1. Testing the reciprocal association between smoking and depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood: A longitudinal twin study
- Author
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Annamari Tuulio-Henriksson, Kauko Heikkilä, Jadwiga Buchwald, Richard J. Rose, Jaakko Kaprio, Antti Latvala, Anu Ranjit, and Tellervo Korhonen
- Subjects
Male ,Adolescent ,Dizygotic twin ,Toxicology ,Cigarette Smoking ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Diseases in Twins ,Humans ,Medicine ,Pharmacology (medical) ,Longitudinal Studies ,Prospective Studies ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Young adult ,Child ,Association (psychology) ,Finland ,Depression (differential diagnoses) ,Depressive symptoms ,Pharmacology ,Depression ,business.industry ,Twin study ,3. Good health ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Relative risk ,Female ,business ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Demography ,Self-medication - Abstract
Background Longitudinal studies enhance understanding of the complex reciprocal relationship between smoking and depression from adolescence to young adulthood. Examining bi-directional associations between cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms in a genetically informative twin design can help to understand whether the associations are independent of shared genetic and environmental factors. Methods We analyzed longitudinal data on smoking and depressive symptoms in twins participating in the adolescent (mean age 17.5) and young adult (mean age 21.9) surveys of the FinnTwin12 study (maximum N = 2,954 individuals; 1,154 twin pairs). At both waves, self-reported depressive symptoms, assessed with the 10-item version of the General Behavior Inventory (GBI), and smoking status were analyzed. The bi-directional associations were first studied among individuals and then within monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs. Results When adjusted for multiple covariates and baseline depressive symptoms, daily smokers at age 17 had higher depressive symptom scores at age 22 than never smokers (Incidence Rate Ratio = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.03–1.33). Similarly, when adjusted for covariates and baseline smoking, higher score in GBI at age 17 was associated with an increased likelihood of being a non-daily (Relative Risk Ratio (RRR) = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.11) or daily (RRR = 1.05, 95% CI: 1.00–1.10) smoker at age 22. No associations were found in within-pair analyses, suggesting that the individual-level association is explained by shared familial liabilities. Conclusion During the developmental period from adolescence to adulthood, cigarette smoking and depressive symptoms are reciprocally associated. However, these associations are confounded by shared genetic and other familial liabilities.
- Published
- 2019