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OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of studies reporting prevalence rates of depression in women living in low-income circumstances in developed countries. METHODS The published and unpublished literature was searched for studies reporting prevalence of depression in women with low income in developed countries. Searches, data extraction, and methodological appraisal were conducted twice independently. To perform the analysis, the meta and metafor packages in R, a random effect model to account for both between and within studies' variances, and the restricted maximum likelihood method for estimation were used. RESULTS One-hundred sixty-four studies, involving 218,035 participants, were located through the search process. The point prevalence of depression among women in low-income circumstances using self-report instruments in 134 studies was 37.4% (95% CI, 34.0%-40.7%). Additionally, the point prevalence according to depression diagnosis in 25 studies was 22.9% (95% CI, 17.8%-28.5%). CONCLUSIONS The high rate of depression among women living in low-income circumstances is of serious public health concern. POLICY IMPLICATIONS Women living in low-income circumstances should receive screening and referral/treatment in not only medical service settings, but also in social service settings serving women receiving welfare benefits.

In patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and erosive esophagitis, treatment with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) is highly effective. However, in some patients, especially those with nonerosive reflux disease or atypical GERD symptoms, acid-suppressive therapy with PPIs is not as successful. Alginates are medications that work through an alternative mechanism by displacing the postprandial gastric acid pocket. This study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to examine the benefit of alginate-containing compounds in the treatment of patients with symptoms of GERD. PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane library electronic databases were searched through October 2015 for randomized controlled trials comparing alginate-containing compounds to placebo, antacids, histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), or PPIs for the treatment of GERD symptoms. Additional studies were identified through a bibliography review. Non-English studies and those with pediatric patients were excluded. Meta-analyses were performed using random-effect models to calculate odds ratios (OR). Heterogeneity between studies was estimated using the I2 statistic. Analyses were stratified by type of comparator. The search strategy yielded 665 studies and 15 (2.3%) met inclusion criteria. Fourteen were included in the meta-analysis (N = 2095 subjects). Alginate-based therapies increased the odds of resolution of GERD symptoms when compared to placebo or antacids (OR: 4.42; 95% CI 2.45–7.97) with a moderate degree of heterogeneity between studies (I2 = 71%, P = .001). Compared to PPIs or H2RAs, alginates appear less effective but the pooled estimate was not statistically significant (OR: 0.58; 95% CI 0.27–1.22). Alginates are more effective than placebo or antacids for treating GERD symptoms.

This cross-sectional correlation study examined use of health-promoting (HP) behaviors and self-efficacy for engaging in HP behaviors. Participants reported higher HP behavior scores for health responsibility, interpersonal relationships, and spiritual growth, and lower scores for physical activity/exercise, nutrition, and stress management. Low physical activity, stress management, and nutrition scores suggest nurses can implement strategies that encourage use of these HP behaviors and enhance self-efficacy.

Previous experience with perillyl alcohol (POH) was with a formulation of 500-mg capsules each containing 250 mg POH and soybean oil. This formulation resulted in the ingestion of large amounts of soybean oil (>10 g/day). Dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) were primarily gastrointestinal. Prior studies also showed no further increase in POH metabolite concentrations with doses of >1600 mg/m2. Therefore, a new formulation of POH was developed (700 mg containing 675 mg POH) in an effort to improve dose and metabolite concentrations delivered and toxicity encountered with chronic dosing. Eligible patients had refractory solid malignancies. Dose escalation occurred in cohorts of three at the dose levels/dose of 1350 mg, 2025 mg, 2700 mg, 3375 mg and 4050 mg, administered orally four times a day in a 28-day cycle. A group of 19 patients were enrolled. One DLT occurred at dose level 5. This cohort was expanded to six patients, and no further DLT occurred. The maximum tolerated dose was not reached. The predominant toxicity was gastrointestinal. Nausea and vomiting occurred in 63% of patients (12/19, grade 1 in 10). The same proportion of patients (12/19) experienced heartburn and indigestion, primarily grade 1. Although the side effects were mild in nature, three patients withdrew from treatment, citing intolerable gastrointestinal toxicity. The AUCs of POH metabolites did not appear to increase from level 1 to level 2 or change significantly from day 1 to day 29. Inter- and intrapatient variability in metabolite levels was observed. This reformulation of POH appears to be an improvement upon the prior formulation, by reducing the number of capsules ingested and the degree of gastrointestinal toxicity per dose. It does not appear to offer any metabolite pharmacokinetic advantage. A dose of 2050 mg administered four times daily was easily tolerated. Higher doses can be administered but with increasing gastrointestinal toxicity that limits compliance.

The objectives of this trial were to assess the maximal tolerated dose and toxicity of the combination of oral eniluracil and 5-fluorouracil and intravenous gemcitabine.Patients with histologically confirmed, incurable malignancy (solid tumor or lymphoma) refractory to standard therapy or for which no standard therapy exists were enrolled. The treatment plan consisted of weekly gemcitabine for three weeks with twice daily dosing of 5-FU and eniluracil for 21 days beginning on day one of gemcitabine. Cycles repeated on an every four week schedule. The initial cohort received gemcitabine 800 mg/m2, oral 5-FU 0.6 mg/m2 and eniluracil 6.0 mg/m2.Twenty-six patients were enrolled. Eight patients received less than 2 cycles of therapy. Hematologic and gastrointestinal toxicity predominated, with 48% of courses resulted in grade one or two neutropenia. Hematologic toxicity was dose limiting. One treatment related death occurred.The combination of eniluracil, 5-fluorouracil and gemcitabine offers an oral alternative for 5-FU administration. The recommended phase II dose is gemcitabine 1000 mg/m2, 5FU 1.2 mg/m2 and eniluracil 12 mg/m2.

Purpose. This is a phase II study of perillyl alcohol in the treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. The primary endpoint is time to progression. Secondary objectives are to evaluate objective response rate and toxicity. Patients and Methods. Eligible patients had metastatic adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum. Patients received perillyl alcohol orally at a dose of 1200 mg/m2. Dose escalation to 1,600mg/m2 was allowed. Results. Twenty-seven patients were enrolled. The median time to progression was 1.8 months (range 1 to 3 mo). Four patients received less than one cycle and were not evaluable for response. Of the remaining 23, all had progressive disease. There were no complete or partial responses. Toxicity was relatively mild, with fatigue, nausea and anemia predominating. Three patients withdrew from therapy for toxicity (grade 3 belching, bloating; grade 2 nausea, fatigue, vomiting, anorexia and increase perspiration; grade 1 anorexia). Discussion. Despite preclinical evidence of anticancer activity, oral perillyl alcohol administered at this dose and formulation does not appear to have clinical antitumor activity when used for patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma.

Randomized control trial of a health promotion intervention was implemented for low-income cancer survivors. The majority of participants were female, older, divorced, educated, and unemployed or on disability leave. Findings indicate the health promotion intervention improved cancer survivors' self-efficacy and increased their use of health-promoting behaviors.

To define dose limiting toxicities (DLTs) and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of capecitabine with fixed-dose rate (FDR) gemcitabine.Eligible adults (advanced solid tumor; performance statusor=2) received capecitabine 500 mg/m(2) PO BID days 1-14 and FDR gemcitabine (400-1,000 mg/m(2) escalated by 200 mg/m(2) increments) at 10 mg/m(2)/min days 1 and 8 on a 21-day cycle. A traditional 3 + 3 cohort design was used to determine the MTD.Thirty patients (median age 59 years) were enrolled. The predominant gradeor=3 toxicity was myelosuppression, particularly neutropenia. At dose level 4 (1,000 mg/m(2) gemcitabine), two out of five evaluable patients had a DLT (grade 4 neutropeniaor=7 days). At dose level 3 (800 mg/m(2) gemcitabine), one patient had a DLT (grade 3 neutropeniaor=7 days) among six evaluable patients. Therefore, the MTD and recommended phase II dose was designated as capecitabine 500 mg/m(2) PO BID days 1-14 with 800 mg/m(2) FDR gemcitabine days 1 and 8 infused at 10 mg/m(2) per min on a 21-day cycle. Partial responses occurred in pretreated patients with esophageal, renal cell and bladder carcinomas.This regimen was well tolerated and may deserve evaluation in advanced gastrointestinal and genitourinary carcinomas.

Animal models suggest that growth hormone participates in hepatocarcinogenesis.To correlate the effect of octreotide long-acting release (LAR) on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and -II (IGF-II) with response and survival in patients with unresectable and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma.We conducted a phase II, single-institution trial of octreotide-LAR (30 mg intramuscularly every 4 weeks) in 15 patients while monitoring serum IGF-I and -II levels.Patients (median CLIP score 2, Okuda stage II, and ECOG performance status 1) were treated for a median of 2.0 cycles. No responses occurred. Median overall survival was 116 days (range, 27-937 days) and median progression-free survival was 60 days (range, 27-444 days). One patient had prolonged stable disease (16 months). There were no grade 4 and four grade 3 toxicities: abdominal cramping, elevated creatinine, diarrhea, and dyspnea. Median serum IGF-I decreased from baseline (42.2 ng/mL; range, 14.2-109 ng/mL) to day 29 (27.9 ng/mL; range, 5.7-71.1 ng/mL), and median serum IGF-II decreased from baseline (25,000 ng/mL; range, 12,400-93,600 ng/mL) to day 29 (18,400 ng/mL; range, 4,061-79,400 ng/mL; 2-sided P.006 and P.04, respectively; Wilcoxon signed rank test). This suppression did not correlate with clinical activity. Baseline serum IGF-I30 ng/mL was associated with greater progression-free survival and overall survival (P=.0005 and P=.0173, respectively; 2-sided log-rank test).Octreotide-LAR lowered serum IGF-I and -II levels; however, this lowering did not correlate with clinical activity. There were no responses, and progression-free survival and overall survival were similar to historical patients not on treatment. Baseline serum IGF-I predicted prognosis.

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall response rate, toxicity and overall survival in patients with locally advanced or metastatic esophageal cancer treated with gemcitabine, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin. Patients and Methods: Patients with either adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus could enroll; however, patients could not have received prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease. Treatment cycles consisted of infusions of all three agents at days 1, 8 and 15, repeated every 28 days. Patients received gemcitabine 1,000, leucovorin 25 and 5-FU 600 mg/m2. Tumor assessment was performed every 2 cycles. Responses were assessed using the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group solid tumor response criteria. Results: Thirty-five patients with metastatic or locally advanced esophageal cancer enrolled. One complete response and ten partial responses were observed for an overall response rate of 31.4%. An additional 11 patients had stable disease as their best response. The median survival was 9.8 months with a 1-year survival rate of 37.1%. Toxicity was predominately hematologic, with 58% of patients experiencing grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Conclusion: The combination of gemcitabine, 5-FU and leucovorin had activity in advanced esophageal cancer. Patients tolerated the regimen well, with myelosuppression occurring most commonly. The combination merits further investigation as a treatment for esophageal cancer.