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1. Total daily energy expenditure has declined over the past three decades due to declining basal expenditure, not reduced activity expenditure

Author

John R. Speakman, Jasper M. A. de Jong, Srishti Sinha, Klaas R. Westerterp, Yosuke Yamada, Hiroyuki Sagayama, Philip N. Ainslie, Liam J. Anderson, Lenore Arab, Kweku Bedu-Addo, Stephane Blanc, Alberto G. Bonomi, Pascal Bovet, Soren Brage, Maciej S. Buchowski, Nancy F. Butte, Stefan G.J.A. Camps, Jamie A. Cooper, Richard Cooper, Sai Krupa Das, Peter S. W. Davies, Lara R. Dugas, Ulf Ekelund, Sonja Entringer, Terrence Forrester, Barry W. Fudge, Melanie Gillingham, Santu Ghosh, Annelies H. Goris, Michael Gurven, Lewis G. Halsey, Catherine Hambly, Hinke H. Haisma, Daniel Hoffman, Sumei Hu, Annemiek M. Joosen, Jennifer L. Kaplan, Peter Katzmarzyk, William E. Kraus, Robert F. Kushner, William R. Leonard, Marie Löf, Corby K. Martin, Eric Matsiko, Anine C. Medin, Erwin P. Meijer, Marian L. Neuhouser, Theresa A. Nicklas, Robert M. Ojiambo, Kirsi H. Pietiläinen, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Guy Plasqui, Ross L. Prentice, Susan B. Racette, David A. Raichlen, Eric Ravussin, Leanne M. Redman, Susan B. Roberts, Michael C. Rudolph, Luis B. Sardinha, Albertine J. Schuit, Analiza M. Silva, Eric Stice, Samuel S. Urlacher, Giulio Valenti, Ludo M. Van Etten, Edgar A. Van Mil, Brian M. Wood, Jack A. Yanovski, Tsukasa Yoshida, Xueying Zhang, Alexia J. Murphy-Alford, Cornelia U. Loechl, Anura Kurpad, Amy H. Luke, Herman Pontzer, Matthew S. Rodeheffer, Jennifer Rood, Dale A. Schoeller, William W. Wong, and Executive Board

Subjects
Male, Physiology (medical), Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Obesity/metabolism, Internal Medicine, Humans, Female, Cell Biology, Basal Metabolism, Health Expenditures, Energy Metabolism, Exercise, United States
Abstract

Obesity is caused by a prolonged positive energy balance1,2. Whether reduced energy expenditure stemming from reduced activity levels contributes is debated3,4. Here we show that in both sexes, total energy expenditure (TEE) adjusted for body composition and age declined since the late 1980s, while adjusted activity energy expenditure increased over time. We use the International Atomic Energy Agency Doubly Labelled Water database on energy expenditure of adults in the United States and Europe (n = 4,799) to explore patterns in total (TEE: n = 4,799), basal (BEE: n = 1,432) and physical activity energy expenditure (n = 1,432) over time. In males, adjusted BEE decreased significantly, but in females this did not reach significance. A larger dataset of basal metabolic rate (equivalent to BEE) measurements of 9,912 adults across 163 studies spanning 100 years replicates the decline in BEE in both sexes. We conclude that increasing obesity in the United States/Europe has probably not been fuelled by reduced physical activity leading to lowered TEE. We identify here a decline in adjusted BEE as a previously unrecognized factor.

Published
2023

2. Daily energy expenditure through the human life course

Author

Kirsi H. Pietiläinen, James P. Morton, Roberto A Rabinovich, Marjije B. Hoos, Estelle V. Lambert, William W. Wong, Pascal Bovet, Annemiek M. C. P. Joosen, Jennifer Rood, Ellen E. Blaak, Sumei Hu, Samuel S. Urlacher, Anders Sjödin, Ulf Ekelund, Klaas R. Westerterp, Catherine Hambly, Misaka Kimura, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Eric Stice, Teresa A. Nicklas, Lene Frost Andersen, Xueying Zhang, Alberto G. Bonomi, George S. Wilson, Giulio Valenti, Barry W. Fudge, Cornelia U Loechl, Issaad Baddou, Albertine J. Schuit, Stéphane Blanc, Brian M. Wood, Yannis P. Pitsiladis, Alexia J. Murphy-Alford, James C Morehen, Edgar A. Van Mil, Susan B. Racette, Nader Lessan, Kweku Bedu-Addo, Carlijn V. C. Bouten, Dale A. Schoeller, Erwin P. Meijer, David A. Raichlen, William E. Kraus, Rebecca M. Reynolds, Jonathan C. K. Wells, Terrence Forrester, Jamie A. Cooper, Herman Pontzer, Lara R. Dugas, Lenore Arab, Marian L. Neuhouser, Asmaa El Hamdouchi, Hiroyuki Sagayama, Tsukasa Yoshida, Kitty P. Kempen, Jack A. Yanovski, Eric Ravussin, Guy Plasqui, Sai Krupa Das, Anine Christine Medin, Maciej S. Buchowski, Philip N. Ainslie, Nancy F. Butte, Michael Gurven, Stefan G J A Camps, Graeme L. Close, Ludo M. Van Etten, Corby K. Martin, William R. Leonard, Liam Anderson, Ross L. Prentice, Robert F. Kushner, Amy Luke, Richard Cooper, Annelies H. C. Goris, Noorjehan Joonas, Robert Ojiambo, Susan B. Roberts, Sonja Entringer, John R. Speakman, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Yosuke Yamada, Executive Board, Département Ecologie, Physiologie et Ethologie (DEPE-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Humane Biologie, RS: NUTRIM - R1 - Obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular health, MUMC+: MA Alg Ond Onderz Cardiologie (9), Nutrition and Movement Sciences, RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health, Cell-Matrix Interact. Cardiov. Tissue Reg., and ICMS Core

Subjects
Male, Aging, 030309 nutrition & dietetics, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], BASAL METABOLIC-RATE, LONGITUDINAL ASSESSMENT, CHILDREN, VDP::Technology: 500::Electrotechnical disciplines: 540, SDG 3 – Goede gezondheid en welzijn, RC1200, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, 80 and over, Global health, WATER, 030212 general & internal medicine, DEPOSITION, Young adult, Child, Aged, 80 and over, 2. Zero hunger, 0303 health sciences, Multidisciplinary, Middle Aged, Human development (humanity), Child, Preschool, SLEEP DURATION, Body Composition, Life course approach, Female, IAEA DLW Database Consortium, Adult, Adolescent, General Science & Technology, Doubly labeled water, Article, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, medicine, Humans, Exercise physiology, Preschool, Exercise, Aged, Nutrition, ORGAN SIZE, business.industry, Body Weight, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, medicine.disease, CELLULAR-LEVEL APPROACH, PHYSICAL-ACTIVITY, Basal metabolic rate, Basal Metabolism, Energy Metabolism, business, REQUIREMENTS, Demography
Abstract

Total daily energy expenditure (“total expenditure”, MJ/d) reflects daily energy needs and is a critical variable in human health and physiology, yet it is unclear how daily expenditure changes over the life course. Here, we analyze a large, globally diverse database of total expenditure measured by the doubly labeled water method for males and females aged 8 days to 95 yr. We show that total expenditure is strongly related to fat free mass in a power-law manner and identify four distinct metabolic life stages. Fat free mass-adjusted daily expenditure accelerates rapidly in neonates (0-1yr) to ~46% above adult values at ~1 yr, declines slowly throughout childhood and adolescence (1-20 yr) to adult levels at ~20 yr, remains stable in adulthood (20-60 yr) even during pregnancy, and declines in older adults (60+ yr). These changes in total expenditure shed new light on human development and aging and should help shape nutrition and health strategies across the lifespan.

Published
2021
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3. Variability in energy expenditure is much greater in males than females

Author

Lewis G. Halsey, Vincent Careau, Herman Pontzer, Philip N. Ainslie, Lene F. Andersen, Liam J. Anderson, Lenore Arab, Issad Baddou, Kweku Bedu-Addo, Ellen E. Blaak, Stephane Blanc, Alberto G. Bonomi, Carlijn V.C. Bouten, Pascal Bovet, Maciej S. Buchowski, Nancy F. Butte, Stefan G.J.A. Camps, Graeme L. Close, Jamie A. Cooper, Sai Krupa Das, Richard Cooper, Lara R. Dugas, Ulf Ekelund, Sonja Entringer, Terrence Forrester, Barry W. Fudge, Annelies H. Goris, Michael Gurven, Catherine Hambly, Asmaa El Hamdouchi, Marije B. Hoos, Sumei Hu, Noorjehan Joonas, Annemiek M. Joosen, Peter Katzmarzyk, Kitty P. Kempen, Misaka Kimura, William E. Kraus, Robert F. Kushner, Estelle V. Lambert, William R. Leonard, Nader Lessan, Corby K. Martin, Anine C. Medin, Erwin P. Meijer, James C. Morehen, James P. Morton, Marian L. Neuhouser, Theresa A. Nicklas, Robert M. Ojiambo, Kirsi H. Pietiläinen, Yannis P. Pitsiladis, Jacob Plange-Rhule, Guy Plasqui, Ross L. Prentice, Roberto A. Rabinovich, Susan B. Racette, David A. Raichlen, Eric Ravussin, Rebecca M. Reynolds, Susan B. Roberts, Albertine J. Schuit, Anders M. Sjödin, Eric Stice, Samuel S. Urlacher, Giulio Valenti, Ludo M. Van Etten, Edgar A. Van Mil, George Wilson, Brian M. Wood, Jack Yanovski, Tsukasa Yoshida, Xueying Zhang, Alexia J. Murphy-Alford, Cornelia U. Loechl, Amy H. Luke, Jennifer Rood, Hiroyuki Sagayama, Dale A. Schoeller, Klaas R. Westerterp, William W. Wong, Yosuke Yamada, John R. Speakman, University of Helsinki, Research Programs Unit, Clinicum, Department of Medicine, Doctoral Programme in Biomedicine, Doctoral Programme in Clinical Research, Doctoral Programme in Population Health, HUS Abdominal Center, Cell-Matrix Interact. Cardiov. Tissue Reg., Humane Biologie, RS: NUTRIM - R1 - Obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular health, Nutrition and Movement Sciences, RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health, FSE Campus Venlo, and RS: FSE UCV

Subjects
Adult, Male, Aging, Dlw, DLW, Article, Affordable and Clean Energy, Energetics, Behavioral and Social Science, Animals, Humans, Obesity, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Aged, Mammals, Sex Characteristics, Evolutionary Biology, Reproduction, VDP::Matematikk og Naturvitenskap: 400, Activity, 3141 Health care science, Archaeology, Anthropology, Body Composition, Female, Trait variability, Energy Metabolism, Biological sex
Abstract

In mammals, trait variation is often reported to be greater among males than females. However, to date, mainly only morphological traits have been studied. Energy expenditure represents the metabolic costs of multiple physical, physiological, and behavioral traits. Energy expenditure could exhibit particularly high greater male variation through a cumulative effect if those traits mostly exhibit greater male variation, or a lack of greater male variation if many of them do not. Sex differences in energy expenditure variation have been little explored. We analyzed a large database on energy expenditure in adult humans (1494 males and 3108 females) to investigate whether humans have evolved sex differences in the degree of interindividual variation in energy expenditure. We found that, even when statistically comparing males and females of the same age, height, and body composition, there is much more variation in total, activity, and basal energy expenditure among males. However, with aging, variation in total energy expenditure decreases, and because this happens more rapidly in males, the magnitude of greater male variation, though still large, is attenuated in older age groups. Considerably greater male variation in both total and activity energy expenditure could be explained by greater male variation in levels of daily activity. The considerably greater male variation in basal energy expenditure is remarkable and may be explained, at least in part, by greater male variation in the size of energy-demanding organs. If energy expenditure is a trait that is of indirect interest to females when choosing a sexual partner, this would suggest that energy expenditure is under sexual selection. However, we present a novel energetics model demonstrating that it is also possible that females have been under stabilizing selection pressure for an intermediate basal energy expenditure to maximize energy available for reproduction. (C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Published
2022
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4. Total energy expenditure is repeatable in adults but not associated with short-term changes in body composition

Author

Rebecca, Rimbach, Yosuke, Yamada, Hiroyuki, Sagayama, Philip N, Ainslie, Lene F, Anderson, Liam J, Anderson, Lenore, Arab, Issaad, Baddou, Kweku, Bedu-Addo, Ellen E, Blaak, Stephane, Blanc, Alberto G, Bonomi, Carlijn V C, Bouten, Pascal, Bovet, Maciej S, Buchowski, Nancy F, Butte, Stefan G J A, Camps, Graeme L, Close, Jamie A, Cooper, Sai Krupa, Das, Lara R, Dugas, Ulf, Ekelund, Sonja, Entringer, Terrence, Forrester, Barry W, Fudge, Annelies H, Goris, Michael, Gurven, Catherine, Hambly, Asmaa, El Hamdouchi, Marije B, Hoos, Sumei, Hu, Noorjehan, Joonas, Annemiek M, Joosen, Peter, Katzmarzyk, Kitty P, Kempen, Misaka, Kimura, William E, Kraus, Robert F, Kushner, Estelle V, Lambert, William R, Leonard, Nader, Lessan, Corby K, Martin, Anine C, Medin, Erwin P, Meijer, James C, Morehen, James P, Morton, Marian L, Neuhouser, Theresa A, Nicklas, Robert M, Ojiambo, Kirsi H, Pietiläinen, Yannis P, Pitsiladis, Jacob, Plange-Rhule, Guy, Plasqui, Ross L, Prentice, Roberto A, Rabinovich, Susan B, Racette, David A, Raichlen, Eric, Ravussin, Rebecca M, Reynolds, Susan B, Roberts, Albertine J, Schuit, Anders M, Sjödin, Eric, Stice, Samuel S, Urlacher, Giulio, Valenti, Ludo M, Van Etten, Edgar A, Van Mil, Jonathan C K, Wells, George, Wilson, Brian M, Wood, Jack, Yanovski, Tsukasa, Yoshida, Xueying, Zhang, Alexia J, Murphy-Alford, Cornelia U, Loechl, Amy H, Luke, Jennifer, Rood, Dale A, Schoeller, Klaas R, Westerterp, William W, Wong, John R, Speakman, Herman, Pontzer, IAEA DLW Database Consortium, Speakman, J.R., Humane Biologie, RS: NUTRIM - R1 - Obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular health, MUMC+: MA Alg Ond Onderz Cardiologie (9), Nutrition and Movement Sciences, RS: NUTRIM - R3 - Respiratory & Age-related Health, FSE Campus Venlo, RS: FSE UCV, Cell-Matrix Interact. Cardiov. Tissue Reg., NeuroPlatform, ICMS Core, and Executive Board

Subjects
Adipose Tissue/metabolism, Adult, Male, Databases, Factual, Body Composition/physiology, Science, General Physics and Astronomy, Weight Gain, Article, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Energy Metabolism/physiology, RC1200, Databases, Clinical Research, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Humans, VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700, Obesity, Longitudinal Studies, Aetiology, Child, Metabolic and endocrine, Factual, Weight Gain/physiology, Nutrition, Pediatric, Multidisciplinary, Water/metabolism, Water, Bayes Theorem, General Chemistry, Middle Aged, Risk factors, Adipose Tissue, Isotope Labeling, Body Composition, Female, IAEA DLW Database Consortium, Energy Metabolism, human activities
Abstract

Low total energy expenditure (TEE, MJ/d) has been a hypothesized risk factor for weight gain, but repeatability of TEE, a critical variable in longitudinal studies of energy balance, is understudied. We examine repeated doubly labeled water (DLW) measurements of TEE in 348 adults and 47 children from the IAEA DLW Database (mean ± SD time interval: 1.9 ± 2.9 y) to assess repeatability of TEE, and to examine if TEE adjusted for age, sex, fat-free mass, and fat mass is associated with changes in weight or body composition. Here, we report that repeatability of TEE is high for adults, but not children. Bivariate Bayesian mixed models show no among or within-individual correlation between body composition (fat mass or percentage) and unadjusted TEE in adults. For adults aged 20–60 y (N = 267; time interval: 7.4 ± 12.2 weeks), increases in adjusted TEE are associated with weight gain but not with changes in body composition; results are similar for subjects with intervals >4 weeks (N = 53; 29.1 ± 12.8 weeks). This suggests low TEE is not a risk factor for, and high TEE is not protective against, weight or body fat gain over the time intervals tested., Low total energy expenditure (TEE) has been a hypothesized risk factor for weight gain, but longitudinal repeatability of TEE is incompletely understood. Here the authors report that TEE is repeatable for adults, but not for children, and increases in TEE (adjusted for fat-free mass, fat mass, age and sex) are not associated with body composition changes in short-term longitudinal analyses.

Published
2022
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5. Een meisje met het syndroom van Cushing door primaire gepigmenteerde nodulaire adrenocorticale ziekte

Author

Bocca, G., Edgar G.A.H. van Mil, Voorhoeve, P. G., Wijnaendts, L. C. D., and Delemarre-Van Waal, H. A.

Subjects
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/metabolism, Hydrocortisone/urine, Mutation, Humans, Adrenal Cortex Diseases/diagnosis, Adrenalectomy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/blood, Female, Child, Cushing Syndrome/diagnosis, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics, Dexamethasone
Abstract

A 12.5-year-old girl with diabetes mellitus type 1 presented with stunted growth and an increase in body weight. Also, her blood-sugar levels were difficult to manage. An adrenocorticotropin-(ACTH)-independent form of Cushing's syndrome was diagnosed. During the dexamethasone-suppression test, a paradoxical increase in urinary-free cortisol excretion was observed, which is a clear indication of primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease (PPNAD). The treatment for patients with PPNAD is bilateral adrenalectomy and hormone substitution. PPNAD may be part of the Carney complex, an autosomal dominant multiple neoplasia syndrome. Screening of family members is mandatory. Further investigation for mutations in the gene encoding the regulatory subunit 1A of the protein kinase A (PRKAR1A) may be helpful.

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