI: 10398.1 to 1322.9)] and United States [996.0 (95% UI: 923.1 to 1076.8)] were the three countries with the highest age‐standardised point prevalence estimates of gout in 2017. United States [34.7% (95% UI: 27.7 to 43.1)], Canada [28.5% (95% UI: 21.9 to 35.4)] and Oman [28.0% (95% UI: 21.5 to 34.8)] were the countries with highest increases in age‐standardised point prevalence estimates of gout from 1990 to 2017. Globally, high body mass index and impaired kidney function accounted for 32.4% (95% UI: 18.7 to 49.2) and 15.3% (95% UI: 13.5 to 17.1) of YLDs due to gout in the 2017 estimates, respectively. The YLDs attributable to these risk factors were higher in males. Conclusions: The burden of gout increased across the world from 1990 to 2017, with variation in age‐standardised point prevalence, annual incidence and YLDs between countries and territories. Besides improving the clinical management of disease, prevention and health promotion in communities to provide basic knowledge of the disease, its risk factors, consequences, and effective treatment options, with tailoring to high risk group such as the middle‐aged male population, are crucial to avoid the disease onset, and hence, to decrease the global disease burden. Refereed/Peer-reviewed
Published: 2020

40. Metabolic syndrome and its components in premenopausal and postmenopausal women: a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis on observational studies

Author: Saeid Safiri, Jamal Hallajzadeh, Maliheh Khoramdad, Mostafa Qorbani, Mark J.M. Sullman, Amir Hasanzadeh, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Neda Izadi, Reza Pakzad, Nahid Karamzad, and Erfan Ayubi
Subjects: Adult, Blood Glucose, medicine.medical_specialty, Hormone Replacement Therapy, Cross-sectional study, General Mathematics, education, MEDLINE, Blood Pressure, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, CINAHL, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Odds Ratio, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Triglycerides, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Metabolic Syndrome, business.industry, Applied Mathematics, Cholesterol, HDL, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Postmenopause, Menopause, Cross-Sectional Studies, Premenopause, Meta-analysis, Female, Observational study, Waist Circumference, Metabolic syndrome, business
Abstract: To perform a meta-analysis on the global prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in postmenopausal women. The meta-analysis also sought to measure the relationship menopause status has with MetS and its components.The Web of Science, Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Embase, CINAHL, DOAJ, and Google Scholar were all searched using the relevant keywords. Articles published during the period 2004 to 2017 that met our inclusion criteria and reported the prevalence of MetS among premenopausal and postmenopausal women were included. In the presence of heterogeneity, random-effects models were used to pool the prevalence and odds ratios (ORs), as measures of association in cross-sectional and comparative cross-sectional studies, respectively.The prevalence of MetS among postmenopausal women (119 studies [n = 95,115]) and the OR comparing the prevalence of MetS among postmenopausal and premenopausal women (23 studies [n = 66,801]) were pooled separately. The pooled prevalence of MetS among postmenopausal women was found to be 37.17% (95% confidence interval [CI] 35.00%-39.31%), but varied from 13.60% (95% CI 13.55%-13.64%) to 46.00% (95% CI 1.90%-90.09%), depending upon the diagnostic criteria used. The overall pooled OR for MetS in postmenopausal women, compared with premenopausal women, was OR 3.54 (95% CI 2.92-4.30), but this ranged from OR 2.74 (95% CI 1.32-5.66) to OR 5.03 (95% CI 2.25-11.22), depending upon the criteria used. Furthermore, the odds of high fasting blood sugar (OR 3.51, 95% CI 2.11-5.83), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.03-2.03), high blood pressure (OR 3.95, 95% CI 2.01-7.78), high triglycerides (OR 3.2, 95% CI 2.37-4.31), and high waist circumference (OR 2.75, 95% CI 1.80-4.21) were all found to be higher in postmenopausal women than in premenopausal women.The prevalence of MetS is relatively high in postmenopausal women and was more prevalent among postmenopausal than premenopausal women. Menopausal hormone therapy should be used with caution in patients with MetS, as its safety has not yet been evaluated among MetS patients and meticulous evaluation of each individual patient before starting MHT is needed.
Published: 2018

41. Decomposition of socioeconomic inequalities in preterm deliveries in Tehran, Iran

Author: Mahdi Sepidarkish, Esmaeil Khedmati Morasae, Mostafa Amini Rarani, Mohammad A. Mansournia, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Reza Omani-Samani, and Saeid Safiri
Subjects: Adult, Adolescent, Inequality, media_common.quotation_subject, Population, Iran, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Economic inequality, Pregnancy, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Socioeconomic status, media_common, education.field_of_study, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, business.industry, Vaginal delivery, Infant, Newborn, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Confidence interval, Cross-Sectional Studies, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Premature birth, Etiology, Premature Birth, Female, business, Maternal Age, Demography
Abstract: Objective To investigate associations between economic inequality in preterm delivery. Methods The present secondary analysis included cross-sectional data collected in interviews with patients following delivery at 103 hospitals in Tehran, Iran, between July 6 and 21, 2015. Principal component analysis was used to measure the socioeconomic status of participants and the concentration index was used to measure inequalities in preterm delivery among patients of different socioeconomic status. Results Data were included from 5170 patients. The concentration index for preterm delivery was 0.087 (95% confidence interval 0.036–0.134), indicating that preterm deliveries were concentrated among patients with higher socioeconomic status. Higher socioeconomic status (94%), younger maternal age (29%), younger paternal age (21%), and being a homemaker (17%) had the highest positive contributions to the measured inequalities in preterm deliveries; vaginal delivery (–58%) had the highest negative contribution. Conclusion Preterm deliveries were distributed unequally among the study patients in Iran, and were concentrated among patients of higher socioeconomic status. Alongside future etiological studies, reproductive programs in Iran should focus on this population to redress the observed inequality. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Published: 2017

42. Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in women with preeclampsia in Iran

Author: Mahdi Sepidarkish, Arezoo Esmailzadeh, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Payam Amini, Reza Omani-Samani, and Mehdi Ranjbaran
Subjects: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Population, Iran, Weight Gain, Preeclampsia, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pre-Eclampsia, Pregnancy, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, reproductive and urinary physiology, education.field_of_study, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Cesarean Section, Obstetrics, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Pregnancy Outcome, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Infant, Low Birth Weight, Prognosis, medicine.disease, female genital diseases and pregnancy complications, Low birth weight, Cross-Sectional Studies, Blood pressure, Premature birth, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Premature Birth, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Complication, Weight gain
Abstract: Preeclampsia is relatively a common complication in pregnancy and is characterized by high blood pressure and protein in urine during pregnancy. Consistent with the adverse outcomes followed by preeclampsia, this study designed to investigate the how preeclampsia is associated with preterm, low birth weight (LBW), cesarean section, and weigh gain during pregnancy.In this population-based cross-sectional study, 5166 deliveries from 103 hospitals in Tehran (Capital of Iran) were included in the analysis in 2015. The independent variable was preeclampsia during pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy, preterm birth, cesarean section, and LBW were considered as interested outcomes. The data were analyzed by statistical Stata software (version 13, Stata Inc., College Station, TX).Adjusted results showed that the mean of weight gain in women with preeclampsia was significantly higher than women without preeclampsia (mean difference: 1.77 kg, 95%CI: 0.76-12.78, p = .001). The adjusted odds ratio for preterm birth, cesarean section, and LBW were 4.19 (95%CI: 2.71-6.48, p = .001), 1.92 (95%CI: 1.24-2.98, p = .003), and 1.19 (95%CI: 0.61-2.31, p = .599), respectively.Weight gain in women with preeclampsia was higher than women without preeclampsia and also the odds of preterm birth, cesarean section and LBW in women with preeclampsia was higher than women without preeclampsia.
Published: 2017

43. Tubal ligation and endometrial Cancer risk: a global systematic review and meta-analysis

Author: Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Laleh Loghmani, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Esmaeil Khedmati Morasae, Reza Omani-Samani, Saman Maroufizadeh, Arezoo Esmailzadeh, Maryam Shokrpour, Nafise Saedi, and Saeid Safiri
Subjects: Adult, Risk, Cancer Research, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Sterilization, Tubal, Lower risk, lcsh:RC254-282, 03 medical and health sciences, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Genetics, Odds Ratio, Medicine, Humans, Tubal sterilization, Aged, Gynecology, Tubal ligation, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Chi-Square Distribution, business.industry, Endometrial cancer, Incidence, Cancer, Publication bias, Odds ratio, Middle Aged, lcsh:Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens, medicine.disease, Endometrial Neoplasms, Meta-analysis, Oncology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cohort, Female, business, Research Article
Abstract: Background Studies on relationship between tubal ligation and endometrial cancer have led to contradictory findings. In several studies, however, a reduced endometrial cancer risk was suggested following tubal ligation. Therefore, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between tubal ligation and endometrial cancer risk. Methods In this systematic review and meta-analysis, PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar were searched for relevant studies published up to May 30th, 2018. We compared endometrial cancer risk in women with and without tubal ligation in retrieved studies. Results Two hundred nine studies were initially retrieved from the data bases. After exclusion of duplicates and studies which did not meet inclusion criteria, ten cohort and case-control studies, including 6,773,066 cases, were entered into the quantitative meta-analysis. There was 0.90% agreement between two researchers who searched and retrieved the studies. The summary OR (SOR) was reported using a random effect model. Begg’s test suggested that there was no publication bias, but a considerable heterogeneity was observed (I2 = 95.4%, P = 0.001). We pooled the raw number of tables cells (i.e. a, b, c, and d) of eight studies. The SOR suggested that tubal ligation was significantly associated with a lower risk of endometrial cancer (SOR = 0.577, 95% CI = 0.420–0.792). Also, given the rare nature of endometrial cancer ( Conclusions This study revealed a protective effect of tubal ligation on endometrial cancer risk (approximately 42% lower risk of cancer). It is recommended that studies should be designed to reveal mechanisms of this relationship.
Published: 2019

44. The reliability and validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and PHQ-2 in patients with infertility

Author: Saman Maroufizadeh, Mahdi Sepidarkish, Reza Omani-Samani, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, and Payam Amini
Subjects: Adult, Male, Infertility, medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system diseases, Reproductive medicine, Iran, Patient Health Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, behavioral disciplines and activities, Persian, lcsh:Gynecology and obstetrics, Validity, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cronbach's alpha, mental disorders, medicine, Humans, Mass Screening, lcsh:RG1-991, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Depressive Disorder, Univariate analysis, PHQ-2, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, Depression, business.industry, Research, Reproducibility of Results, Obstetrics and Gynecology, social sciences, PHQ-9, Reliability, medicine.disease, Anxiety Disorders, humanities, Confirmatory factor analysis, Cross-Sectional Studies, Reproductive Medicine, Convergent validity, Female, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Clinical psychology
Abstract: Background Depression in patients with infertility often goes undiagnosed and untreated. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and its ultra-brief version (i.e. PHQ-2) are widely used measures of depressive symptoms. These scales have not been validated in patients with infertility. The aim of the present study was to examine the reliability and validity of the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 in patients with infertility. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a total of 539 patients with infertility from a referral infertility clinic in Tehran, Iran completed the PHQ-9, along with other relevant scales: the WHO-five Well-being Index (WHO-5), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Factor structure and internal consistency of PHQ-9 were examined via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Cronbach’s alpha, respectively. Convergent validity was evaluated by relationship with WHO-5, HADS and GAD-7. Results The mean total PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 scores were 8.47 ± 6.17 and 2.42 ± 1.86, respectively, and using a cut-off value of 10 (for PHQ-9) and 3 (for PHQ-2), the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 38.6 and 43.6%, respectively. The Cronbach’s alphas for PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 were, respectively, 0.851 and 0.767, indicating good internal consistency. The CFA results confirmed the one-factor model of the PHQ-9 (χ2/df = 4.29; CFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.078 and SRMR = 0.044). Both PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 showed moderate to strong correlation with the measures of WHO-5, HADS-depression, HADS-anxiety, and the GAD-7, confirming convergent validity. In univariate analysis, female sex, long infertility duration, and unsuccessful treatment were significantly associated with depression symptoms. Conclusion Both PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 are brief and easy to use measures of depressive symptoms with good psychometric properties that appear suitable for routine use in patients with infertility.
Published: 2019

45. The global, regional, and national burden of oesophageal cancer and its attributable risk factors in 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Fatemeh Ghasemi-kebria, Ana Laura Manda, Zhi-Jiang Zhang, Jalal Arabloo, Gholamreza Roshandel, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Milena Ilic, Abdullah T Khoja, Goura Kishor Rath, Sergey Soshnikov, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Azeem Majeed, Tsegaye Tewelde Gebrehiwot, Hai Quang Pham, Keyvan Pakshir, Feng Sha, Tone Bjørge, Antonio Biondi, Simon I. Hay, Ahmad Daryani, Isidora S. Vujcic, Chi Linh Hoang, Yousef Khader, Hamideh Salimzadeh, Priya Rathi, Charvi Jain, Irina Filip, Kevin S Ikuta, Andualem Henok, Mowafa Househ, Eduarda Fernandes, Silvano Gallus, Rufus A. Adedoyin, Akram Pourshams, Mostafa Dianatinasab, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn Gebremeskel, Yousef Veisani, Berhe Etsay Tesfay, Félix Carvalho, Catherine Bisignano, Kidanemaryam Berhe, Antonio Maria Borzì, Mesfin Wudu Kassaw, Manu Raj Mathur, Farnam Mohebi, Reza Mohammadpourhodki, Rashmi Gupta, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Bingyu Li, Arash Etemadi, Cristina Bosetti, Giulia Carreras, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Kiana Ramezanzadeh, Vahid Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Stephen S Lim, Jiregna Darega Gela, Dinh-Toi Chu, Irfan Ullah, Mohamed M. Gad, Eugenio Traini, Sun Ha Jee, Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Hassan Abolhassani, Mario Šekerija, Gurudatta Naik, Alireza Rafiei, Huong Lan Thi Nguyen, Sadaf G. Sepanlou, Florian Fischer, Mona Pathak, Krittika Bhattacharyya, Clara Castro, Elias Merdassa Roro, Andrew T Olagunju, Salman Rawaf, Rahmatollah Moradzadeh, Amir Kasaeian, Sara Sheikhbahaei, Anas M. Saad, Mohammad Rabiee, Vahid Alipour, Varshil Mehta, Molly R Nixon, Vera Marisa Costa, Christina Fitzmaurice, Mohsen Naghavi, Ghobad Moradi, Benn Sartorius, Sudeep K Siddappa Malleshappa, Ali Kabir, Saeid Safiri, Deniz Yuce, Abdallah M. Samy, Lorenzo Monasta, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Alaa Badawi, Vesna Zadnik, Abadi Kahsu Gebre, Savita Lasrado, Atalel Fentahun Awedew, Walter Mendoza, Abdulaziz M. Almulhim, Rajan Nikbakhsh, Iffat Elbarazi, Dhirendra N Sinha, Fares Alahdab, Morteza Arab-Zozani, Ali H. Mokdad, Tomi Akinyemiju, Kathleen S Sachiko Berfield, H. Dean Hosgood, Rixing Xu, James D. Harvey, Carlo La Vecchia, Nermin Ghith, Vivek Kumar, Mahaveer Golechha, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Farhad Islami, Catalin-Gabriel Smarandache, Ejaz Ahmad Khan, Reza Malekzadeh, Tinuke O Olagunju, Arash Sarveazad, Pawan Faris, Farhad Moradpour, Jasvinder A. Singh, Dariush Nasrollahzadeh, Dhruv Mehta, Nima Rezaei, Haruna Asura Nggada, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Spencer L. James, Amir Radfar, Supreet Kaur, Farahnaz Joukar, Ravi Prakash Jha, Bhaskar Thakur, Ionut Negoi, Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi, Shailesh Advani, Begashaw Melaku Gebresillassie, Prasanna Mithra, Maryam Hashemian, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Navid Rabiee, Shanti Patel, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam, Alan D. Lopez, Rovshan Khalilov, Farin Kamangar, Nima Hafezi-Nejad, Khanh Bao Tran, Esma Kerboua, Navid Manafi, Andre Pascal Kengne, Giuseppe Gorini, Fariborz Mansour-Ghanaei, Bach Xuan Tran, Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna, Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Degena Bahrey Tadesse, Miloud Taki Eddine Aichour, Baye Dagnew, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Karzan Abdulmuhsin Mohammad, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Jemal Abdu Mohammed, Nahla Anber, Marco Vacante, Delaram Moosavi, Hamidreza Komaki, Reza Shirkoohi, and GBD 2017 Oesophageal Canc Coll
Subjects: Adult, Male, Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, Esophageal Neoplasms, Population, Adenocarcinoma, Article, Global Burden of Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, Tobacco Use, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, Risk Factors, Medicine, Humans, education, Cause of death, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Hepatology, business.industry, Mortality rate, Incidence (epidemiology), Gastroenterology, Cancer, Middle Aged, Overweight, medicine.disease, oesophageal cancer, GBD, risk factors, Verbal autopsy, Diet, Chewing tobacco, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Air Pollution, Indoor, Attributable risk, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell, Gastroesophageal Reflux, 030211 gastroenterology & hepatology, Female, GBD 2017 Oesophageal Cancer Collaborators, Human medicine, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Oesophageal cancer is a common and often fatal cancer that has two main histological subtypes: oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma and oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Updated statistics on the incidence and mortality of oesophageal cancer, and on the disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) caused by the disease, can assist policy makers in allocating resources for prevention, treatment, and care of oesophageal cancer. We report the latest estimates of these statistics for 195 countries and territories between 1990 and 2017, by age, sex, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI), using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD). Methods We used data from vital registration systems, vital registration-samples, verbal autopsy records, and cancer registries, combined with relevant modelling, to estimate the mortality, incidence, and burden of oesophageal cancer from 1990 to 2017. Mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs) were estimated and fed into a Cause of Death Ensemble model (CODEm) including risk factors. MIRs were used for mortality and non-fatal modelling. Estimates of DALYs attributable to the main risk factors of oesophageal cancer available in GBD were also calculated. The proportion of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma to all oesophageal cancers was extracted by use of publicly available data, and its variation was examined against SDI, the Healthcare Access and Quality (HAQ) Index, and available risk factors in GBD that are specific for oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (eg, unimproved water source and indoor air pollution) and for oesophageal adenocarcinoma (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease). Findings There were 473 000 (95% uncertainty interval [95% UI] 459 000-485 000) new cases of oesophageal cancer and 436 000 (425 000-448 000) deaths due to oesophageal cancer in 2017. Age-standardised incidence was 5.9 (5.7-6.1) per 100 000 population and age-standardised mortality was 5.5 (5.3-5.6) per 100 000. Oesophageal cancer caused 9.78 million (9.53-10.03) DALYs, with an age-standardised rate of 120 (117-123) per 100 000 population. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised incidence decreased by 22.0% (18.6-25.2), mortality decreased by 29.0% (25.8-32.0), and DALYs decreased by 33.4% (30.4-36.1) globally. However, as a result of population growth and ageing, the total number of new cases increased by 52.3% (45.9-58.9), from 310 000 (300 000-322 000) to 473 000 (459 000-485 000); the number of deaths increased by 40.0% (34.1-46.3), from 311 000 (301 000-323 000) to 436 000 (425 000-448 000); and total DALYs increased by 27.4% (22.1-33.1), from 7.68 million (7.42-7.97) to 9.78 million (9.53-10.03). At the national level, China had the highest number of incident cases (235 000 [223 000-246 000]), deaths (213 000 [203 000-223 000]), and DALYs (4.46 million [4.25-4.69]) in 2017. The highest national-level age-standardised incidence rates in 2017 were observed in Malawi (23.0 [19.4-26.5] per 100 000 population) and Mongolia (18.5 [16.4-20.8] per 100 000). In 2017, age-standardised incidence was 2.7 times higher, mortality 2.9 times higher, and DALYs 3.0 times higher in males than in females. In 2017, a substantial proportion of oesophageal cancer DALYs were attributable to known risk factors: tobacco smoking (39.0% [35.5-42.2]), alcohol consumption (33.8% [27.3-39.9]), high BMI (19.5% [6.3-36.0]), a diet low in fruits (19.1% [4.2-34.6]), and use of chewing tobacco (7.5% [5.2-9.6]). Countries with a low SDI and HAQ Index and high levels of indoor air pollution had a higher proportion of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma to all oesophageal cancer cases than did countries with a high SDI and HAQ Index and with low levels of indoor air pollution. Interpretation Despite reductions in age-standardised incidence and mortality rates, oesophageal cancer remains a major cause of cancer mortality and burden across the world. Oesophageal cancer is a highly fatal disease, requiring increased primary prevention efforts and, possibly, screening in some high-risk areas. Substantial variation exists in age-standardised incidence rates across regions and countries, for reasons that are unclear. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Published: 2019

46. The Quality of Marriage Index (QMI): a validation study in infertile patients

Author: Payam Amini, Saman Maroufizadeh, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Reza Omani-Samani, and Mahdi Sepidarkish
Subjects: Adult, Male, 0301 basic medicine, media_common.quotation_subject, lcsh:Medicine, Fertility, Personal Satisfaction, Iran, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Validity, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cronbach's alpha, Surveys and Questionnaires, Humans, Quality (business), 030212 general & internal medicine, Marriage, lcsh:Science (General), lcsh:QH301-705.5, Reliability (statistics), media_common, lcsh:R, Quality of Marriage Index, Marital satisfaction, Reproducibility of Results, General Medicine, Reliability, Confirmatory factor analysis, Research Note, Cross-Sectional Studies, 030104 developmental biology, lcsh:Biology (General), Convergent validity, Infertility, Scale (social sciences), Quality of Life, Female, Psychology, Stress, Psychological, lcsh:Q1-390, Clinical psychology
Abstract: Objective Infertility can have a considerable effect on a person’s marital satisfaction. The Quality of Marriage Index (QMI) is a self-report inventory to measure global perceptions of marital satisfaction. The current study examined the reliability and validity of the Persian language version of QMI in a sample of infertile patients. Results The mean QMI total score was 36.54 ± 6.87. The internal consistency of the scale was good, with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.922. All inter-item correlations and item-total correlations were also in acceptable range. The confirmatory factor analysis results provided evidence for unidimensionality of the scale (χ2/df = 3.10; GFI = 0.97; CFI = 0.99; NFI = 0.99; RMSEA = 0.091 and SRMR = 0.020). The convergent validity of the QMI was demonstrated via significant correlations with measures of the Relationship Assessment Scale, Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale, and Couples Satisfaction Index-4 Item. These correlations also tended to be larger than correlations with measures of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Perceived Stress Scale-4 Item. Among demographic/fertility variables, only infertility duration was negatively correlated to QMI scores. In sum, the QMI is a reliable and valid brief inventory for measuring overall marital satisfaction in infertile patients. Trial registration This was a cross-sectional study (NOT clinical trial); thus, the trail registration number is not required for the present study
Published: 2019

47. The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF): a validation study in Iranian mothers

Author: Mahdi Sepidarkish, Saman Maroufizadeh, Mostafa Hosseini, Payam Amini, Reza Omani-Samani, and Amir Almasi-Hashiani
Subjects: Adult, Male, Self-Assessment, Adolescent, Breastfeeding, lcsh:Medicine, Mothers, Iran, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Validity, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cronbach's alpha, Humans, Translations, 030212 general & internal medicine, lcsh:Science (General), lcsh:QH301-705.5, Persian, Self-efficacy, 030219 obstetrics & reproductive medicine, lcsh:R, Discriminant validity, Reproducibility of Results, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Reliability, language.human_language, Confirmatory factor analysis, Self Efficacy, Research Note, Breast Feeding, Cross-Sectional Studies, lcsh:Biology (General), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, Scale (social sciences), language, Female, Psychology, Clinical psychology, lcsh:Q1-390
Abstract: Objective The Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF) is a widely used instrument that measures breastfeeding self-efficacy. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Persian version of BSES-SF in Iranian mothers. Results The English version of BSES-SF was translated into Persian using the standard forward–backward translation procedure. No changes (i.e., neither delete nor rephrase the items) were made to the BSES-SF items. The mean BSES-SF total score was 50.80 ± 8.91. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for internal consistency for the BSES-SF was 0.910. The confirmatory factor analysis results provided evidence for unidimensionality of the scale (χ2/df = 4.42; CFI = 0.96; NFI = 0.95; IFI = 0.96; RMSEA = 0.095 and SRMR = 0.054). The divergent validity of the BSES-SF was proved via a significant negative correlation with scores of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (r = − 0.273, P Trial registration number This was a cross-sectional study (not clinical trial).
Published: 2019

48. The global burden of childhood and adolescent cancer in 2017: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author: Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Vera Marisa Costa, Mehdi Yaseri, Shane D. Morrison, Seyed Mostafa Mir, Khairil Si-Ramlee, Tahiya Alam, Benjamin B. Massenburg, Christine A. Allen, Amir Kasaeian, Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo, Josephine W. Ngunjiri, Yousef Khader, Gholamreza Roshandel, Hosein Shabaninejad, Trang Huyen Nguyen, Ali Bijani, Yasir Waheed, Félix Carvalho, Hagazi Gebre Meles, Dara K. Mohammad, Mohsen Naghavi, Eyasu Tamru Bekru, Farhad Moradpour, Paolo Lauriola, David Laith Rawaf, Zoubida Zaidi, Saleh Salehi Zahabi, Hamid Yimam Hassen, Theo Vos, Tuomo J. Meretoja, Michael K. Hole, Mate Car, Mohamadreza Salahshoor, Sok King Ong, Alireza Zangeneh, Navid Manafi, Ali H. Mokdad, Mostafa Qorbani, Lisa M. Force, Yaw Ampem Amoako, Jalal Arabloo, Jonathan M. Kocarnik, Amir Shamshirian, Linh Phuong Doan, Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh, Mahdieh Abbasalizad Farhangi, Navid Rabiee, Ibrahim Abdollahpour, Getnet Gedefaw, Roghayeh Mohammadibakhsh, Dinh-Toi Chu, Ali Manafi, Vesna Zadnik, Mohamed Hsairi, Telma Zahirian Moghadam, Morteza Shamsizadeh, Ziad El-Khatib, Nima Rezaei, Girmay Teklay Weldesamuel, Maheswar Satpathy, Manzoor Ahmad Malik, Taye Abuhay Zewale, Sezer Kisa, Keiu Paapsi, Spencer L. James, Amir Vahedian-Azimi, Hailemariam Mekonnen Workie, Milad Mohammadoo-Khorasani, Nahla Anber, Seyedmojtaba Seyedmousavi, Clara Castro, Cuong Tat Nguyen, Suleman Atique, Son Hoang Nguyen, Andrew T Olagunju, Manisha Dubey, Farzad Jalilian, Nicholas J Kassebaum, Varshil Mehta, Molly R Nixon, Mojtaba Bagherzadeh, Shailesh Advani, Elysia Alvarez, Naser Mohammad Gholi Mezerji, Al Artaman, Irfan Ullah, Naohiro Yonemoto, Ahmad Ghashghaee, Arvin Haj-Mirzaian, Takeshi Fukumoto, Maryam Moossavi, Tesfaye Dessale Kassa, Tinuke O Olagunju, Mohammad Ali Mansournia, Nickhill Bhakta, Les L. Robison, Arash Ziapour, Reza Shirkoohi, Asadollah Gholamian, Neda Kianipour, Masood Ali Shaikh, Ashish Awasthi, Yoshan Moodley, Simon I. Hay, Ferrán Catalá-López, Alan D. Lopez, Gebre Teklemariam Demoz, Jasvinder A. Singh, Javad Nazari, Feleke Mekonnen Demeke, Amira Hamed Darwish, Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos, Kedir Teji Roba, Adnan Kisa, Mehdi Hosseinzadeh, Kindie Fentahun Muchie, Melissa M. Hudson, Samira Raoofi, Elham Ahmadian, Aziz Eftekhari, Milena M Santric Milicevic, Eduarda Fernandes, Bach Xuan Tran, Alyssa Pennini, Kaire Innos, Kassawmar Angaw Bogale, Mahmood Moosazadeh, Soraya Siabani, Peter Njenga Keiyoro, Stein Emil Vollset, Nobuyuki Horita, Susan M Sawyer, Saeid Safiri, Mohammad Rabiee, Chuanhua Yu, Florian Fischer, Abdallah M. Samy, Huyen Phuc Do, Seyyed Nasrollah Hosseini, Aso Mohammad Darwesh, Jagdish Khubchandani, Samath D Dharmaratne, Sanjay Zodpey, Saeed Amini, Asmamaw Demis, Samer Hamidi, Tomislav Mestrovic, Long Hoang Nguyen, Chi Linh Hoang, Christopher J L Murray, Robert Reiner, David M. Pereira, Vahid Alipour, Dominic Agius, Huda Basaleem, Aziz Rezapour, Animut Alebel, Arya Haj-Mirzaian, Paola Friedrich, Julian David Pillay, Reza Fouladi Fard, Mohammad Hassan Emamian, Salman Rawaf, Christina Fitzmaurice, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Fares Alahdab, James D. Harvey, Rixing Xu, Jeannette Kirby, Margit Mägi, GBD 2017 Childhood Canc Collaborat, HUS Comprehensive Cancer Center, Clinicum, Department of Surgery, and Sydän ja rintaelinkirurgia
Subjects: Male, Diseases, Adolescents, Global Health, Corrections, Global Burden of Disease, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Cause of Death, Neoplasms, Global health, LIFE EXPECTANCY, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, Cancer, education.field_of_study, 1. No poverty, 3. Good health, Oncology, Child, Preschool, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, GBD 2017 Childhood Cancer Collaborators, SURVIVAL, Global burdens, Female, TERRITORIES, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, Adult, Adolescent, 3122 Cancers, Population, 195 COUNTRIES, Article, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Age Distribution, REGISTRIES, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, medicine, Humans, Disabled Persons, 1112 Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, education, cancer, childhood, burden of disease, Disease burden, Science & Technology, SEX-SPECIFIC MORTALITY, business.industry, DISABILITY, Infant, Newborn, Infant, medicine.disease, Childhood, Verbal autopsy, Cancer registry, Years of potential life lost, Socioeconomic Factors, Life expectancy, INJURIES, Human medicine, business, Demography
Abstract: Background Accurate childhood cancer burden data are crucial for resource planning and health policy prioritisation. Model-based estimates are necessary because cancer surveillance data are scarce or non-existent in many countries. Although global incidence and mortality estimates are available, there are no previous analyses of the global burden of childhood cancer represented in disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs). Methods Using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 methodology, childhood (ages 0–19 years) cancer mortality was estimated by use of vital registration system data, verbal autopsy data, and population-based cancer registry incidence data, which were transformed to mortality estimates through modelled mortality-to-incidence ratios (MIRs). Childhood cancer incidence was estimated using the mortality estimates and corresponding MIRs. Prevalence estimates were calculated by using MIR to model survival and multiplied by disability weights to obtain years lived with disability (YLDs). Years of life lost (YLLs) were calculated by multiplying age-specific cancer deaths by the difference between the age of death and a reference life expectancy. DALYs were calculated as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. Final point estimates are reported with 95% uncertainty intervals. Findings Globally, in 2017, there were 11·5 million (95% uncertainty interval 10·6–12·3) DALYs due to childhood cancer, 97·3% (97·3–97·3) of which were attributable to YLLs and 2·7% (2·7–2·7) of which were attributable to YLDs. Childhood cancer was the sixth leading cause of total cancer burden globally and the ninth leading cause of childhood disease burden globally. 82·2% (82·1–82·2) of global childhood cancer DALYs occurred in low, low-middle, or middle Socio-demographic Index locations, whereas 50·3% (50·3–50·3) of adult cancer DALYs occurred in these same locations. Cancers that are uncategorised in the current GBD framework comprised 26·5% (26·5–26·5) of global childhood cancer DALYs. Interpretation The GBD 2017 results call attention to the substantial burden of childhood cancer globally, which disproportionately affects populations in resource-limited settings. The use of DALY-based estimates is crucial in demonstrating that childhood cancer burden represents an important global cancer and child health concern. The work in this paper was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, American Lebanese Syrian Associated Charities (ALSAC), and St Baldrick's Foundation
Published: 2019

49. Epidemiology of familial multiple sclerosis: A population-based study in Tehran during 1999–2018

Author: Zahra Salehi, Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Mohammad Ali Sahraian, and Sharareh Eskandarieh
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatrics, Multiple Sclerosis, Offspring, Population, Disease, Iran, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Recurrence, Epidemiology, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Child, education, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Multiple sclerosis, Incidence (epidemiology), General Medicine, medicine.disease, Population based study, Cross-Sectional Studies, Neurology, Etiology, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Background Familial multiple sclerosis (FMS) studies are valuable as they reveal the effects of environment and genes on the etiology of the disease. Objective The present study was carried out to examine the significant variables related to the risk of FMS and its epidemiological characteristics. Method This cross-sectional population-based study was conducted on 21,580 MS patients registered in the Iranian MS Society (IMSS) registry system of Tehran from 1999 to 2018. P-values Results Familial MS was found among 13.04% of patients. The age-standardized prevalence of FMS increased from 9.3 to 18.3 per 100,000 people during the study period. The FMS recurrence was found to be significantly higher among women as compared with men (P-value = 0.001). Most of FMS patients were 18–29 years of age at disease onset, and the mean age of onset was 28.49 years. The occurrence rate of pediatric MS was higher in patients with FMS as compared with those without a history of MS (8.1% vs. 6.6%, respectively). The majority of FMS cases were observed among first-degree relatives, with the highest rate in male siblings (35.38%). The results indicated that the probability of MS occurrence among the offspring of mothers with MS (7.99%) was higher than its probability among the offspring of fathers with MS (2.34%). Conclusions The increasing prevalence of FMS in Tehran over time emphasizes the importance of conducting more investigations on the substantial role of genetic and environmental factors in FMS pathogenesis and inheritance.
Published: 2020

50. Comparing intravenous dexmedetomidine and clonidine in hemodynamic changes and block following spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine in lower limb orthopedic surgery: a randomized clinical trial

Author: Amir Almasi-Hashiani, Alireza Susanabadi, Alireza Kamali, Maryam Javahertalab, Hesameddin Modir, and Ali Reza Amani
Subjects: Adult, Male, Mean arterial pressure, Visual analogue scale, medicine.medical_treatment, Neuroscience (miscellaneous), Anesthesia, Spinal, Clonidine, law.invention, Double-Blind Method, Randomized controlled trial, law, medicine, Humans, pain, Drug Interactions, Orthopedic Procedures, Dexmedetomidine, spinal anesthesia, Saline, ropivacaine, business.industry, Ropivacaine, visual analog scale, Hemodynamics, dexmedetomidine, sensory block, intravenous clonidine, Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Blood pressure, Lower Extremity, motor block, Anesthesia, mean arterial pressure, Administration, Intravenous, Female, business, Research Article, medicine.drug
Abstract: Dexmedetomidine (DEX) can prolong duration of anesthesia and shorten onset of sensory and motor block relative to clonidine. This study attempted to compare the efficacy of intravenous DEX and clonidine for hemodynamic changes and block after spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine in lower limb orthopedic surgery. In a double-blind randomized clinical trial, 120 patients undergoing spinal anesthesia in lower limb orthopedic surgery were recruited and divided into three groups using balanced block randomization: DEX group (n = 40; intravenous DEX 0.2 µg/kg), clonidine group (n = 40; intravenous clonidine 0.4 µg/kg), and placebo group (n = 40; intravenous normal saline 10 mL) in which pain scores were assessed using visual analogue scales (at recovery, and 2, 4, 6, and 12 hours after surgery) and time to achieve and onset of sensory and motor block. Statistically significant differences were found in mean arterial pressure among the groups at all times except baseline (P = 0.001), with a less mean arterial pressure and a prolonged duration of sensory and motor block (P = 0.001) in the DEX group where pain relieved in patients immediately after surgery and at above mentioned time points (P = 0.001). Simultaneous administration of intravenous DEX with ropivacaine for spinal anesthesia prolongs the duration of sensory and motor block and relieves postoperative pain, and however, can decrease blood pressure. Although intravenous DEX as an adjuvant can be helpful during spinal anesthesia with ropivacaine, it should be taken with caution owing to a lowering of mean arterial pressure in patients especially in the older adults. This study was approved by Ethical Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences (No. IR.Arakmu.Rec.1395.450) in March, 2017, and the trial was registered and approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT No. IRCT2017092020258N60) in 2017.
Published: 2020

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