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The human lysine acetyltransferases KAT3A (CREBBP) and KAT3B (EP300) are essential enzymes in gene regulation in the nucleus. Their ubiquitous expression in metazoan cell types controls cell proliferation and differentiation during development. This comprehensive review delves into the biological roles of KAT3A and KAT3B in neurodevelopment, shedding light on how alterations in their regulation or activity can potentially contribute to a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Huntington's and Alzheimer's). We explore the pathophysiological implications of KAT3 function loss in these disorders, considering their conserved protein domains and biochemical functions in chromatin regulation. The discussion also underscores the crucial role of KAT3 proteins and their substrates in supporting the integration of key cell signaling pathways. Furthermore, the narrative highlights the interdependence of KAT3-mediated lysine acetylation with lysine methylation and arginine methylation. From a cellular perspective, KAT3-dependent signal integration at subnuclear domains is mediated by liquid–liquid phase separation in response to KAT3-mediated lysine acetylation. The disruption of these finely tuned regulatory processes underscores their pathological roles in neurodegeneration. This review also points to the exciting potential for future research in this field, inspiring further investigation and discovery in the area of neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hope is well recognised as a positive protective factor for mental health, improved coping responses to adverse childhood events and better educational outcomes. Hope is composed of synergistic constituents – agency and pathway. A retrospective chart review was conducted of 53 justice-involved youths (10−17 years old) who underwent Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) diagnostic assessments with Patches in Western Australia between 2019 and 2020. Snyder’s Children’s Hope Scale was included as part of the diagnostic assessment. There was a statistically significant difference (p = 0.038) for the agency subscale score between those diagnosed with FASD versus those without FASD. As agency quantifies an individual’s goal-setting capacity and the motivation to achieve goals, it is possible that the impacts of FASD on executive functioning are reflected in lower scores. Factors such as cultural background, schooling engagement, previous alcohol/substance use or rurality did not significantly affect hope scores. It is recommended that justice-involved youths diagnosed with FASD receive specific training to encourage executive functioning skills and external support from consistent, supportive and culturally safe school systems and adult role models. This cohort is at a developmental stage where resilience, executive functioning skills, and community support can positively impact mental health and future trajectories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) experience complex needs that often necessitate support from multiple systems. There is growing evidence that people with FASD may benefit from integrated service delivery (ISD), but little is known about ISD elements and processes for this population. Method: Using a multi‐method approach involving a literature review, analysis of programme data, and staff interviews, we examined how ISD is enacted at a rural Canadian FASD centre, and identified facilitators, barriers, and potential impacts of ISD at the centre. Results: We describe key elements of integrated FASD programming and identify important contextual factors and themes related to ISD barriers, facilitators, and impacts: (1) connection, (2) freedom and autonomy, (3) client‐centred care, (4) learning and growth, (5) and reframing expectations. Conclusions: This study may help to inform a roadmap for enhancing FASD service delivery and guiding FASD research and policy in Canada and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Microglia, a type of resident immune cells within the central nervous system, have been implicated in ethanol-activated neuronal death of the stress regulatory proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuron-producing β-endorphin peptides in the hypothalamus in a postnatal rat model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. We determined if microglial extracellular vesicles (exosomes) are involved in the ethanol-induced neuronal death of the β-endorphin neuron via secreting elevated levels of the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), a key regulator of neuroinflammation. Methods: We employed an in vitro model, consisting of primary culture of hypothalamic microglia prepared from postnatal day 2 (PND2) rat hypothalami and treated with or without 50 mM ethanol for 24 h, and an in vivo animal model in which microglia were obtained from hypothalami of PND6 rats fed daily with 2.5 mg/kg ethanol or control milk formula for five days prior to use. Exosomes were extracted and characterized with nanosight tracking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy and western blot. Chemokine multiplex immunoassay and ELISA were used for quantitative estimation of MCP1 level. Neurotoxic ability of exosome was tested using primary cultures of β-endorphin neurons and employing nucleosome assay and immunocytochemistry. Elevated plus maze, open field and restraint tests were used to assess anxiety-related behaviors. Results: Ethanol elevated MCP1 levels in microglial exosomes both in vitro and in vivo models. Ethanol-activated microglial exosomes when introduced into primary cultures of β-endorphin neurons, increased cellular levels of MCP1 and the chemokine receptor CCR2 related signaling molecules including inflammatory cytokines and apoptotic genes as well as apoptotic death of β-endorphin neurons. These effects of microglial exosomes on β-endorphin neurons were suppressed by a CCR2 antagonist RS504393. Furthermore, RS504393 when injected in postnatal rats prior to feeding with ethanol it reduced alcohol-induced β-endorphin neuronal death in the hypothalamus. RS504393 also suppressed corticosterone response to stress and anxiety-like behaviors in postnatally alcohol-fed rats during adult period. Conclusion: These data suggest that alcohol exposures during the developmental period elevates MCP1 levels in microglial exosomes that promote MCP1/CCR2 signaling to increase the apoptosis of β-endorphin neurons and resulting in hormonal and behavioral stress responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with cognitive, emotional, and learning impairments have an increased likelihood of experiencing behavioral and socio-emotional difficulties and historical trauma. Methods: Using the interRAI Child and Youth Mental Health instrument, this study examined associations between FASD, polyvictimization, daily cognitive decision-making, family functioning, and externalizing problems in 18,701 children and youth from 4 to 18 years of age (Mage = 12.33, SDage = 3.53). Results: Children with FASD, compared to children without FASD, were at an increased risk of being polyvictimized, were more likely to endorse greater difficulties with daily cognitive decision-making and family dysfunction, and scored higher on proactive and reactive aggression. Conclusion: The findings highlight the increased risk of individual and familial difficulties in children diagnosed with FASD. The limitations and clinical implications are discussed to inform further research and assist in the development of trauma-informed clinical interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a leading cause of neurodevelopmental disability globally. International organizations have highlighted an urgent need for improved prevention, diagnosis, and support. However, the evidence base needed to inform this is thought to be limited. We conducted two complementary reviews to (i) describe trends in the volume and characteristics of original FASD research articles (Review 1) and (ii) compare the volume of published research on FASD to that of other neurodevelopmental disorders (Review 2). In Review 1, we systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL and PsycInfo for original studies with FASD terms in the title, published between 2000 and 2023. We summarised study characteristics including the article topic(s), sample population, country of origin, and publication year using quantitative content analysis and time‐series plots. A total of 854 studies were eligible. Studies showed a relative focus on diagnosis and screening, compared to prevention and intervention. FASD research originated from 31 countries, however most countries (68%) had fewer than 10 articles published over the 23‐year review period. In Review 2, we searched PubMed for records published between 2000 and 2023 with FASD, autism, or attention‐deficit‐hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) terms in the title. We compared the volume of records for these conditions using descriptive statistics and time‐series plots. Of the 64,069 records retrieved, 2% were for FASD, compared to 60% for autism and 38% for ADHD. FASD remains considerably under‐researched. While there has been an increase in the number of original FASD research articles published annually over time, this is much lower than expected compared to publication trends for other neurodevelopmental conditions, and the wider scientific literature. Further research is needed to understand the impact of FASD across the lifespan, to inform evidence‐based policy and support, and to advance progress in strength‐based, stigma‐reducing approaches to FASD research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Australia, it has been well documented that the leading preventable cause of nongenetic neurodevelopmental disability (NDD) is Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). This review explores literature informing Australian social work in the context of FASD. It highlights the need for increased social work research to inform evidence-based practice (EBP) in FASD diagnosis and management using the biopsychosocial-spiritual-cultural (BPSSC) framework. Social workers are often first to identify children's emotional, behavioural, and learning difficulties that may be a characteristic of FASD. Nonetheless, there is limited knowledge and understanding about how social workers in Australia address FASD. We argue that research about FASD and social work practice can improve social workers' understanding of the BPSSC characteristics and management of FASD across the life course and contribute to EBP development in these areas in Australian social work. IMPLICATIONS Social workers have an emerging role in the holistic assessment, diagnosis, and management of FASD in Australia. Social workers are well placed in being first to recognise and identify an individual's emotional, behavioural, sociocultural, and learning difficulties that are characteristics of FASD. Social workers can contribute to ongoing care in a tailored FASD management plan that links the caregivers to appropriate local community resources, service provision, and disability supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are a group of conditions that occur due to prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), which impacts physical, behavioral, and cognitive ability. The literature demonstrates that healthcare professionals lack knowledge and understanding of FASD, resulting in children and young people (CYP) often getting misdiagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders or the diagnosis of FASD missed, increasing their risk of experiencing secondary mental health difficulties. Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services (CAMHS) are the commissioned service to diagnose neurodevelopmental conditions and support CYP with mental health difficulties, therefore, it is likely that CYP with probable or diagnosed FASD will present in CAMHS. There is currently no research exploring the awareness and understanding of FASD within these services. Methods: Constructivist grounded theory was utilized to explore the barriers and facilitators clinicians experience when assessing and supporting CYP with probable or diagnosed FASD within CAMHS. A sample of 12 CAMHS clinicians from an NHS Mental Health Trust situated in the Northeast of England were interviewed. Interviews were transcribed and analyzed and grounded theory techniques were utilized to generate an end model. Results: The end model was developed on a box analogy with four categories. 'Unable to Open the Box' captures barriers CAMHS clinicians experience when exploring FASD, 'Things that Help Open the Box' captures facilitators CAMHS clinicians experience when exploring FASD, 'Asking Others About the Box' captures systemic influences CAMHS clinicians may experience when exploring FASD, and 'Making the Box Easier to Open in Future' captures how we can support CAMHS clinicians moving forward to explore FASD. Conclusions: This model provides new insights into the barriers and facilitators CAMHS clinicians experience when assessing and supporting CYP with probable or diagnosed FASD, highlighting key clinical implications. Recommendations for future research are outlined to expand the knowledge base for this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) encompasses a range of complex neurodevelopmental challenges that arise because of maternal alcohol use during pregnancy. Contrary to previous beliefs, FASD is a wide-ranging condition that is mostly invisible, affecting cognitive, social, and daily living skills. Furthermore, living with FASD may present other challenges, such as mental health issues, substance abuse, and engagement in criminal behavior. FASD is a long-term disability that requires support across the lifespan. The main objective of this research was to determine what, if anything, has changed since a prior review in 2020 of parents with FASD appearing in child intervention courts in Canada. We found eleven relevant reported cases throughout Canada from 2020 to 2024 where parents had a confirmed diagnosis or a potential FASD to be eligible for our study. Within these cases, only one parent was able to reunite with their children because of the strong and supportive system they had. There were four cases where ongoing contact between parent and child(ren) was permitted, Additionally, we found that professionals lack education regarding the potential skills that people with FASD may demonstrate. A person with FASD is seen through the lens of their diagnosis rather than a strengths-based approach, creating stigma, fear, and power imbalance. Stigma has an impact not just on how professionals see people and make decisions but also on policymakers, funding, and support from governments or other social groups. Individuals or parents with FASD are often reluctant to report their diagnosis for fear of being judged or having their children taken from their care. Thus, parents are unable to obtain access to services, and even when they do have access, they must navigate the system on their own. Parents with FASD who are involved in child intervention may be required to participate in many programs simultaneously, potentially resulting in an overwhelming experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Developmental outcomes for children and young people with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are optimised if their needs are identified early. Yet, health workers miss vital opportunities to identify and respond to FASD due to a lack of support, knowledge and skills. Methods: Through surveys and interviews, our study investigated what child and family health workers in an Australian metropolitan local health district understand, already do and want to learn about FASD. Results: The study provided evidence of low FASD knowledge and confidence and a lack of referral options with some workers 'patching together' care planning in a 'referral black hole'. Qualitative data provided insight into how skilled clinicians engage families in FASD assessment and negotiate gaps in clinical knowledge. Discussion and Conclusions: Health workers in this study requested high‐quality training and the development of FASD practice guidelines to improve role clarity and clinical impact when working with FASD populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: To evaluate use and utility of the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) Hub Australia website. Methods: Online REDCap user survey incorporating the Website Evaluation Questionnaire, open ended questions, Google metrics data and an accessibility audit. Results: Seventy‐six participants: researchers (32%), health professionals (29%) and policymakers/advocates (16%) completed the survey. Most were from Australia (95%) and were likely or very likely to recommend the FASD Hub to colleagues (92%), friends (74%) and patients (72%). The mean Website Evaluation Questionnaire score was at least 3.45/5 for all dimensions (ease of use, hyperlinks, structure, relevance, comprehension, completeness, layout, search option); range 3.45 (search option) to 4.04 (relevance). Participants found the content trustworthy (92%) but wanted more information for, and to support, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, and improved search capacity. Google metrics identified 25,534 unique users over 6 months (82% new users); 83% aged 18–44 years, 72% female and 35% international. Conclusions: Users found the FASD Hub accessible, authoritative and useful and suggested improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Canadian fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) diagnostic guideline provides clinicians with the process and procedure to reach an accurate diagnosis. However, organisational structure, culture, and resource utilisation vary. The objectives of this study were to identify the key challenges and strengths of successful FASD diagnostic clinics. Method: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 12 key informants from 10 clinics representing different regions, populations served, and clinic structures. Data analysis was performed using iterative thematic inquiry. Results: Three themes related to challenges and four themes related to strengths were identified. Human resources were identified as both a challenge and strength. Additional challenges were diagnostic capacity and system level support. Additional strengths were clinic adaptability, relational connections, and culturally responsive approaches. Conclusions: FASD clinics are more alike than not in their approach to assessment and diagnosis. Some clinics are facing similar challenges that others have overcome, supporting the need for mentorship and consistent operating standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Magnetic resonance imaging in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) children showed altered connectivity, suggesting underlying deficits in networks, which may be related to cognitive outcome. Functional connectivity has been of interest in neurophysiological research with quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) as useful tool for measuring pathology, not detectable by normal EEG. The aim of this study was to investigate differences in the EEG interhemispheric coherence (ICoh) in children diagnosed with FASD compared with healthy controls and to relate the results to cognitive scores. Method Analysis of ICoh in 81 FASD children (4-Digit Code) compared with 31 controls. The children underwent cognitive assessment, and EEG was performed and used for analysis. Group comparisons and analysis of covariance interaction models were used to test for differences between FASD and controls but also to look for differences between FASD subgroups. Significant findings were correlated to cognitive scores. Results Lower ICoh was found in the frontal and temporal derivations in the FASD group. When comparing FASD subgroups, children with fetal alcohol syndrome had lower ICoh occipital. Reduced ICoh in the temporal alpha band was correlated with lower performance IQ in the FASD group. Conclusion Our findings could imply hypoconnectivity between the hemispheres with impact on cognition. We suggest that EEG coherence analysis could be a sensitive parameter in the detection of electrophysiological abnormalities in FASD with possible clinical relevance. These results may indicate that QEEG could be used as biomarker for FASD. However, further research is needed to determine the role of QEEG analysis in the diagnosis of FASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been reported to be disproportionately high among children in foster care compared with the general population. However, updated prevalence estimates of infants and children with FASD in foster care or the prevalence of placement of children with FASD in foster care make this unclear. This study examines two questions. Firstly, what is the prevalence of FASD among infants and children in foster care? Secondly, what is the likelihood of placement in foster care for infants and children with FASD? This review was designed using PRISMA‐SCR and JBI scoping review guidelines. Three databases were searched for the period June 2012 to June 2023: PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and Google Scholar for all countries. Overall prevalence estimates were calculated using a complementary log–log link model along with 95% confidence intervals. Firstly, the estimated prevalence of FASD among infants and children in foster care was 18.8%. Secondly, among children diagnosed with FASD 30.5% are placed into foster care, reflecting greatly increased risk of placement of infants and children with FASD in foster care. We conclude that routine screening for FASD is needed to improve the identification of infants and children with FASD. Increased attention is also needed on developing strategies for FASD prevention. Recognition that nearly one of every three children with FASD will enter foster care demonstrates the need for increased funding, enhanced training and greater availability of services for families and children impacted by FASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of ethanol on the fetus is a significant concern as an estimated 2–5% of live births may be affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. This exposure can lead to various functional and structural abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, diencephalon, and cerebellum, resulting in region-specific symptoms. The deficits relate to the motor and cognitive domains, affecting, in particular, general intelligence, attention, executive functions, language, memory, visual perception, and social skills—collectively called the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Recent studies suggest that damage to the developing cerebellum (in form of alcohol exposure) can impair the cortical targets of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical tract. This malfunction in the cerebello-cerebral loop optimization may be due to disruptions in the formation of the foundational elements of the internal model within the developing cerebellum. Alcohol exposure targets multiple nodes in the reciprocal loops between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Here, we examine the possibility that prenatal alcohol exposure damages the developing cerebellum and disrupts the connectivity within the cerebello-cerebral neuronal circuits, exacerbating FASD-related cortical dysfunctions. We propose that malfunctions between cerebellar internal model (critically involved in predictions) and cerebral regions contribute to the deficits observed in FASD. Given the major role of the cerebellum in motor, cognitive, and affective functions, we suggest that therapies should target these malfunctions to mitigate the burden of FASD. We discuss the concept of therapies oriented towards malfunctioning cerebello-cerebral loops (TOMCCLs), emphasizing anti-inflammatory strategies and treatments aimed at modulating cerebellar myelination to restore optimal and predictive cerebello-cerebral functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) can thrive with lifelong support in daily living activities. Previous research examining living support for adults with FASD has heavily relied on caregiver reports rather than lived experiences, which can undermine opportunities for self‐determination. In this study, we examined the perspectives of adults with FASD to better understand: (1) the ways in which they are supported with daily life activities; and (2) their ideal future living arrangements and supports. Methods: This article presents findings from the perspective of adults with FASD as part of a broader project involving both adults with FASD and the caregivers who support them. Interviews were conducted with four Canadian adults with FASD who live in housing with supportive services and seven adults with FASD who live at home with the support of caregivers. Framework analyses, a structured approach to analyzing qualitative data, were used to examine participants' perspectives. Results: In addition to providing support for previous findings, participants provided novel information regarding: (1) their daily living supports; (2) positive and negative aspects of their arrangements; and (3) ideal living environments and supports. Conclusions: This study offers insight into participants' perspectives regarding their living support, which is critical to inform housing and aid in self‐determination. Areas of support outlined by participants can be used to begin conversations regarding the support required in housing arrangements for adults with FASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Caregivers supporting adults with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) report concerns regarding living arrangements and services for their adult children with FASD. Best practices for living support for adults with FASD are under‐researched, and few studies have explored the experiences of caregivers whose children are adults. This study examined the perspectives of caregivers who support adults (18+) with FASD regarding: (1) current ways adults with FASD are supported with daily life activities; and (2) ideal future living arrangements and supports. Methods: This article presents findings from the perspective of caregivers who support adults with FASD, as part of a broader project involving both adults with FASD and caregivers. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 11 Canadian caregivers who live at home with an adult with FASD (aged 18+). Responses were examined using framework analysis, a structured approach to analyzing qualitative data. Results: Caregivers described their experiences and perspectives regarding: (1) current ways adults with FASD are supported in their daily activities; (2) strategies for successful support; (3) ideal future living arrangements and supports; and (4) concerns for the future. Notably, almost every participant raised pressing concerns regarding the future living arrangements for the person they support once they are no longer able to provide care. Conclusions: This study explores caregivers' perspectives regarding living support needed by adults with FASD, which can inform support programs and housing services. Findings demonstrate an urgent need for policy change directed toward developing available, affordable, and appropriate housing for adults with FASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A child's oral health impacts their development and quality of life. Children who live with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) face barriers to dental care combined with poorer oral health outcomes. However, how this affects their oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) is largely unknown. Thus, the aim of this study is to examine the OHRQoL of children living with FASD. Methods: This cross‐sectional survey used the Child Oral Health Impact Profile‐Short Form‐19 (COHIP‐SF‐19) to evaluate the OHRQoL quality of life of children (aged 8 to 15) living with FASD, compared to healthy controls. Results: A total of 332 children (or their caregivers) completed the survey. The survey results showed that children living with FASD reported significantly more untreated dental conditions. The majority of children in the control group experienced a low impact across the majority of COHIP‐SF‐19 domains. However, children living with FASD experienced significantly higher impact scores related to oral health, functional well‐being, and social‐emotional well‐being. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that children who live with FASD have a poorer OHRQoL. Overall, more investigation is necessary to identify the best ways to improve the OHRQoL of children living with FASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders affect up to 5% of the population, with additional children affected by prenatal drug exposures. The majority of these children display symptoms of ADHD and poor emotional dysregulation, a common reason for seeking psychiatric care. However, high prevalence of comorbid look-alike symptoms and limited availability of evidence-based treatments complicates psychiatric decision making in this population. The goal of the current study is to report on the effectiveness of psychotropic medications in a case series of 16 individuals with prenatal alcohol/drug exposure and propose a model for psychiatric care for this population. In addition to traditional subjective reports, an objective continuous performance test (T.O.V.A.®) was used to aid with guiding treatment. We found that T.O.V.A.®-scores improved on average from − 6.5 to − 2.9 with our psychiatric approach (p = 0.03). T.O.V.A.®-measurements were helpful in differentiating ADHD symptoms from comorbid symptoms and to guide decision-making on starting and changing medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children and youths diagnosed with FASD may experience a range of adverse health and social outcomes. This cross-sectional study investigated the characteristics and outcomes of children and youths diagnosed with FASD between 2015 and 2018 at the Sunny Hill Centre in British Columbia, Canada and examined the relationships between prenatal substance exposures, FASD diagnostic categories, and adverse health and social outcomes. Patient chart data were obtained for 1187 children and youths diagnosed with FASD and analyzed. The patients (mean age: 9.7 years; range: 2–19) had up to 6 physical and 11 mental health disorders. Prenatal exposure to other substances (in addition to alcohol) significantly increased the severity of FASD diagnosis (OR: 1.18): the odds of FASD with sentinel facial features (SFF) were 41% higher with prenatal cigarette/nicotine/tobacco exposure; 75% higher with exposure to cocaine/crack; and two times higher with exposure to opioids. Maternal mental health issues and poor nutrition also increase the severity of FASD diagnosis (60% and 6%, respectively). Prenatal exposure to other substances in addition to alcohol significantly predicts involvement in the child welfare system (OR: 1.52) and current substance use when adjusted for age (aOR: 1.51). Diagnosis of FASD with SFF is associated with an increased number of physical (R2 = 0.071, F (3,1183) = 30.51, p = 0.000) and mental health comorbidities (R2 = 0.023, F (3,1185) = 9.51, p = 0.000) as compared to FASD without SFF adjusted for age and the number of prenatal substances. Screening of pregnant women for alcohol and other substance use, mental health status, and nutrition is extremely important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is considered a lifelong disability that has been framed with neurobiological descriptions focused on the brain. These are important features but fail to tell the story of living with FASD. By surveying those with FASD, this work expanded upon prior survey work which illustrated a multitude of early-onset physiological issues occurring at rates much higher than is typical of the general population. The current project, again using an anonymous survey methodology, sought to open up other direct experiences to better understand the complexity of living with FASD. An anonymous online survey was used to gather data on adversity in childhood, schooling, employment, housing and finances, and involvement with the criminal justice system, as well as relationships and parenting. Results indicate high levels of adversity throughout the life span; vulnerability to manipulation, which is connected to involvement in the criminal justice system; struggles with housing; economic instability; and struggles maintaining employment, as well as difficulties with social and familial relationships. Systemic stigma was also identified. Suggestions are offered to inform others on how support can be enhanced and targeted with a goal of improving quality of life, as well as dealing with self-imposed stigma. The survey was developed by adults living with FASD who have served as a long-standing advocacy and educational group influencing policy and practice in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects an estimated 2–5% of North Americans. FASD is induced by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) during pregnancy and while there is a clear genetic contribution, few genetic factors are currently identified or understood. In this study, using a candidate gene approach, we performed a genetic variant analysis of retinoic acid (RA) metabolic and developmental signaling pathway genes on whole exome sequencing data of 23 FASD-diagnosed individuals. We found risk and resilience alleles in ADH and ALDH genes known to normally be involved in alcohol detoxification at the expense of RA production, causing RA deficiency, following PAE. Risk and resilience variants were also identified in RA-regulated developmental pathway genes, especially in SHH and WNT pathways. Notably, we also identified significant variants in the causative genes of rare neurodevelopmental disorders sharing comorbidities with FASD, including STRA6 (Matthew–Wood), SOX9 (Campomelic Dysplasia), FDG1 (Aarskog), and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (TBX1). Although this is a small exploratory study, the findings support PAE-induced RA deficiency as a major etiology underlying FASD and suggest risk and resilience variants may be suitable biomarkers to determine the risk of FASD outcomes following PAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sleep plays an important role in neurodevelopment. However, the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on sleep quality have been understudied, despite reports of sleep disturbance in infants prenatally exposed to alcohol and elevated levels of sleep problems reported by caregivers of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. The current study characterizes sleep in children with prenatal alcohol exposure using both objective (actigraphy) and subjective (questionnaires, sleep diaries) methods. Methods: Participants aged 6–10 years, with and without prenatal alcohol exposure, were included in the study (alcohol‐exposed [AE]: n = 35; control [CON]: n = 39). Objective sleep was measured via 24‐h actigraphy for 2 weeks. Parents completed sleep diaries and sleep questionnaires (Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire, Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire). Multivariate analysis of variance was used to characterize the sleep profile (objective, subjective) and examine group differences. Results: There were no group differences on actigraphy metrics averaged across 2 weeks. However, the AE group showed significantly greater intraindividual variability on most actigraphy measures, particularly total sleep time, percent sleep, wake after sleep onset, and number of wake bouts. Parents reported significantly more sleep problems in the AE group than in the CON group, primarily driven by night wakings, parasomnias (e.g., sleepwalking), snoring, and daytime sleepiness. These effects were more severe in children >8.5 years of age. Conclusions: Despite similar 2‐week average sleep outcomes, children with prenatal alcohol exposure showed greater intraindividual sleep variability and parents reported more sleep problems related to sleep behavior and snoring. These difficulties with sleep may be related to other cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Importantly, sleep is a modifiable behavior, and interventions that focus on variability in sleep, particularly in sleep duration, can impact the quality of life in children with prenatal alcohol exposure and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the establishment of a clear link between maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and certain birth defects, the research into the treatment of FASD has become increasingly sophisticated. The field has begun to explore the possibility of intervening at different levels, and animal studies have provided valuable insights into the pathophysiology of the disease, forming the basis for implementing potential therapies with increasingly precise mechanisms. The recent reports suggest that compounds that reduce the severity of neurodevelopmental deficits, including glial cell function and myelination, and/or target oxidative stress and inflammation may be effective in treating FASD. Our goal in writing this article was to analyze and synthesize current experimental therapeutic interventions for FASD, elucidating their potential mechanisms of action, translational relevance, and implications for clinical application. This review exclusively focuses on animal models and the interventions used in these models to outline the current direction of research. We conclude that given the complexity of the underlying mechanisms, a multifactorial approach combining nutritional supplementation, pharmacotherapy, and behavioral techniques tailored to the stage and severity of the disease may be a promising avenue for further research in humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal models have been essential for advancing research of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in humans, but few animal species effectively replicate the behavioural and clinical signs of FASD. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is a previously unexplored research model for FASD that offers the distinct benefit of highly social behaviour. In this study, we chronically exposed honey bee larvae to incremental concentrations of 0, 3, 6, and 10% ethanol in the larval diet using an in vitro rearing protocol and measured developmental time and survival to adult eclosion, as well as body weight and motor activity of newly emerged adult bees. Larvae reared on 6 and 10% dietary ethanol demonstrated significant, dose-responsive delays to pupation and decreased survival and adult body weight. All ethanol-reared adults showed significantly decreased motor activity. These results suggest that honey bees may be a suitable social animal model for future FASD research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Screening for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) has been identified as a promising approach to improve recognition, understanding and effective response to the unique needs of those with FASD in criminal legal settings. However, to date, there has been limited synthesis of relevant screening tools, indicators, or implementation considerations in this context. Aims: The present review aimed to synthesise evidence and develop a conceptual framework for understanding how, when, why, for whom and by whom FASD screening tools, items and/or indicators and characteristics serve to accurately identify people with FASD in criminal legal contexts, with consideration of individual and system needs relevant to effective implementation and response. Methods: A preregistered search was conducted using a modified realist review framework for both peer‐reviewed articles and grey literature. Included sources were available in English, which focused on individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure and/or FASD with criminal legal involvement and offered new empirical evidence. Sources were reviewed using the Quality Control Tool for Screening Titles and Abstracts by Second Reviewer framework, extracted using a structured coding form and narratively synthesised. Results: The search yielded 52 sources, 11 FASD screening tools designed for or applied in criminal legal settings and 38 potential FASD indicators or characteristics relevant to identifying people who may have FASD in criminal legal settings, organised into six conceptually related domains. There was limited evidence supporting the psychometric properties of screening tools across populations or settings, though growing evidence highlights the promise of some instruments. Although few studies characterised potential considerations to be made when implementing a screening tool or approach, both system and individual level needs related to recognising and effectively responding to FASD in criminal legal contexts were identified, and findings revealed strong support among legal and clinical professionals regarding the need for FASD screening in these settings. Conclusions: Findings of this review can be used to inform the development, selection, implementation and evaluation of FASD screening tools in criminal legal settings and underscore a continued need for enhanced resources, policy and cross‐sectoral response to better support the needs of people with FASD in the criminal legal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Even though adults with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are at risk of negative life outcomes, there is no published evidence of this in South Africa, which has the highest estimated FASD prevalence rate globally. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to describe and compare the life outcomes of adults with FASD and adults without FASD in a South African rural community, 16 years after diagnosis. Method: Participants were examined and interviewed regarding their biographical information, knowledge of FASD, information on their family, relationships, home circumstances, education, work and medical history. Results: Adults with FASD were less likely to be in a relationship and more likely to have poor educational outcomes and to be exposed to violence as victim or perpetrator than their peers who did not have FASD. None of the participants with FASD completed secondary school successfully. No differences were found for independent living, employment, health, substance use and legal outcomes, between the foetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) or partial foetal alcohol syndrome (PFAS) and control group. Conclusion: While significant differences existed in certain aspects, differences are not as stark as one would expect between individuals with FASD and controls. Contribution: This study highlights the importance of considering the social context in which a FASD diagnosis is made. The comparative negative impact of an FASD diagnosis and the associated challenges on life outcomes may be less pronounced in rural communities where everyone has fewer opportunities and resources. This can also make the unique needs of persons with disabilities less visible.

Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) comprises a combination of developmental, cognitive, and behavioral disabilities that occur in children exposed to alcohol prenatally. A higher prevalence of epilepsy and pathological electroencephalographic (EEG) features have also been reported in individuals with FASD. We examined the frequency of epilepsy, pathological EEG findings, and their implications for cognitive and adaptive functioning in children with FASD. Methods: We conducted a cross‐sectional study of 148 children with FASD who underwent a multidisciplinary assessment and a 120‐min EEG recording. Group comparisons and regression analyses were performed to test the associations between epilepsy and pathological EEG findings, FASD subgroups and neurocognitive test results and adaptive functioning. Results: The frequency of epilepsy was 6%, which compares with 0.7% in Norway overall. Seventeen percent of children without epilepsy had pathological EEG findings. Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was diagnosed in 64% of the children. Children with epilepsy and/or pathological EEG findings had comparable cognitive and adaptive scores to those with normal EEG. However, children with frontal EEG pathology (without epilepsy) had significantly lower scores on the IQ indices Processing speed and Working memory than FASD children without such findings, irrespective of ADHD comorbidity. Conclusions: There was a greater prevalence of epilepsy among children with FASD than in the general Norwegian population. A greater frequency of EEG pathology was also evident in children without epilepsy, across all FASD subgroups. Irrespective of epilepsy, ADHD comorbidity, and FASD subgroup, children with frontal EEG pathology, despite having a normal total IQ, showed significantly slower processing speed and poorer working memory, which may indicate specific executive function deficits that could affect learning and adaptive functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a common developmental disability that requires lifelong and ongoing support but is often difficult to find due to the lack of trained professionals, funding, and support available. Technology could provide cost-effective, accessible, and effective support to those living with FASD and their caregivers. Objective: In this review, we aimed to explore the use of technology available for supporting people living with FASD and their caregivers. Methods: We conducted a scoping review to identify studies that included technology for people with FASD or their caregivers; focused on FASD; used an empirical study design; were published since 2005; and used technology for assessment, diagnosis, monitoring, or support for people with FASD. We searched MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, APA PsycINFO, ACM Digital Library, JMIR Publications journals, the Cochrane Library, EBSCOhost, IEEE, study references, and gray literature to find studies. Searches were conducted in November 2022 and updated in January 2024. Two reviewers (CZC and HW) independently completed study selection and data extraction. Results: In total, 17 studies exploring technology available for people with FASD showed that technology could be effective at teaching skills, supporting caregivers, and helping people with FASD develop skills. Conclusions: Technology could provide support for people affected by FASD; however, currently there is limited technology available, and the potential benefits are largely unexplored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), the leading known cause of childhood developmental disability, has long‐lasting effects extending throughout the lifespan. It is well documented that children prenatally exposed to alcohol have difficulties inhibiting behavior and sustaining attention. Thus, the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART), a Go/No‐go paradigm, is especially well suited to assess the behavioral and neural functioning characteristics of children with PAE. In this study, we utilized neuropsychological assessment, parent/guardian questionnaires, and magnetoencephalography during SART random and fixed orders to assess characteristics of children 8–12 years old prenatally exposed to alcohol compared to typically developing children. Compared to neurotypical control children, children with a Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) diagnosis had significantly decreased performance on neuropsychological measures, had deficiencies in task‐based performance, were rated as having increased Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) behaviors and as having lower cognitive functioning by their caretakers, and had decreased peak amplitudes in Broadmann's Area 44 (BA44) during SART. Further, MEG peak amplitude in BA44 was found to be significantly associated with neuropsychological test results, parent/guardian questionnaires, and task‐based performance such that decreased amplitude was associated with poorer performance. In exploratory analyses, we also found significant correlations between total cortical volume and MEG peak amplitude indicating that the reduced amplitude is likely related in part to reduced overall brain volume often reported in children with PAE. These findings show that children 8–12 years old with an FASD diagnosis have decreased amplitudes in BA44 during SART random order, and that these deficits are associated with multiple behavioral measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental exposure to ethanol is a leading cause of cognitive, emotional and behavioral problems, with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) affecting more than 1:100 children. Recently, comorbid sleep deficits have been highlighted in these disorders, with sleep repair a potential therapeutic target. Animal models of FASD have shown non-REM (NREM) sleep fragmentation and slow-wave oscillation impairments that predict cognitive performance. Here we use a mouse model of perinatal ethanol exposure to explore whether reduced sleep pressure may contribute to impaired NREM sleep, and compare the function of a brain network reported to be impacted by insomnia–the Salience network–in developmental ethanol-exposed mice with sleep-deprived, saline controls. Mice were exposed to ethanol or saline on postnatal day 7 (P7) and allowed to mature to adulthood for testing. At P90, telemetered cortical recordings were made for assessment of NREM sleep in home cage before and after 4 h of sleep deprivation to assess basal NREM sleep and homeostatic NREM sleep response. To assess Salience network functional connectivity, mice were exposed to the 4 h sleep deprivation period or left alone, then immediately sacrificed for immunohistochemical analysis of c-Fos expression. The results show that developmental ethanol severely impairs both normal rebound NREM sleep and sleep deprivation induced increases in slow-wave activity, consistent with reduced sleep pressure. Furthermore, the Salience network connectome in rested, ethanol-exposed mice was most similar to that of sleep-deprived, saline control mice, suggesting a sleep deprivation-like state of Salience network function after developmental ethanol even without sleep deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many health and social care professionals have identified the need for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder training, yet this training has not always been accessible, especially in regional, rural, and remote locations. E-learning can overcome barriers to in-person training, and several e-learning resources for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder exist online. This study undertook an environmental scan to locate and describe freely available English language e-learning modules for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, to understand the scale and scope of what they encompass. A data extraction tool was created to describe the content and characteristics, including the focus, level of complexity, target audience, and information formats used. Fifteen e-Learning modules met the inclusion criteria for the study. Each provided a general background on fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, including its prevalence, causes, signs, and symptoms, and some provided more in-depth medical and diagnostic information. Many of the modules lacked content related to the social factors that impact the lived experience of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, the strengths of individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and the diagnosis, management, and support of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder in adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous reviews have examined annual mean costs of care for individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), costs of the health burden, costs to the justice system, productivity losses for caregivers, and both the monetary and nonmonetary costs of reduced quality of life. However, because there have been no published reviews focused on understanding the resource implications and specific service features for the assessment and diagnostic process for FASD, the current scoping review investigated the available evidence on these topics. Eligible studies were identified through a systematic search of six databases and included if they contained information on the potential costs or models of care associated with undertaking an assessment for FASD. Data were charted, underwent content analysis, and were reported according to the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. Eleven studies were included in the final qualitative synthesis. The primary patient costs were attributed to the lengthy time required for diagnosis (up to 47 h). The primary service costs were attributed to costs of clinicians and support personnel and the involvement of multidisciplinary teams in the assessment process. Estimates of the specific dollar values of diagnostic costs were limited and varied between studies. Several models of care were explored, primarily in Canadian clinics, which aimed to capitalize on available services to improve accessibility and patient care and reduce service costs. This study provides important preliminary insights into the resource implications and models of care involved in the diagnostic assessment of FASD. However, the low number of available studies and variability in available data highlight the need for formal costing studies and detailed information gathering on available models of care to inform future clinical practice and policy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We undertook a scoping review to identify the factors outside of current fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) diagnostic criteria to be considered as part of a holistic assessment process. This included physical, social, cultural, mental health and wellbeing factors to inform targeted recommendations and supports to improve outcomes for individuals with FASD. Evidence from this review will be used to inform the revision of the Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD. Six electronic databases were searched. Studies were eligible if they included factors outside of the diagnostic criteria that cover dysmorphology, growth restriction, neurodevelopmental impairments. Data charting and content analysis were performed to synthesize the results. One hundred twenty‐one studies were included that spanned 12 key areas These included physical health, sleep, adverse postnatal experiences, substance use/other risk‐taking behaviors, contact with the criminal justice system, mental health, First Nations cultural considerations, transition to adult roles, involvement with the out‐of‐home care system, feeding and eating, strengths/interests/external resources and incontinence. Areas to be considered as part of a holistic assessment and diagnostic process spanned individual, family, and system level factors. Results provide guidance for clinicians on the wide range of factors that could influence long‐term health, development, and wellbeing for individuals with prenatal alcohol exposure and FASD. In practice, this guidance can be used to inform an individualized assessment process to facilitate tailored recommendations and supports to best meet the complex needs of individuals living with FASD and their families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The oral health status of an individual can dramatically influence quality of life. Most individuals in Canada report having good oral health, however, this is not true for individuals with developmental disabilities such as fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The purpose of this study is to compare the oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) of individuals with FASD and the general population in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Additionally, it aims to suggest ways to improve the oral health status and OHRQoL of these individuals. Methods: For this cross-sectional study, the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) survey was used to assess the impact that oral health related problems can have on an individual's quality life. This study used a cross-sectional cohort study design with a survey methodology. The sample population compromised of 154 individuals with FASD along with a separate control group of 154 otherwise healthy adults. Results: The results of the study showed that most of the individuals in the FASD group experienced pain in the past month. In both groups, cost was most frequently cited as a barrier to accessing care. The majority of individuals in the control group experienced a low impact across all OHIP-14 domains except for physical disabilities. However, in the FASD group, most individuals experienced higher impact scores in some of the categories including functional limitation, psychological discomfort, psychological disability and handicap. Conclusion: The findings clearly demonstrate that there is a discernible effect on an individual's quality of life if they have poor oral health. In conclusion, further research is required to determine the most effective methods to improve the OHRQoL of individuals with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In comparison to the neurotypical population, individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are over-represented in the criminal justice system (CJS). This study explores the perspectives of a small sample of individuals with FASD regarding the factors that predispose them to encounters with the CJS, and their experiences during investigative interviews. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with ten individuals with FASD, aged between 12 and 46 years old (mean age 20.1 years). Interviews were a combination of remote audio-recorded, video-recorded, and face-to-face interviews administered by parents/carers. NVivo was used to collate, organise, and explore data. Data were analysed by reflexive thematic analysis. Results: Three over-arching themes were generated from seven sub-themes: “personality/individual triggers to CJS encounters” which described vulnerabilities, such as a tendency to be impulsive and to accept suggestions, “encounters ‘fuelled’ by society” where examples of exploitation, police's aggressive approach and lack of knowledge were given. The final theme of “sense of self-awareness” demonstrated that participants had a sense of appreciation of their strengths and abilities. Conclusion: Individuals with FASD are highly vulnerable to, and within, encounters with the CJS. Procedural justice will benefit by employing alternative methods in dealing with situations where individuals with FASD may be involved, and in obtaining information via interviews from the FASD population.

Prenatal alcohol exposure can impair placentation and cause intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), fetal demise, and fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). Previous studies showed that ethanol's inhibition of placental insulin and insulin-like growth factor, type 1 (IGF-1) signaling compromises trophoblastic cell motility and maternal vascular transformation at the implantation site. Since soy isolate supports insulin responsiveness, we hypothesized that dietary soy could be used to normalize placentation and fetal growth in an experimental model of FASD. Pregnant Long-Evans rat dams were fed with isocaloric liquid diets containing 0% or 8.2% ethanol (v/v) from gestation day (GD) 6. Dietary protein sources were either 100% soy isolate or 100% casein (standard). Gestational sacs were harvested on GD19 to evaluate fetal resorption, fetal growth parameters, and placental morphology. Placental insulin/IGF-1 signaling through Akt pathways was assessed using commercial bead-based multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Dietary soy markedly reduced or prevented the ethanol-associated fetal loss, IUGR, FASD dysmorphic features, and impairments in placentation/maturation. Furthermore, ethanol's inhibitory effects on the placental glycogen cell population at the junctional zone, invasive trophoblast populations at the implantation site, maternal vascular transformation, and signaling through the insulin and IGF1 receptors, Akt and PRAS40 were largely abrogated by co-administration of soy. Dietary soy may provide an economically feasible and accessible means of reducing adverse pregnancy outcomes linked to gestational ethanol exposure. • Gestational dietary soy consumption prevents fetal loss, intrauterine growth restriction, and critical dysmorphic craniofacial features of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. • Dietary soy isolate preserves the integrity of placentation despite continuous high-level gestational alcohol exposure. • Soy isolate preserves the integrity of placental insulin signal transduction through Akt cell survival and metabolic pathways in an experimental fetal alcohol spectrum disorder model. • Soy isolate enhances development in control animals, suggesting it may provide an accessible means to globally reduce rates of low birth weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) can experience multiple layers of adversity that increase vulnerability to justice involvement. Given the systemic overrepresentation of Indigenous Peoples in the justice system, community-based interventions are important for supporting Indigenous individuals with FASD who are justice-involved, yet little is known about individual experiences with such interventions. In this community-based study, we conducted interviews with 12 adults in an FASD-informed Indigenous justice program, revealing stories of coping, growth, and hope. Findings suggest that blending FASD assessment with restorative justice approaches can contribute to physical, human, family/social, and community/cultural resources that support wellbeing. We describe tangible strengths and processes to leverage in practice and policy for supporting justice-involved individuals with FASD across settings and communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) causes neuroinflammation that may contribute to the pathophysiology underlying Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder. Supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has shown success in mitigating effects of PAE in animal models, however, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Some PUFA metabolites, specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs), play a role in the resolution phase of inflammation, and receptors for these are in the brain. Methods: To test the hypothesis that the SPM receptors FPR2 and ChemR23 play a role in PAE-induced behavioral deficits, we exposed pregnant wild-type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice to alcohol in late gestation and behaviorally tested male and female offspring as adolescents and young adults. Results: Maternal and fetal outcomes were not different among genotypes, however, growth and behavioral phenotypes in the offspring did differ and the effects of PAE were unique to each line. In the absence of PAE, ChemR23 KO animals showed decreased anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze and FPR2 KO had poor grip strength and low activity compared to age-matched WT mice. WT mice showed improved performance on fear conditioning between adolescence and young adulthood, this was not seen in either KO. Discussion: This PAE model has subtle effects on WT behavior with lower activity levels in young adults, decreased grip strength in males between test ages, and decreased response to the fear cue indicating an effect of alcohol exposure on learning. The PAE-mediated decreased response to the fear cue was also seen in ChemR23 KO but not FPR2 KO mice, and PAE worsened performance of adolescent FPR2 KO mice on grip strength and activity. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic insight into how PUFAs could act to attenuate cognitive impairments caused by PAE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early assessment and diagnosis of FASD are crucial in providing therapeutic interventions that aim to enhance meaningful participation and quality of life for individuals and their families, while reducing psychosocial difficulties that may arise during adolescence and adulthood. Individuals with lived experience of FASD have expertise based on their own lives and family needs. Their insights into the assessment and diagnostic process are valuable for improving service delivery and informing the provision of meaningful, person‐ and family‐centered care. To date, reviews have focused broadly on the experiences of living with FASD. The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize qualitative evidence on the lived experiences of the diagnostic assessment process for FASD. Six electronic databases, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, CINAH, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched from inception until February 2021, and updated in December 2022. A manual search of reference lists of included studies identified additional studies for inclusion. The quality of included studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Program Checklist for Qualitative Studies. Data from included studies were synthesized using a thematic analysis approach. GRADE‐CERQual was used to assess confidence in the review findings. Ten studies met the selection criteria for inclusion in the review. Thematic analysis identified 10 first‐level themes relating to four over‐arching topics: (1) pre‐assessment concerns and challenges, (2) the diagnostic assessment process, (3) receipt of the diagnosis, and (4) post‐assessment adaptations and needs. GRADE‐CERQual confidence ratings for each of the review themes were moderate to high. The findings from this review have implications for referral pathways, client‐centered assessment processes, and post‐diagnostic recommendations and support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has consistently shown that parents of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) experience greater levels of stress, severely impacting their quality of life. Since the beginning of the COVID19 pandemic, there has been a growing concern about increased challenges experienced by these families. A mixed-methods approach was used to address our research questions. An anonymous online survey (n = 17) along with semi-structured interviews (n = 10) conducted over the time period of October and November 2020 were used to explore the needs and challenges of families of children and youth with FASD during the pandemic. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The most striking finding for caregivers was an increased occurrence of their children's challenging behaviours, including aggression. Previous mental health issues of children were reported as being exacerbated due to the disruption in services, loss of routines and structures. Several parents reported being diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder as a result of caring for their children. Placement instability, mental health issues in the child, siblings and parents were all amplified. This study underscores the need for increased mental health support for individuals with FASD and their families, including safe and accessible respite options and interventions to respond to dangerous behaviours and aggression both during the pandemic and postpandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a retrospective chart review of 55 persons (mean age 11 years, range 2–28 years) diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in one Finnish central hospital. The aim was to determine typical problems and interventions and estimate their costs during different periods of childhood between ages 0 and 16. During the first year, 29/38 (76.3%) were treated in the neonatal intensive care unit, 29/43 (67.4%) received physiotherapy, 15/43 (34.9%) were diagnosed with congenital malformation, 8/43 (18.6%) had heart defects. Between 1 and 6 years, 39/45 (86.7%) received occupational therapy, 25/45 (55.6%) speech therapy, and 12/45 (26.7%) were diagnosed with strabismus. Between 7 and 12 years, 25/37 (67.6%) were diagnosed with ADHD and special education was recommended for 30/37 (81.1%). Learning disorders and the need for psychiatric care increased with age. Between 13 and 16 years, 12/15 (80%) were treated in the psychiatric unit, and by this age, 8/15 (53.3%) were diagnosed with intellectual disability. Before 16 years, 44/55 (80%) were placed out of home, which caused 78.5% of the estimated cumulative mean extra costs of EUR 1,077,000 in 2022 currency. Except for psychiatric costs, health care costs were highest during early years. Charting typical patterns of problems may help in identifying children with FASD and planning follow-ups, content of assessments, and interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]