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In this study, we hypothesized that blunting of the natriuresis response to intracerebroventricularly (ICV) microinjected adrenergic agonists is involved in the development of hypertension in maternal low-protein intake (LP) offspring. A stainless steel cannula was stereotaxically implanted into the right lateral ventricle (LV), then we evaluated the ICV administration of adrenergic agonists at increasing concentrations, and of α1 and α2-adrenoceptor antagonists on blood pressure and urinary sodium handling in LP offspring relative to an age-matched normal-protein intake (NP) group. We confirmed that epinephrine (Epi) microinjected into the LV of conscious NP rats leads to enhanced natriuresis followed by a reduction in arterial pressure. This response is associated with increased proximal and post-proximal sodium excretion accompanied by an unchanged glomerular filtration rate. The current study showed, in both NP and LP offspring, that the natriuretic effect of Epi injection into the LV was abolished by prior local microinjection of an α1-adrenoceptor antagonist (prazosin). Conversely, LV α2-adrenoceptor antagonist (yohimbine) administration potentiated the action of Epi. The LV yohimbine pretreatment normalized urinary sodium excretion and reduced the blood pressure in LP compared with age-matched NP offspring. These are, as far as we are aware, the first results showing the role of central adrenergic receptors’ interaction on hypertension pathogenesis in maternal LP fetal-programming offspring. This study also provides good evidence for the existence of central nervous system adrenergic mechanisms consisting of α1 and α2-adrenoceptors, which work reciprocally on the control of renal sodium excretion and blood pressure. Although the precise mechanism of the different natriuretic response of NP and LP rats is still uncertain, these results lead us to speculate that inappropriate neural adrenergic pathways might have significant effects on tubule sodium transport, resulting in the inability of the kidneys to control hydrosaline balance and, consequently, an increase in blood pressure., Summary: We evaluated the effect of intracerebroventricular microinjections of adrenergic agonists at increasing concentrations, and μ1 and μ2-adrenergic receptors antagonists on blood pressure and urinary sodium in hypertensive low- and normal-protein rat offdpring.

Orientador: Jose Antonio Rocha Gontijo Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas Resumo: O estresse gestacional afeta diversas regiões neurais incluindo hipocampo, amígdala, corpo caloso, neocortéx, cerebelo e hipotálamo e frequentemente resulta em redução no volume dos tecidos que compõem estas estruturas. A formação hipocampal tem sido alvo de diversos estudos devido a sua importância na plasticidade neural, na neurogênese e na regulação de processos cognitivos. Dessa forma, este estudo buscou avaliar os efeitos da restrição proteica, durante a gestação e amamentação, sobre a estrutura do hipocampo e o comportamento relacionado à memória e emoções (ansiedade/medo) bem como sobre a composição celular desta estrutura cerebral e, a influência sobre estes parâmetros morfológicos e comportamentais, da exposição da prole de ratos machos ao ambiente enriquecido. Os achados deste estudo representam o impacto pré e perinatal da desnutrição proteica correspondente à situação de estresse nutricional, no hipocampo que está envolvido no comportamento emocional bem como na memória e no aprendizado. O estudo revelou dissociação entre a resposta do teste comportamental e alterações no número de neurônios hipocampais, como consequência da programação fetal. A ausência de alterações basais no desempenho destes testes, ocorreram a despeito de redução no número de neurônios no giro denteado do hipocampo. Vários autores têm sugerido que a atrofia observada no hipocampo pode ser uma resposta compensatória para proteger o hipocampo de danos adicionais. Nós demonstramos, pela primeira vez, que a exposição materna a restrição proteica durante o desenvolvimento neural da prole causa importantes mudanças morfológicas no hipocampo podendo tornar estes animais vulneráveis a distúrbios neurais na idade adulta. O presente estudo pelo menos sob aspecto morfológico ponderal confirma a teoria do "cérebro egoísta", um paradigma recente que postula que, para manter estável seu próprio fornecimento de energia, o cérebro modula o metabolismo da energia na periferia regulando tanto a alocação quanto a ingestão de nutrientes. Neste trabalho, a ausência de alterações ponderais encefálicas não está associada às intensas modificações na composição citológica, particularmente hipocampal, nos diferentes grupos experimentais. Embora pareça que as alterações nutricionais promovam alterações irreversíveis ponderais na massa corporal, mas não no encéfalo e algumas de suas estruturas fundamentais, a composição e estrutura neuronal e sua recuperação a partir de células primordiais, são profundamente modificadas pela restrição dietética materna e, surpreendentemente, pela exposição ao ambiente enriquecido. Assim, podemos afirmar que a teoria do cérebro egoísta explica a manutenção da massa encefálica entretanto, a proporção dos diferentes tipos celulares é profundamente alterada o que pode expandir nosso entendimento sobre a adaptação ao estresse e a neuro-regeneração em estados neuro-comportamentais tidos como anormais. Além disso, devemos ressaltar que, embora tenhamos observado redução significativa no número de neurônios após o período de amamentação, demonstramos pela primeira vez que este parâmetro é revertido pelo estimulo em ambiente enriquecido Abstract: he stress affects neural regions including gestational hippocampus, amygdala, corpus callosum, neocortex, cerebellum and hypothalamus and often results in a reduction in the volume of the tissues that make up these structures. The hippocampal gyrus training has been the subject of several studies due to its importance in neural plasticity in neurogenesis and regulation of cognitive processes. Thus, this study sought to assess the effects of protein restriction, during pregnancy and breastfeeding, on the structure of hippocampus, their duties on the memory and emotions (anxiety/fear) as well as on the cellular composition of this brain structure and influence over these morphological and behavioral parameters, the exposure of the offspring of male rats to the enriched environment. The findings of this study represent the pre and perinatal impact of malnutrition protein corresponding to situation of nutritional stress in the hippocampus, which is involved in emotional behavior as well as in memory and learning. The study revealed decoupling the behavioral test response and changes in the number of hipocampais neurons, as a consequence of fetal programming. The absence of basal changes in performance of these tests, occurred in spite of reduction in the number of neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. Several authors have suggested that the observed atrophy in the hippocampus may be a compensatory response to protect the hippocampus of additional damage. We have demonstrated, for the first time, that maternal exposure to protein restriction during neural development of offspring cause important morphological changes in hippocampus may make these animals vulnerable to neural disorders in adulthood. The present study at least under morphological aspect by confirming the "selfish brain" theory, a recent paradigm that posits that in order to keep stable its own energy supply, the brain modulates the energy metabolism in the periphery by regulating both the allocation as the intake of nutrients. In this work, the unmodified brain mass, do not match with the intensity of cytological composition changes, particularly of the hippocampal nucleus, in different experimental groups. Although it seems that the nutritional changes promote irreversible changes in body mass, but not in the brain and some of its fundamental structures, composition and neuronal structure and its recovery from primordial cells, are deeply modified by the maternal dietary restriction and, surprisingly, by exposure to oxygen-enriched environment. Thus, we can affirm that the selfish brain theory explains the maintenance of brain matter however, the proportion of the different cell types is profoundly changed what can expand our understanding of the adaptation to stress and neuro-regeneration in neuro-behavioral States regarded as abnormal. Moreover, we must emphasize that, while we have observed a significant reduction in the number of neurons after the period of breastfeeding, we demonstrate for the first time this parameter is reversed by stimulus in enriched Mestrado Fisiopatologia Médica Mestre em Ciências CAPES

Submitted by Boris Flegr (boris@uerj.br) on 2021-01-05T18:07:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo de Oliveira Silva Junior Tese completa.pdf: 6479479 bytes, checksum: a1946b21845635a9821327ff2ba50b05 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2021-01-05T18:07:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Geraldo de Oliveira Silva Junior Tese completa.pdf: 6479479 bytes, checksum: a1946b21845635a9821327ff2ba50b05 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-10-14 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Programming of fetal development is considered to be an important risk factor for non-communicable diseases of adulthood, including coronary heart disease (CHD). Aiming to investigate the association between maternal nutrition and the development of the coronary arteries (CA) in staged mice embryos, C57BL/6 mice embryos from stages 16 to 23 were taken from mothers fed a normal protein (NP) or low protein (LP) diet, and the CA were studied. Although the LP embryos had lower masses, they had faster heart growth rates when compared to the NP embryos. The subepicardial plexuses were observed earlier in the NP embryos (stage 20) than in the LP ones (stage 22) (P