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The aim of our study is to evaluate taste changes in patients affected by solid tumors not involving oral cavity within the first month of standard chemotherapy. In this monocentric, prospective, cohort study, we enrolled patients treated at our institution for different types of solid tumors between February and July 2019. Taste cotton swabs assay was used to assess taste changes. Thirty-one patients were enrolled and most of them had at least one change in taste. The taste that changed less was acid (42% of the population) whereas the one that changed the most was the perception of sweet (reduced in 35% of the population and increased in 45% of the population) and sour (reduced in 35% of the population). We did not find any statistical significant difference in terms of changes of taste and type of chemotherapy (emetogenic vs not, p > 0.05 for salty, sweet, bitter, and acid tastes). The type of primary tumor (breast vs GI-related) had a significant impact on perception of both salty (p = 0.0163) and acid (p = 0.0312) flavor. Furthermore, body mass composition assessed by BIA showed that obese patients had different changes in acid flavor vs non-obese patients (p = 0.04). This could not be proven when the assessment was made using BMI calculation. Our study suggests that type of primary tumor (GI vs breast) more than type of chemotherapy used could be relevant in determining changes in taste during chemotherapy. Individualized dietary strategies based on these reported data are suggested, as to optimize patients’ management.

Declining gustatory function, nutrition, and oral health are important elements of health in older adults that can affect the aging process. The aim of the present work was to investigate the effect of age and oral status on taste discrimination in two different groups of elderly subjects living either in an Italian residential institution (TG) or in the community (CG). A total of 90 subjects were enrolled in the study (58 CG vs. 32 TG). Masticatory performance (MP) was assessed using the two-color mixing ability test. Taste function was evaluated using cotton pads soaked with six taste stimuli (salty, acid, sweet, bitter, fat and water). A positive correlation between age and missing teeth (r = 0.51, C.I. [0.33; 0.65], p < 0.0001), and a negative correlation between age and MP (r = −0.39, C.I. [−0.56; −0.20], p < 0.001) were found. Moreover, significant differences for salty taste, between TG and CG were detected (p < 0.05). Significant differences in bitter taste sensitivity between subjects wearing removable and non-removable prosthesis were also determined (p < 0.05). In addition, significant gender differences and between males in TG and CG were identified (p < 0.05). The best understanding of the relationship between MP, taste sensitivity, and nutritional factors is a necessary criterion for the development of new therapeutic strategies to address more effectively the problems associated with malnutrition in elderly subjects.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid, noteworthy for its involvement both in the modulation of various biological processes and in the development of many diseases. S1P signaling can be either pro or anti-inflammatory, and the sphingosine kinase (SphK)–S1P–S1P receptor (S1PR) axis is a factor in accelerating the growth of several cells, including endometriotic cells and fibrosis. Gynecologic disorders, including endometriosis, adenomyosis, and uterine fibroids are characterized by inflammation and fibrosis. S1P signaling and metabolism have been shown to be dysregulated in those disorders and they are likely implicated in their pathogenesis and pathophysiology. Enzymes responsible for inactivating S1P are the most affected by the dysregulation of S1P balanced levels, thus causing accumulation of sphingolipids within these cells and tissues. The present review highlights the past and latest evidence on the role played by the S1P pathways in common gynecologic disorders (GDs). Furthermore, it discusses potential future approaches in the regulation of this signaling pathway that could represent an innovative and promising therapeutical target, also for ovarian cancer treatment.

Background and Objectives: Masticatory limitations on the dietary habits of edentulous subjects restrict their access to adequate nutrition, exposing them to a greater risk of protein energy malnutrition. The aim of this study is to verify the existence of an association between Masticatory Performance (MP) and nutritional changes in the elderly. Materials and Methods: 76 participants were enrolled. MP testing was performed using the two-color chewing gum mixing test. The system used reveals the extent to which the two differently colored chewing gums mix, and allows discrimination between different MPs. The assessment of the participants&rsquo, nutritional statuses was carried out through a food interview. Anthropometric parameters were collected, and bioimpedance analysis was performed. Results: Mean MP was 0.448 &plusmn, 0.188. No statistically significant differences were detected between male and female subjects (p &gt, 0.05). According to the Body Mass Index (BMI), obese patients had a lower MP than overweight and normal weight subjects (0.408 &plusmn, 0.225, 0.453 &plusmn, 0.169 and 0.486 &plusmn, 0.181, respectively). MP values were lower both in male and female subjects with a waist circumference above the threshold than those below it (0.455 &plusmn, 0.205 vs. 0.476 &plusmn, 0.110, respectively, in males and 0.447 &plusmn, 0.171 vs. 0.501 &plusmn, 0.138, respectively, in females). No relationship was noticed between MP and bioimpedance parameters (p &gt, 0.05). Conclusions: A statistically significant relation was observed between MP and the number of missing teeth. A reduced MP could worsen nutritional parameters. A reduced MP did not seem to negatively affect bioimpedance parameters.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has a very high impact on quality of life as it is characterized by disabling complications. There is little evidence about taste alterations in diabetes. Since many individual factors are involved in the onset of diabetes, the purpose of our study is to search a possible link between diabetes and individual taste function. Thirty-two participants with T2DM and 32 volunteers without T2DM (healthy controls) were recruited. Four concentrations of each of the four basic tastes (sweet, sour, salty, bitter), and pure rapeseed oil and water, were applied with cotton pads to the protruded tongue, immediately posterior to its first third, either to the left or right side. The results showed significant differences between groups in the ability to recognize sour, bitter, sweet, and water. Taste scores were lower in subjects with T2DM than in healthy controls, and an age-related decline in taste function was found. The taste function reduction associated with T2DM was not related to gender, disease duration, and glycemic control. In conclusion, it can be hypothesized that a general alteration of taste function can lead patients with type 2 diabetes to search for foods richer in sugars, as in a vicious circle, thus decreasing the likelihood of remission of diabetes mellitus.

Background and Objectives. The present study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between taste identification ability and body mass index (BMI) by studying the response to the administration of different taste stimuli to both sides of the tongue in three different groups of subjects. Subjects and Methods. Thirty healthy normal-weight volunteers, 19 healthy overweight subjects, and 22 obese subjects were enrolled. For each subject, the lateralization Oldfield score, body weight, height, and blood pressure were determined. The taste test is based on filter paper strips soaked with 4 taste stimuli presented at different concentrations to evoke 4 basic taste qualities (salty, sour, sweet, and bitter); pure rapeseed oil and water were also administered to evoke fat and neutral taste qualities. The stimuli were applied to each side of the protruded tongue. Subjects were asked to identify the taste from a list of eight descriptions according to a multiple choice paradigm. Results. The results showed a general lowering of taste sensitivity with the increase of BMI, except for the taste of fat with rapeseed oil as the stimulus. Other variables affecting taste sensitivity are age (negative association), gender (women generally show higher sensitivity), and taste stimuli concentration (positive association). Conclusions. Our findings could provide important insights into how new therapies could be designed for weight loss and long-term weight maintenance and how diets could be planned combining the correct caloric and nutritional supply with individual taste preferences.

Taste changes due to chemotherapy may contribute to the high prevalence of malnutrition in cancer patients. It is believed that 50–70% of patients with cancer suffer from taste disorders. The aim of the present study was to analyze the taste alterations in patient population compared with that in controls, also in relation to gender. In this way, it could open to a new approach for a personalized diet to prevent and/or reduce taste alterations and malnutrition in cancer patients. Forty-five cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were compared with healthy controls (n = 32). Taste function test was used to determine taste sensitivity. Different concentrations for each of the four basic tastes (salty, sweet, sour, bitter) and also fat and water tastes were evaluated. A significant difference in taste sensitivity between patients and control group was found, in line with previous similar studies. As in the control group, taste perception in patients was better in females than in males, suggesting interaction effect between group and gender. Coping strategies regarding subjective taste impairment should be provided since alterations in taste sensitivity influence food preferences and appetite. Clinicians could thus have the potential to underpin changes in dietary intake and consequently in nutritional status; understanding the extent of the contribution of each taste would help in the development of effective interventions in future. Consequently, patients can adopt appropriate appetizing strategies and, based on that, change their feeding habits.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia accounting for 60-70% of all demented cases and one of the leading sources of morbidity and mortality in the aging population. Most of the recent literature regards the relationship between plasma oxidative stress and AD, showing that markers of lipid peroxidation are significantly higher in AD and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients with respect to control subjects. The increased generation of reactive oxygen species that occurs in AD may be also responsible for oxidative injury to erythrocyte membranes. Since erythrocyte membrane serves as a variable barrier to oxygen transport, changes in its stability can induce cellular hypoxia and the consequence brain tissue oxygenation. In this study, plasma oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and erythrocyte membrane fluidity have been evaluated in control, MCI and AD patients. Moreover erythrocyte membrane acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity has been measured in control and AD patients. Plasma ORAC significantly decreased in MCI and AD subjects with respect to the controls, while a decrease in erythrocyte membrane fluidity has been observed only in MCI patients. No significant differences were detected in erythrocyte AchE activity between control subjects and AD patients.