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Background: Fever of unknown origin (FUO) has been difficult to diagnose in pediatric clinical practice. With the gradual change in the disease spectrum, genetic factors have received increasing attention. Limited studies have shown an association between FUO and chromosomal abnormalities. In this study, we investigated the clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with FUO presenting with chromosomal abnormalities in a Chinese pediatric cohort., Results: Chromosomal abnormalities were detected in 5.5% (8/145) of the patients with FUO. Six patients with inflammatory fever presented with pharyngitis/amygdalitis (4/6), oral aphthous ulcer (2/6), digestive symptoms (3/6), developmental delay (4/6) and elevated C-reactive protein levels (6/6) during fever. These patients were often considered to have systemic inflammatory diseases, such as Behcet's disease or systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Trisomy 8, 7q11.23 dup, 3p26.3-p26.1 del/17q12 dup, 22q11.21 del, and 6q23.3-q24.1 del were identified in patients with inflammatory fever. The TNFAIP3 gene was included in the 6q23.3-q24.1 deletion fragment. Two patients with central fever were characterized by facial anomalies, developmental delay, seizures and no response to antipyretic drugs and were identified as carrying the de novo 18q22.3-q23 del. By performing a literature review, an additional 19 patients who had FUO and chromosomal abnormalities were identified. Trisomy 8, 6q23.2-q24.3 del and 18q22.3-q23 del were reported to present as fever, similar to the findings of our study., Conclusions: We emphasized the important role of detecting chromosomal abnormalities in patients with FUO, especially in patients with systemic inflammatory manifestations or developmental delay. Identifying chromosomal abnormalities may change the diagnosis and management of patients with FUO., (© 2022. The Author(s).)