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Objective: Micrognathia in connection with glossoptosis (called Robin sequence) may lead to life-threatening respiratory problems immediately after birth. An objective detection during prenatal routine ultrasound sonography is possible using an index that relates fetal lower jaw length to femur length or gestational age. The aim of this study was to test the method’s sensitivity and specificity and to discuss its predictive power concerning neonatal respiratory insufficiency. Design: Patients with subjectively identified suspicious signs in the sagittal profile view were included in the study: Two-dimensional serial ultrasound scans of their fetal mandible were used to measure the lower jaw lengths and compare them to predicted values according to an index, derived from 313 healthy fetuses. Follow-up data provided additional information on the clinical appearance of the newborns. Results: The index showed a high sensitivity: 15 of the 16 cases with a micrognathia were correctly diagnosed (sensitivity of 93.75%). Follow-up data showed that newborns with similar index values differed in terms of their upper airway obstruction and treatment need. Conclusion: Fetal mandibular micrognathia can be objectively evaluated with the help of the index. The method allows an early detection of micrognathia, which helps to take the necessary steps for proper treatment of potential life-threatening respiratory impairment. Observations ranging outside the prediction interval could prompt the ultrasonographer to check for other associated malformations.

To compare oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children and adolescents with and without migration background, and to assess whether potential differences in OHRQoL can be sufficiently explained by oral health characteristics. A consecutive sample of 112 children and adolescents was recruited in a German university-based orthodontic clinic, and a convenience sample of 313 children and adolescents of German public schools was enrolled in the study (total N = 425, age range 7–17 years). However, 29 participants were excluded due to insufficient information regarding migration background. Accordingly, the non-migrant group consisted of 262 participants (61.6%). For children with migration background, two groups were classified: (i) one parent born in a foreign country (N = 41, 9.6%, single-sided migration background), and (ii) both parents and/or child born in a foreign country ( N= 93, 21.9%, double-sided migration background). OHRQoL was assessed using the German 19-item version of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP-G19). Additionally, physical oral health of 269 children with classified migration background was determined in a dental examination. Overall, OHRQoL was significantly lower in the group with double-sided migration background indicated by lower COHIP-G19 summary scores (mean: 58.6 points) than in the group with single-sided migration background (mean: 63.3 points) or the non-migrant group (mean: 63.2 points). Likewise, the summary scores of the subscale “oral health well-being” and the subscale “social/emotional, school, and self-image” were also lower in the double-sided migrant group than in the other two groups. Linear regression analysis showed an association between double-sided migration background and impaired OHRQoL, even after statistically controlling for demographic, socioeconomic, and oral health characteristics. Children and adolescents with double-sided migration background have poorer OHRQoL than comparably aged migrants with single-sided migration background or non-migrations. Between-group differences in OHRQoL could not be sufficiently explained by effects of socioeconomic status or physical oral health characteristics. Thus, other methodological, cultural, or immigration-related factors might also play an important role for the observed effects.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the prevalence of snoring and its correlation with cranial and upper airway morphology in young individuals with orthodontic treatment need. Parents of 379 children were consecutively interviewed, using eight questions from a more comprehensive questionnaire about sleep behavior. A total of 100 patients (54 girls, 46 boys, average age 11.3 years) met the inclusion criteria. Based on the parents’ interviews, the sample was divided into snorers (n = 53) and nonsnorers (n = 47). Using cephalograms obtained for initial orthodontic diagnostics, airway morphology was measured based on hyoid position and on the posterior airway space (PAS) dimensions at the maxillary, occlusal, and mandibular plane levels (PAS_NL, PAS_OCCL, PAS_ML). Mann–Whitney U testing, ANOVA, and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient were used for statistical analysis. Snoring was reported by 53 % of parents for 63 % (n = 29) of the boys and 44 % (n = 24) of the girls. Significant morphological differences were noted between snorers and nonsnorers. PAS dimensions were significantly reduced in the snorers compared to the nonsnorers at all three anatomical levels tested, which remained statistically significant when adjusted for age and gender. No differences between the two groups emerged for hyoid position or any of the vertical cranial parameters. A significant correlation between sagittal maxillary position (SNA) and PAS_NL was noted, indicating that larger SNA values were mildly associated with larger sagittal PAS dimensions at the maxillary level. This random sample of young patients with orthodontic treatment need was found to involve a high prevalence of parent-reported snoring. Characteristic features in cranial and upper airway morphology and thus differences between the snorers and nonsnorers were found.

This study seeks to develop and validate the 19-item German version of the Child Oral Health Impact Profile (COHIP-G19), an instrument to assess the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children and adolescents. The 19 items of the original English-language COHIP were translated into German using an established forward–backward approach. For the assessment of the psychometric properties of the COHIP-G19, children and adolescents aged 7–17 years came from two samples: 112 patients were consecutively recruited at a university-based orthodontic clinic and 313 came from a convenience sample of students in public schools. Internal consistency of the COHIP-G19 was satisfactory in both populations (Cronbach’s alpha, 0.78/0.80; average inter-item correlation, 0.16/0.17). The COHIP-G19 summary scores were correlated in the expected direction with a global oral health rating (r = 0.46/0.40) and two measures for perceived general health (EQ-5D-Y: r = 0.26/0.29; KIDSCREEN-27: r = 0.40/0.33). While COHIP-G19 summary scores did not significantly differ with respect to the presence of caries or gingivitis (p > 0.05), malocclusion and insufficient oral hygiene behavior were related to more impaired OHRQoL, represented in significantly lower COHIP-G19 summary scores in students in public schools (p

In order to visualize and quantify the direction and extent of morphological upper-jaw changes in infants with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) during early orthodontic treatment, a three-dimensional method of cast analysis for routine application was developed. In the present investigation, this method was used to identify reaction patterns associated with specific cleft forms. The study included a cast series reflecting the upper-jaw situations of 46 infants with complete (n=27) or incomplete (n=19) UCLP during week 1 and months 3, 6, and 12 of life. Three-dimensional datasets were acquired and visualized with scanning software (DigiModel®; OrthoProof, The Netherlands). Following interactive identification of landmarks on the digitized surface relief, a defined set of representative linear parameters were three-dimensionally measured. At the same time, the three-dimensional surfaces of one patient series were superimposed based on a defined reference plane. Morphometric differences were statistically analyzed. Thanks to the user-friendly software, all landmarks could be identified quickly and reproducibly, thus, allowing for simultaneous three-dimensional measurement of all defined parameters. The measured values revealed that significant morphometric differences were present in all three planes of space between the two patient groups. Patients with complete UCLP underwent significantly larger reductions in cleft width (p

Micro- and retrognathia of mandibular origin may lead to life-threatening respiratory problems in connection with glossoptosis immediately after birth. Prenatal screening for this malformation is therefore increasingly important. Today this is accomplished by predominantly subjective standards. Objective criteria have been proposed but have not become established. We therefore made an effort to develop indices that would identify major skeletal discrepancies or micrognathia in as straightforward a fashion as possible during routine prenatal sonography.Series of fetal jaw sonograms (Toshiba Aplio MX®) were obtained in 313 women with normal pregnancies from weeks 19-29 of gestation. Upper- and lower-jaw landmarks were interactively located on screen and evaluated for reproducibility. Linear parameters representative of maxillary and mandibular length (SpA'-SpP' and Rami-SymMe) were measured and related to femur length and gestational age. Based on these data, indices for maxillary, and mandibular length were derived and analyzed.High correlations were identified for mandibular length both with gestational age (R = 0.845; R(2) = 0.713) and with femur length (correlation coefficients (R) = 0.839; coefficients of determination (R(2)) = 0.704). For maxillary length, the respective correlation coefficients were 0.691 (R(2) = 0.477) and 0.656 (R(2) = 0.430). Estimates of mandibular and maxillary length based on gestational age and femur length were obtained by regression analysis. The mean bimaxillary length ratio was 0.628 ± 0.043.Maxillary and mandibular growth can be objectively evaluated via indices. It is conceivable to develop this approach into a sensitive and reliable method of prenatal jaw screening for major skeletal anomalies and congenital malformations.