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В статті розглянуто результати досліджень міцнісних характеристик відбитків, припресованих плівкою. Різноматність технологій оздоблення дозволяє реалізовувати у виданні задум художника чи дизайнера, надає оригінальності, сприяє його просуванню на ринку. Одним із найрозповсюдженіших способів покращення зовнішнього вигляду друкованих видань є технологія припресування плівкою. Останнім часом процеси припресування плівок використовують не тільки на поліграфічних підприємствах, де є великоформатне устаткування, а й в малих друкарнях, які виготовляють поліграфічну продукцію малими накладами, друкуючи цифровим способом друку. На якість процесу припресування плівкою істотно впливають властивості паперу, фарби, плівки, відсоток накладання фарби при цифровому друці, технологічні режими обладнання. Щоб звести до мінімуму виникнення дефектів, потрібно враховувати всі фактори, що впливають на технологічний процес. Крім того, видання характеризуються терміном служби, який визначається механічною міцністю на згинання після технологічних операцій бігування, фальцювання, тиснення й характеризує довговічність видання. Особливу увагу приділяється технологічним режимам ламінаторів, а саме температурі каландрів, швидкості, силі притискування. Залежно від методу друку, цифрового обладнання, до складу фарби (тонеру), можуть входити складники, хімічний склад яких значно погіршує адгезію плівки. Низьку адгезію плівки до задрукованого паперу зумовлюють такі причини: несумісність фарби (тонеру) та клею; наявність компонентів, чутливих до дії високих температур; неправильний вибір параметрів проведення технологічного процесу припресування. Дослідження на міцність відбитка після процесу припресування плівкою дозволили отримати результати, які підтверджують, що при цифровому друці на якість припресування плівкою мають вплив властивості паперу, фарби (тонеру) й технологічні режими обладнання. The research’s results on strength characteristics of laminating imprints are described in the article. The technology of decoration unevenness allows to realize the artist or the designer idea in the publication, gives a unique view, promotes it’s in the market. One of the most common ways of improving the appearance of imprints is apply the laminated films’ technology. Recently, this process is used not only in polygraphic enterprises, where there is large-format equipment but also in small printing offices, which produce printing products with small copes amount, printing by digital printing. The quality of the laminating process is significantly affected by the paper’s quality and properties, ink, film, the overprinting percentage in digital printing, equipment technological aspects. To minimize the occurrence of defects, it is necessary to take into account all the factors, influencing for technological process. In addition, the publications are characterized by the age of service, which is determined by the mechanical flexural strength after machining operations of joint forming, folding, pressing and characterizing the publication’s useful life. The special attention is paid to the laminating aspects, namely the temperature of calenders, the speed, the force of compression. Depending on the printing method, digital equipment, the ink (toner) may include components whose chemical composition significantly affects the film’s adhesion. The low film’s adhesion to the imprint is caused by the following reasons: the incompatibility of the ink (toner) and glue; the presence of components sensitive to the effects of high temperatures; incorrect parameters choice for conducting the laminating process. The research on the print strength after the film laminating process allowed to obtain results confirming that the digital printing affects by the paper’s properties, ink (toner) and the equipment’s technological aspects in the digital print quality. Представлены результаты исследований прочности оттисков, напечатанных цифровым способом печати и припрессованых пленкой. На основе проанализированных исследований показано влияние на прочностные характеристики оттиска бумаги, краски (тонера), технологических режимов оборудования.

Statement of the Problem: After introducing digital radiography, practitioners started reading radiographs from computer monitors; however, many still prefer hard-copy radiographs. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the possible superiority of either type of radiograph recording media (computer monitor, film, or paper) in diagnosis and perception of the depth of the cariogenic lesions. Materials and Method: Twenty digital bitewing radiographs, obtained from 200 posterior extracted teeth, were displayed on an LG monitor and printed on paper and film using Kodak printers. Two observers independently measured lesions depth on the images. Serial sections of teeth were obtained and the sections were evaluated by a stereomicroscope to determine the actual depth of cariogenic lesions. The efficacy of the each medium was assessed by determining its specificity and sensitivity in comparison with those of histological images. Weighted kappa coefficients and the ROC analysis were used for the statistical analysis. Results: Strong intra- and inter-observer agreements (0.818 to 0.958, 0.77 to 0.85) were found for all detection methods. The highest Az value was obtained with the monitor-displayed images (Az: 0.879); however, differences between detection methods were not statistically significant (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Monitor-displayed bitewing radiographs, paper, and film prints used in our study performed similarly in the detection of proximal caries.

The development of effective therapies for cognitive impairment (CI), especially due to Alzheimer’s disease, demands diagnosing the condition during the prodromal phase. The diagnosis of CI involves expensive and invasive methods, such as positron emission tomography and cerebrospinal fluid assessment via spinal tap. Hence, a comparatively lower cost and noninvasive method of diagnosis is imperative. The human retina is an extension of the brain characterized by similarities in vascular and neural structures. The complications of CI are not only limited to the brain but also affect the retina for which the loss of retinal ganglion cells has been associated with neurodegeneration in the brain. The loss of retinal ganglion cells in individuals with CI may be related to reduced vascular demand and a potential remodeling of the retinal vascular branching complexity. Retinal imaging biomarkers may provide a low cost and noninvasive alternative for the diagnosis of CI. In this study, the retinal vascular branching complexity of patients with CI was characterized using the singularity spectrum multifractal dimension and lacunarity parameter. A reduced vascular branching complexity was observed in subjects with CI when compared to age- and sex-matched cognitively healthy controls. Significant associations were also found between retinal vascular and functional parameters.

Various types of printed substrates were researched for their capabilities to interact with liquids, the contact wetting angle was studied as well as the adhesion of the liquid to the substrate’s surface. The methodology of detailed experimental research was developed in order to thoroughly study the phenomena occurring on the printed substrate’s surface (several paper types, designer’s cardboards and papers, films) while being wetted by the liquid. The experimental research frames as well as the timeframes had been set, the experimental material selection was explained, and also the results were fixated.Based on the obtained experimental data for contact wetting angle change the approximated graphical dependencies were built. Gained table data were additionally checked to be corresponding with the statistical methods of data processing and as a result the linear equations were obtained showing the relation between the contact wetting angle with the time based on the smallest quadrants method, the kinetics had been also analyzed from the acceleration point of view. The average approximation tolerance and the determination coefficient were defined. The water penetration dynamics into the paper’s internal structure was analyzed based on the experimental data and its’ mathematical explanation. The correlative ties of the biggest water penetration resistance Tmax from the porosity in the point indicator (T95) and from surface liquid volume W were determined.For ink jet printing, you can use coated and offset paper, which is confirmed by the results of the research. The use of design paper and films can cause the process of fixing ink to the imprint and obtaining poor quality products. The linear dependence of the winding angle on time is established.The point-to-point porosity (T95) and the surface water level influence the greatest resistance to water penetration Tmax. In this case, the wetting of the surface of the paper has the greatest impact on the investigated index. All communication forces, t-statistics, are statistically significant in the appropriate choice of significance level., Исследовано взаимодействие различных типов запечатываемых материалов с жидкостями, изменение краевого угла смачивания и адгезию жидкости к поверхности образцов. Разработана методология детальных экспериментальных исследований для досконального изучения явлений, возникающих на поверхности запечатываемого материала (нескольких типов бумаг, дизайнерских картонов и пленок) при их смачивании жидкостями. Установлены пределы и временные рамки проведения эксперимента, обосновано отбор материалов для исследования и зафиксированы полученные результаты.На основании полученных экспериментальных данных изменения краевого угла смачивания аппроксимированы графические зависимости. Полученные табличные данные дополнительно были проверены на соответствие статистическим методам обработки данных, получено линейную зависимость изменения краевого угла смачивания со временем по методу наименьших квадратов, проанализирована кинетика с точки зрения ускорения. Определена средняя ошибка аппроксимации и коэффициент детерминации. Проведен анализ динамики проникновения воды в структуру бумаги с экспериментальными данными и их математическим обоснованием. Определены корреляционные связи наибольшего сопротивления проникновения воды Tmax от показателя пористости (T95) и поверхностного объема воды W., Досліджено взаємодію різних типів задруковуваних матеріалів з рідинами, зміну крайового кута змочування та адгезію рідини до поверхні зразків. Розроблено методологію детальних експериментальних досліджень задля досконалого вивчення явищ, що виникають на поверхні задруковуваного матеріалу (декількох типів паперів, дизайнерських картонів та плівок) при їх змочуванні рідинами. Встановлено межі та часові рамки проведення експерименту, обґрунтовано добір матеріалів для дослідження та зафіксовано отримані результати.На основі отриманих експериментальних даних зміни крайового кута змочування побудовано апроксимовані графічні залежності. Отримані табличні дані додатково були перевірені на відповідність статистичним методам обробки даних, отримано лінійну залежність зміни крайового кута змочування з часом за методом найменших квадратів, проаналізовано кінетику з точки зору прискорення. Визначено середню похибку апроксимації та коефіцієнт детермінації. Проаналізовано динаміку проникнення води в структуру паперу за експериментальними даними та їх математичним обґрунтуванням. Визначено кореляційні зв’язки найбільшого опору проникнення води Tmax від показника пористості по точці (T95) і поверхневого об’єму води W.

The research’s results on strength characteristics of laminating imprints are described in the article. The technology of decoration unevenness allows to realize the artist or the designer idea in the publication, gives a unique view, promotes it’s in the market. One of the most common ways of improving the appearance of imprints is apply the laminated films’ technology. Recently, this process is used not only in polygraphic enterprises, where there is large-format equipment but also in small printing offices, which produce printing products with small copes amount, printing by digital printing.The quality of the laminating process is significantly affected by the paper’s quality and properties, ink, film, the overprinting percentage in digital printing, equipment technological aspects. To minimize the occurrence of defects, it is necessary to take into account all the factors, influencing for technological process. In addition, the publications are characterized by the age of service, which is determined by the mechanical flexural strength after machining operations of joint forming, folding, pressing and characterizing the publication’s useful life.The special attention is paid to the laminating aspects, namely the temperature of calenders, the speed, the force of compression. Depending on the printing method, digital equipment, the ink (toner) may include components whose chemical composition significantly affects the film’s adhesion. The low film’s adhesion to the imprint is caused by the following reasons: the incompatibility of the ink (toner) and glue; the presence of components sensitive to the effects of high temperatures; incorrect parameters choice for conducting the laminating process.The research on the print strength after the film laminating process allowed to obtain results confirming that the digital printing affects by the paper’s properties, ink (toner) and the equipment’s technological aspects in the digital print quality., Представлены результаты исследований прочности оттисков, напечатанных цифровым способом печати и припрессованых пленкой. На основе проанализированных исследований показано влияние на прочностные характеристики оттиска бумаги, краски (тонера), технологических режимов оборудования., В статті розглянуто результати досліджень міцнісних характеристик відбитків, припресованих плівкою. Різноматність технологій оздоблення дозволяє реалізовувати у виданні задум художника чи дизайнера, надає оригінальності, сприяє його просуванню на ринку. Одним із найрозповсюдженіших способів покращення зовнішнього вигляду друкованих видань є технологія припресування плівкою. Останнім часом процеси припресування плівок використовують не тільки на поліграфічних підприємствах, де є великоформатне устаткування, а й в малих друкарнях, які виготовляють поліграфічну продукцію малими накладами, друкуючи цифровим способом друку.На якість процесу припресування плівкою істотно впливають властивості паперу, фарби, плівки, відсоток накладання фарби при цифровому друці, технологічні режими обладнання. Щоб звести до мінімуму виникнення дефектів, потрібно враховувати всі фактори, що впливають на технологічний процес. Крім того, видання характеризуються терміном служби, який визначається механічною міцністю на згинання після технологічних операцій бігування, фальцювання, тиснення й характеризує довговічність видання.Особливу увагу приділяється технологічним режимам ламінаторів, а саме температурі каландрів, швидкості, силі притискування. Залежно від методу друку, цифрового обладнання, до складу фарби (тонеру), можуть входити складники, хімічний склад яких значно погіршує адгезію плівки. Низьку адгезію плівки до задрукованого паперу зумовлюють такі причини: несумісність фарби (тонеру) та клею; наявність компонентів, чутливих до дії високих температур; неправильний вибір параметрів проведення технологічного процесу припресування.Дослідження на міцність відбитка після процесу припресування плівкою дозволили отримати результати, які підтверджують, що при цифровому друці на якість припресування плівкою мають вплив властивості паперу, фарби (тонеру) й технологічні режими обладнання.

Various types of printed substrates were researched for their capabilities to interact with liquids, the contact wetting angle was studied as well as the adhesion of the liquid to the substrate’s surface. The methodology of detailed experimental research was developed in order to thoroughly study the phenomena occurring on the printed substrate’s surface (several paper types, designer’s cardboards and papers, films) while being wetted by the liquid. The experimental research frames as well as the timeframes had been set, the experimental material selection was explained, and also the results were fixated.Based on the obtained experimental data for contact wetting angle change the approximated graphical dependencies were built. Gained table data were additionally checked to be corresponding with the statistical methods of data processing and as a result the linear equations were obtained showing the relation between the contact wetting angle with the time based on the smallest quadrants method, the kinetics had been also analyzed from the acceleration point of view. The average approximation tolerance and the determination coefficient were defined. The water penetration dynamics into the paper’s internal structure was analyzed based on the experimental data and its’ mathematical explanation. The correlative ties of the biggest water penetration resistance Tmax from the porosity in the point indicator (T95) and from surface liquid volume W were determined.For ink jet printing, you can use coated and offset paper, which is confirmed by the results of the research. The use of design paper and films can cause the process of fixing ink to the imprint and obtaining poor quality products. The linear dependence of the winding angle on time is established.The point-to-point porosity (T95) and the surface water level influence the greatest resistance to water penetration Tmax. In this case, the wetting of the surface of the paper has the greatest impact on the investigated index. All communication forces, t-statistics, are statistically significant in the appropriate choice of significance level.

The analysis of tear constituents at point-of-care settings has a potential for early diagnosis of ocular disorders such as dry eye disease, low-cost screening, and surveillance of at-risk subjects. However, current minimally-invasive rapid tear analysis systems for point-of-care settings have been limited to assessment of osmolarity or inflammatory markers and cannot differentiate between dry eye subclassifications. Here, we demonstrate a portable microfluidic system that allows quantitative analysis of electrolytes in the tear fluid that is suited for point-of-care settings. The microfluidic system consists of a capillary tube for sample collection, a reservoir for sample dilution, and a paper-based microfluidic device for electrolyte analysis. The sensing regions are functionalized with fluorescent crown ethers, o-acetanisidide, and seminaphtorhodafluor that are sensitive to mono- and divalent electrolytes, and their fluorescence outputs are measured with a smartphone readout device. The measured sensitivity values of Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+) ions and pH in artificial tear fluid were matched with the known ion concentrations within the physiological range. The microfluidic system was tested with samples having different ionic concentrations, demonstrating the feasibility for the detection of early-stage dry eye, differential diagnosis of dry eye sub-types, and their severity staging.

There is increasing research towards the substitution of petrochemicals by sustainable components. Biopolymers such as proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids derive from a variety of crop sources and most promisingly from waste streams generated during their processing by the agro food industry. Among those, proteins of different types such as whey, casein, gelatin, wheat gluten, soy protein or zein present a potential beyond the food and feed industry for the application in packaging. The general protein hydrophilicity promotes a good compatibility to polar surfaces, such as paper, and a good barrier to apolar gases, such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. The present review deals with the development of protein-based coatings and films. It includes relevant discussion for application in paper or board products, as well as an outlook on its future industrial potential. Proteins with suitable functionalities as food packaging materials are described as well as the different technologies for processing the coatings and the current state of the art about the coating formulations for selectively modulating barrier, mechanical, surface and end of life properties. Some insights onto regulations about packaging use, end of life and perspectives of such natural coating for decreasing the environmental impact of packages are given.

Cellulose nanomaterials have unique properties that make them potential for numerous applications. One of their most promising applications is transparent cellulose films with excellent strength, density and smoothness. Cellulose films could be utilized as gas barriers in packaging, substrates for printed electronics, in diagnostics or even as electronic displays instead of oil-based plastic films. From the safety point of view, the advantages of cellulose nanomaterials have been argued to be their benign nature towards humans and the environment as well as their biodegradability. However, when used in products, the biodegradability of cellulose nanomaterials might differ from that of pure materials. For example, during film preparation, the hydroxyl groups in the surface of cellulose nanofibrils form strong hydrogen bonds, which upon drying of the film could make it more resistant towards degradation. Results on the biodegradability of different grades of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and their products, namely CNF films and papers coated with CNF are presented in this paper. In addition, results on the toxicity of cellulose nanofibrils to humans as well as ecotoxicity during biodegradation in the composting environment are reported. The results of biodegradability tests (OECD 301B) of two different grades of CNF indicate that their biodegradability is dependent on the fibrillation degree, the finer grade degrading faster than the coarser grade. The biodegradability test (EN 14046) of CNF films and papers containing CNF showed that all the CNF products tested were biodegradable according to the requirements set in the standard (EN 13432). In the composting test (EN 14045) disintegration of CNF products was observed in the composting environment with no acute ecotoxicity during biodegradation. Regarding toxicity to humans, some indication of cytotoxicity was observed for nano-scale cellulose fibrils. However, all the other toxicity tests results, including in vivo tests with Nematode, showed no sign of toxicity.

Cellulose nanomaterials have unique properties that make them potential for numerous applications. One of their most promising applications is transparent cellulose films with excellent strength, density and smoothness. Cellulose films could be utilized as gas barriers in packaging, substrates for printed electronics, in diagnostics or even as electronic displays instead of oil-based plastic films. From the safety point of view, the advantages of cellulose nanomaterials have been argued to be their benign nature towards humans and the environment as well as their biodegradability. However, when used in products, the biodegradability of cellulose nanomaterials might differ from that of pure materials. For example, during film preparation, the hydroxyl groups in the surface of cellulose nanofibrils form strong hydrogen bonds, which upon drying of the film could make it more resistant towards degradation. Results on the biodegradability of different grades of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) and their products, namely CNF films and papers coated with CNF are presented in this paper. In addition, results on the toxicity of cellulose nanofibrils to humans as well as ecotoxicity during biodegradation in the composting environment are reported. The results of biodegradability tests (OECD 301B) of two different grades of CNF indicate that their biodegradability is dependent on the fibrillation degree, the finer grade degrading faster than the coarser grade. The biodegradability test (EN 14046) of CNF films and papers containing CNF showed that all the CNF products tested were biodegradable according to the requirements set in the standard (EN 13432). In the composting test (EN 14045) disintegration of CNF products was observed in the composting environment with no acute ecotoxicity during biodegradation. Regarding toxicity to humans, some indication of cytotoxicity was observed for nano-scale cellulose fibrils. However, all the other toxicity tests results, including in vivo tests with Nematode, showed no sign of toxicity.

An off-the-shelf, moisture-responsive, acetate- backed adhesive tape is investigated as a commercially avail- able smart material for fabricating low-cost, multifunctional, humidity-responsive millimeter-scale structures. Laser ablation is used for cutting and thinning-down the tape to enhance its response. Water-submerged cantilevers show a radius of cur- vature of 3 mm or lower (for laser-thinned cantilevers). Addi- tionally, their humidity response is a function of the angle between the longitudinal axis of the cantilever and polymer orientation. A cut angled at 80 � with respect to this orientation results in a tip rotation of up to 25 � , enabling the formation of bending cantilevers with twisting behavior. The tape cantile- vers are further functionalized with magnetic nanoparticles and used to create four-finger grippers that close underwater within minutes and can sample 100 mL of liquid. A cyclic humidity monitor is also fabricated using a tape strip that walks unidir- ectionally on a ratchet-shaped surface upon exposure to humidity variations. V C 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1263-1267

Se expone la relación existente entre el uso del papel y la arquitectura. Se hace referencia al primer uso del papel en el estudio de los conceptos que permitan concebir una idea que posteriormente puede ser plasmada en un plano. Se analiza la utilización del papel como material de la arquitectura, este uso se ejemplifica en elementos que compartimentan y transforman el espacio interior de los edificios tal y como sucede en Japón con el sh ji y el fusuma. Se presenta la creación de las estructuras realizadas en papel llevadas a cabo por el arquitecto japonés Shigeru Ban. Se apuntan las referencias sobre el empleo del papel como elemento arquitectónico en el cine y la literatura. Madrid Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; biblioteca@mecd.es ESP

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the combination of spinal tap test (STT) with cerebral perfusion measurement assessed either by Tc-bicisate-SPECT (Tc-SPECT) or perfusion weighted MRI (pwMRI), or both, for a better preoperative selection of promising candidates for shunt operations in suspected idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus. Methods: 27 consecutive patients were examined with a standard clinical protocol (assessed by the Homburg Hydrocephalus Scale (HHS)) as well as with 99m Tc-bicisate-SPECT (n=27) or additionally by pwMRI (n=12) before and after STT. The results of these examinations were compared preoperatively for each patient and correlated with postoperative clinical outcome after shunt surgery. Results: Nine patients showed both, a clinical improvement, and increased cerebral perfusion after STT. They underwent shunt surgery with good to excellent results. In another nine patients increasing cerebral perfusion was detected although they did not show a clear clinical improvement after STT. Six of them also received a shunt operation with good to excellent outcome. Three patients of the last group could have an operation. Nine patients did not show any clinical improvement or any kind of increasing cerebral perfusion after STT. Therefore, they did not undergo surgery. The results of SPECT and pwMRI correlated in 92 % of the patients (11 of 12). Conclusion: It is concluded that a combination of clinical assessment with SPECT or pwMRI is helpful in the preoperative selection of patients for shunting procedures with suspected NPH syndrome. This combination is a minimal invasive and objective test modality that is superior to STT alone. Further studies are necessary for a comparison of the described imaging techniques with different diagnostic tests in this difficult field of cerebral disease.