Search

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to determine the effect of papaya leaf meal (Carica papaya) on growth performance and haematology of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fingerlings were distributed in five different experimental groups with replicates. Each replicate contains 15 fishes with a mean average initial weight of 11.34±0.20g-11.61±0.04g and fed daily twice for 60 days. Five practical iso-nitrogenous diets (~ 30% Protein) were manufactured with graded levels of papaya leaf meal (PLM) with partial replacement of rice bran i.e. T1 (0% PLM), T2 (10% PLM), T3 (15% PLM), T4 (20% PLM) and T5 (25% PLM). A Significant difference (P< 0.05) was observed in growth and nutrient utilization parameters such as weight gain %, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER). The highest growth was observed in the group fed with diet T4, whereas the lowest was found in diet T1. The haematological studies revealed that the blood parameters such as RBC count, Hb, PCV and MCV were found highest count in the T4 group. The overall results indicated that the fish fed with 20% papaya leaf meal (T4 group) showed the best performance in terms of growth and haematological parameters in this study. Hence, it can be concluded that papaya leaf meal can be included up to 20% in the diet of Labeo rohita (Rohu) fingerlings for optimum production without any deleterious effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study addresses the economic challenges faced by traditional and small fish farmers due to the limited availability and rising costs of conventional fish feed protein sources. The focus is on exploring the potential of non-conventional plant protein sources to reduce the overall cost of fish feed. Specifically, Cassia tora leaf meal is investigated as an alternative protein source for the growth, feed utilization, and survival of Labeo rohita fingerlings. Labeo rohita fingerlings were subjected to experimental diets with varying concentrations of Cassia tora leaf meal, while a control group received only the basal diet as a protein source. The study evaluated key parameters such as FCR, SGR, PER and weight gain. Results indicated that the effect of Cassia tora on the growth and survivability of Labeo rohita is concentration-dependent. While higher inclusion levels led to fluctuations in FCR and PER. The study indicates that incorporating Cassia tora leaf meal, with partial replacement of fish meal, holds promise for enhancing growth, size and weight gain in Rohu fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Nursery phase is one of most critical phase in the production of stockable seed materials in carp culture. Generally, it is observed that the recovery of carp during spawn to fry is very low in farmers' practice because of unavailability of nutrition rich feed with essencial macro and micronutrients. Methods: To address this problem, a nursery feed for carp was formulated and prepared using high-quality feed ingredients i.e. maize, soybean meal, groundnut oil cake (GNOC), fish meal, rice bran with supplementation of oil, minerals (with nano selenium and nano zinc) and vitamin mixture and compared the performance of nursery rohu with existing feed used by farmers Odisha, West Bengal and Chhattisgarh. During the demonstration period of two weeks (spawn to fry), fish of treatment ponds were fed with nursery feed (CIFA-Carp Starter) whereas the fish of control ponds were fed with existing feeds used by the farmers. The parameters like survivability, growth and immunity of nursery rohu in treatment ponds were recorded and compared with nursery rohu of control ponds. Result: The results of demonstration showed that, the weight gain, survival and immunity of nursery rohu was superior when fed with CIFA-Carp Starter compared to existing feed practiced by farmers in three states. Hence, there is need to popularise this feed for improvement of aquaculture sector in the whole country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sesbania aculeata leaf are rich in nutrients which makes it a potential ingredient in fish feed preparation. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) process of leaf enhanced nutrient content and reduced antinutritional factors. This experiment was conducted to optimize inclusion of raw and fermented S. aculeata leaf meal (RSLM and FSLM) in the diet of Labeo rohita at fingerling stage at different level. Methods: Nine isonitrogenous (30% CP) diet for rohu fingerlings were prepared using RSLM and FSLM. SSF of the leaf meals were carried out using Bacillus subtilis. Feeding trail was conducted for 60 days at RSLM inclusion level of 10, 20, 30 and 40% (T1, T2, T3, T4) and FSLM (T5, T6, T7, T8) in triplicate treatments with 0% inclusion as control (C). Result: The fish fed with FSLM based diet had higher weight gain (%), SGR (%) and lower FCR when compared to RSLM and Control. S. aculeata can be incorporated in rohu fingerling's diet upto 20% RSLM and 40% FSLM level without any adverse effect on the growth of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was done to elucidate the effect of α-tocopherol and herbal hepatopancreatic stimulant (Liv. 52) on gonadal andsomatic development in yearlings of Labeo rohita. The experiment was designed to observe effect of α-tocopherol and Liv. 52 by four different feeding groups, each group was fed with different supplemented diet. Total 960 fishes, having mean length-weight (29.04±3.36 cm) and (257.2±60.29gm.) were stocked in experiment ponds and fed with supplemented diets containing different level of α-tocopherol and Liv. 52. Study of male GSI in May, revealed that its values were found maximum (1.81±0.42) in treatment T2, which were fed with 300 mg/kg and its P-value (P<0.05) was found significant. Similarly, the female GSI value was found maximum (17.64±3.72) in treatment T3 where, fishes were fed with diet containing 5ml/kg Liv. 52 and value was found significant (P<0.05). Simultaneously, highest male HSI was found (1.22±0.7) in treatment T4 in which the combination of α-tocopherol (150mg/kg) and Liv. 52 (2.5 ml/kg) was used to fed the fishes (P<0.05). The values of female HSI were found maximum (1.38±0.11) in the treatment T2, which were fed with diet containing 300mg/kg α-tocopherol but difference were found insignificant. In conclusion, α-tocopherol could be a good option for obtaining appropriate gonadal development in male while Liv. 52 is appropriate for female. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aquaculture industry's insatiable demand for fishmeal has led to a price surge, prompting the search for a sustainable alternative protein source. Enter Azolla meal, a plant protein that could be a viable substitute for fishmeal. This cost-effective supplemental feed could be a game-changer for small-scale producers looking to expand their aquaculture production. Numerous experiments have been conducted on replacing fishmeals with Azolla meals in fish diets, and the results have sparked further research. This review delves into Azolla's composition, comparing it to fishmeal in terms of proteins, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. It also explores the value of employing Azolla in fish feeds and the various methods to mitigate its adverse effects through feed additives during the feed formulation. This review discusses the essential effects of Azolla meal on the growth of various fish species, including tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), catfish (Clarias batrachus), thai silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rohu (Labeo rohita), and catla (Catla catla) and mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosus). Azolla's potential extends beyond its use as a fish feed ingredient. It could also be utilized for bioremediation to remediate hazardous chemicals in water resulting from aquaculture, industrial, and household waste. Further research is needed to optimize the use of Azolla meal in fish feed and to develop cost-effective production methods. This review is a valuable resource for farmers looking to maximize profit when using Azolla in aquafeed and potentially sustainably enhance aquaculture production. With its promising potential, the Azolla meal could be the key to meeting the growing demand for fishmeals while reducing the industry's environmental impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was conducted with a view to evaluating heavy metal contamination of four selected fish species (Labeo rohita, Catla catla, Cirrhinus cirrhosus, and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) and the potential health risks of its consumers in Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Twenty-one feed samples and eighty-four fish specimens were collected from seven different farms scattered across the Rajshahi district and subsequent screening of heavy metal was conducted through atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The heavy metal concentration of Pb, Co, Cr, Cd and Ni was found beyond the permissible limits in fish feed and raw fish with a strong correlative association of heavy metals between them. Metal pollution index revealed that C. cirrhosus was the most polluted species while L. rohita was the least. Health risk assessment was conducted by evaluating estimated daily intake (EDI), health risk index (HRI), target hazard quotient (THQ), hazard index (HI) and target carcinogenic risk (TR). EDI of metal was higher in children, and according to HRI, they were at two to three times more risk compared to the adults. THQ of all the heavy metals across the selected species was found to be less than 1 demonstrating the absence of non-carcinogenic hazard for individual heavy metal intake. However, HI values indicated that the cumulative effect of those heavy metals might impart some degree of non-carcinogenic effect over lifelong exposure. TR values suggested that the carcinogenic effect of Pb remained negligible while Cr, Cd and Ni had low to moderate risk of developing cancer with a greater probability of its occurrence in women than men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The application of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics as functional feed additives has created increasing attention towards environment-friendly aquaculture. In this study, the effects of autochthonous Bacillus spp. (probiotics) and fructooligosaccharide (FOS, prebiotic) have been evaluated, either alone or in combination (synbiotics), for an Indian major carp (rohu), Labeo rohita fingerlings. The results indicated that the combination of B. licheniformis and FOS significantly improved live weight gain, feed utilisation and protease activity in fish compared to the other groups. In general, probiotics- and synbiotics-supplemented groups exhibited improved haematology, serum biochemical profiles and immune parameters compared to the control group. After 90 days of feeding, the fish were experimentally exposed to a pathogenic bacterium, Aeromonas hydrophila. Data on the haematology, immunity and stress parameters revealed that synbiotics application boosted immunity and relieved physiological stress in fish. The highest survival among the pathogen-infected fish was recorded with the dietary application of synbiotics consisting of B. licheniformis and FOS. In addition, fish fed a combination of B. methylotrophicus and FOS in their diets also survived well. Thus, we suggest the application of synbiotics containing autochthonous bacilli and FOS to improve growth, immunity and pathogen resistance in fish. The effects of Bacillus spp. (7 Log CFU g−1 feed) and fructooligosaccharide (FOS, 1%) as functional feed additives, either alone or in combination, were evaluated in a study on rohu, Labeo rohita fingerlings. The fish were fed different diets for 90 days, including a control diet and diets supplemented with FOS, B. licheniformis, B. methylotrophicus or synbiotic formulations of these. The results showed that the combination of B. licheniformis and FOS significantly improved weight gain, feed utilisation and protease activity compared to the other groups. Overall, the groups supplemented with probiotics and synbiotics (B. licheniformis + FOS or B. methylotrophicus + FOS) showed improvements in haematology, serum biochemistry and immune parameters compared to the control group. After 90 days of experimental feeding, the fish were challenged with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila, and data on haematology, immunity and stress parameters were collected. The results indicated that the application of Bacillus spp. and FOS boosted immunity and resistance to physiological stress in the fish. The highest post-challenge survival rate was observed in fish fed a diet with B. licheniformis and FOS, indicating the potential of this particular combination of functional feed additives to enhance growth, immunity and disease resistance in L. rohita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of β-mannanase supplementation on the growth performance, body composition, nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities of juvenile rohu, Labeo rohita (7.36 ± 0.13 g) given plant-based feeds. Seven isonitrogenous (35% protein) and isolipidic (13%) feeds were used; F-diet (high fishmeal content), P-diet (high plant content), and five β-mannanase supplemented diets (0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, and 0.1%) based on P-diet. The fish were fed to apparent satiation twice a day at 9:00 and 16:00 for 56 days. There were 3 tanks of fish for each feed treatment, with 15 fish in each 70 L tank. Fish fed the diet supplemented with 0.06% β-mannanase had significantly higher final weight (FW 26.35 g) than those given the P-diet (FW 22.76 g) and growth was similar (p > 0.05) to the fish given the F-diet (FW 26.35 g). The best (p < 0.05) values of feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were recorded in fish fed the diet containing 0.06% β-mannanase, which were not significantly different to the F-diet. Viscerosomatic index (VSI) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) increased linearly (p < 0.05) with increasing β-mannanase supplementation up to 0.06% (non-significant to F-diet) and decreased thereafter. The highest (p < 0.05) values for whole-body dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, and crude ash were recorded in fish fed the diet containing 0.06% β-mannanase and F-diet. Furthermore, fish fed the diet containing 0.06% β-mannanase had significantly higher (p < 0.05) apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (84.12%), crude protein (83.08%), crude lipid (82.90%), and crude ash (79.09%) when compared to the P-diet (66.46%, 72.59%, 69.32%, 62.59%, respectively). The activities of intestinal and hepatopancreatic amylase, protease and lipase showed an increasing trend (p < 0.05) with the increase in β-mannanase supplementation, peaking at 0.06% level (which was non-significant to F-diet) and decreased (p < 0.05) thereafter. Conclusively, β-mannanase supplementation up to 0.06% significantly improved the growth performance, whole-body composition, nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzyme activities of rohu fed plant-based diet. Broken-line regression analysis showed that 0.062% was the optimum β-mannanase level for the maximum growth performance of rohu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims were to test the effects of partial or total replacement of dietary fish oil (FO) by palm oil (PO) on growth, antioxidant capacity, lysozyme activity, muscle fatty acid composition, and fillet quality of rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings. The rohu fingerlings (3.25 ± 0.13 g) were stocked in 18 circular (water volume 55 L) polyvinyl tanks in triplicate groups (30 fish per tank). Six iso-proteic (400 g/kg) and iso-lipidic (97 g/kg) purified diets were formulated in which FO was replaced by 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100% PO (0 PO, 20 PO, 40 PO, 60 PO, 80 PO, and 100 PO). The diets were fed to the fish for 8 weeks, with meals being given at 8:00, 12:00, and 16:00 h. There were no significant (P > 0.05) treatment effects on growth (19.32–22.58 g gain/fish), feed conversion ratio (1.32–1.68), and protein efficiency ratio (1.48–1.89). However, protein retention efficiency was highest (33.25–34.99%) in fish fed the 0 PO and 60 PO diets, and lipid retention efficiency was highest (53.09%) in the fish fed the 100 PO diet. Muscle eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels and n-3/n-6 ratio were highest in fish fed the 100% FO diet and decreased as increasing proportions of FO were replaced by PO. Serum superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and lysozyme activity did not change significantly (P > 0.05) up to 60% replacement of FO with PO. Further replacement of FO with PO (80 PO and 100 PO) resulted in decreased serum antioxidant capacity and lysozyme activity. Although muscle atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices did not change significantly (P > 0.05) among treatments, the highest hypocholesterolaemic-to-hypercholesterolaemic (H/H) ratio and fillet lipid quality (FLQ) were found in fish receiving the 0 PO (with 100% FO and no PO). H/H and FLQ values did not differ significantly up to 60% replacement of FO with PO but decreased upon further replacement of FO with PO. FO can be replaced by PO to a level of 60% without hampering the growth and fillet quality of fingerling rohu provided with such diets for a period of a few weeks, but the long-term effects of FO replacement remain to be studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current study focuses on the antibacterial activity and potential efficiency of dietary supplements of Chlorella vulgaris on the immune response, improved growth performance, and disease resistance of Labeo rohita fingerlings against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Crude ethanolic extract of Chlorella and partially purified fractions of the extract were tested against two selected fish pathogens using the disc diffusion method. A total number of 360 rohu fingerlings (25 ± 2 g) were allocated to 4 treatments for 90 days. They were fed with an experimental diet containing Chlorella powder (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 g Kg−1 of a basic diet). To evaluate the non-specific immunity parameters including serum bactericidal, lysozyme activity, superoxide anion production, and biochemical and haematological indices, the fish were sampled at day 30, 60, 90, and after bacterial challenge. Mortalities of the fish were observed over 10 days post challenge with A. hydrophila. The protein and globulin levels of the treatment group were significantly higher after being treated with Chlorella than those of the control group. The total blood-cell count and haemoglobin content were also increased in the algal-diet-treated group. Among all the experimental diets, the 0.5 g Kg−1Chlorella fed group of fish showed significantly (p < 0.05) increased serum bactericidal activity and superoxide anion production when compared with the control group on day 90. Maximum lysozyme activity (750.00 ± 3.27) was noticed in the 1.0 g Kg−1 diet fed group on day 30. The Chlorella treated group exhibited a better growth performance of the fish. The maximum survivability (86.5%) was recorded in the 1.0 g Kg−1 diet fed group at the end of the 10-day fish exposure to A. hydrophila. These results suggest that the optimum dietary Chlorella supplementation could be 0.5–1.0 g Kg−1 of the diet, which stimulates immunity and protects L. rohita from A. hydrophila infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Leaf meal is currently the most cost-effective source of protein and energy for use as a supplement in fish feed. The drawback associated with integrating it into the fish diet pertains to the presence of anti-nutritional elements that must be eliminated through a viable approach such as the addition of exogenous enzymes for achieving optimal fish production. Consequently, a 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the black gram leaf meal (BGLM) as a potential ingredient to replace de-oiled rice bran (DORB) in the diet of Labeo rohita juveniles and reported for the first time. Three hundred acclimatized juveniles (average weight 11 ± 0.09 g) were allocated randomly into ten treatment groups in triplicate. Ten iso-nitrogenous (32 %) and iso-lipidic (6 %) diets were made with varying degrees of BGLM inclusion by gradually replacing DORB without or with exogenous enzyme mixture (E) of protease, xylanase, and phytase at a ratio of 1:1:1 viz. Control (40 % DORB, 0 % BGLM), BG 10 (30 % DORB, 10 % BGLM), BG 20 (20 % DORB, 20 % BGLM), BG 30 (10 % DORB, 30 % BGLM), BG 40 (0 % DORB, 40 % BGLM) & CE (C + 0.1 % E), BG 10 E (BG 10 + 0.1 % E), BG 20 E (BG 20 + 0.1 % E), BG 30 E (BG 30 + 0.1 % E), BG 40 E (BG 40 + 0.1 % E) were prepared. Fish fed with BG 20 E diet exhibited maximum growth rates, nutrient utilization and digestibility co-efficient of the diet (P<0.05) however these were similar in C+E treatment (P>0.05). Inclusion of 20 % or more BGLM without enzyme cocktail significantly (P<0.05) decreased the nutrient utilization and growth performance of L. rohita. The dry matter and nutrient digestibility of the experimental diet were significantly decreased (P<0.05) with the inclusion of 20 % or more BGLM in place of DORB, however supplementation of exogenous enzyme cocktail significantly increase (P<0.05) the digestibility and highest was recorded in BG 20 E. The present study concluded that supplementation of exogenous enzyme cocktail (protease, xylanase, and phytase) increase the digestibility of BGLM and increases its inclusion level up to 30 % in the diet of L. rohita , however, 20 % BGLM supplemented with enzyme cocktail registered the best growth, nutrient utilization and digestibility coefficient of the diet. • Cocktail of exogenous enzymes (protease, xylanase and phytase) improved the nutritional value of black gram leaf meal (BGLM). • Cocktail of exogenous enzymes increased the growth performance of Labeo rohita fed with BGLM based diet. • Exogenous enzyme cocktail improved the digestibility of BGLM based diet and increase the inclusion level of BGLM up to 30% in the diet of Labeo rohita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to evaluate the immunostimulatory effect of tea leaf extract (Camellia sinensis) on Labeo rohita and its resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila infection. The ethanolic extract of green tea (GTEE) was found to be the most potent as compared to other solvent extract which was used for further study. It was used to evaluate immune-biochemical response of L. rohita fingerlings, fed with tea leaf extract (control- 0.0%, 0.2% (T1), 0.4% (T2), 0.8% (T3) and 1% (T4) of GTEE kg−1 feed). Different biochemical parameters like glucose, ALP, GPT, GOT, and immunological parameters like lysozyme activity, NBT, anti-protease activity, myeloperoxidase activity, plasma protein, and immune relevant genes (IL-10, C3, Lysozyme G type and iNOS) expressions were carried out. The immunological parameters such as lysozyme activity, NBT and myeloperoxidase activity showed significantly high value once fed with GTEE incorporated diets. Significant up-regulation of immune genes indicated the enhancement of immune response at molecular level. The biochemical parameters were found to be significantly decreasing, indicating that the extract had hepato-protective effect and can help to overcome stress. The fish, fed with GTEE incorporated diets, showed resistance against A. hydrophila when compared with the control group. 0.2% GTEE showed the highest post-challenged survival (76.67%). From the present study, it is concluded that GTEE @ 0.2% can be used as potent immunostimulant as a sustainable alternative prophylactic and therapeutic agent in aquaculture. • Dietary incorporation of Camellia sinensis enhances innate immune response in L. rohita. • Immune-biochemical responses were significantly enhanced. • IL-10, lysozyme-G type, C3, and iNOS showed significantly higher expression in HK. • Dietary C. sinensis enhanced the survival of rohu against virulent A. hydrophila. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is conducted to investigate the effects of lycopene supplementation on nutrient digestibility, hematology, growth performance and antioxidant activity of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed on canola meal (CM) based test diets. The increase in the oxidation of muscles in fish led to rancidity and bad flavor that resulted in the reduced market value of fish. Seven test diets were formulated to having all the required nutrients at an adequate level for improving fish growth. One percent chromic oxide was further added to the feed as an indigestible biomarker. 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 mg/kg of lycopene were added to test the efficiency of the diet for growth performance, antioxidant activity, hematology, and nutrient digestibility of L. rohita fingerlings. V-shaped Tanks were used to keep fifteen fingerlings. For each treatment, three tanks were allocated and fingerlings were fed at the rate of 5% of the live wet weight. After the collection of fecal material two times a day, it was dried at 60°C and pooled for each treatment. By using standard formulae, it was calculated how each treatment affected the feed conversion ratio (FCR), nutrient digestibility, and growth. Results showed that test diet-V (40 mg/kg) lycopene supplementation was the best to significantly (p<0.05) improve growth, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant activity and hematology. The results of FCR, fish growth, and nutrient digestibility were all subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The variance between mean values was compared using the Tukey's Honesty test. Statistical analysis was conducted by using the CoStat Computer Package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary emamectin benzoate (EB) levels on immune responses, serum enzyme activities, and retention of EB in muscle tissue to establish the withdrawal period in rohu, Labeo rohita juveniles (avg. wt. 18 ± 0.11 g). To ascertain this, 450 healthy L. rohita juveniles were fed with EB in graded doses viz., at 50 (1x), 125 (2.5x), 250 (5x), and 375 (7.5x) μg kg-1 of fish biomass day-1, respectively, in triplicate for 21 days through a basal feed. Upon completion of 21 days, the same experimental fish were fed with basal feed (without EB) for another 14 days to measure the retention of EB in the muscle tissue. Each 7-day interval, five fish were randomly sampled. The results showed that respiratory burst activity, myeloperoxidase activity, bacterial haemagglutination, and haemolysis activities were improved significantly (p < 0.05) in 1x and 2.5x dose fed group from 7th day onwards until 14th day. Few selected enzyme activities viz., LDH and ALP were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) high in the fish fed with EB at 5x and 7.5x dose compared to 1x. The LC-MS/MS study of the experimental fish discloses that EB was retained in muscle tissue at a dose-dependent manner and significantly (p < 0.05) lowest level (0.341 ± 0.03 ppb) was retained in the fish fed with 1x dose of EB. Hence, 1x dose of EB may be adhered to treat L. rohita juveniles through feed with 14 days of withdrawal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Various single leaf meal can substitute costly de-oiled rice bran (DORB) in farm made feed for carps. However, the use of mixed leaf meal (LM) in fish feed is not reported yet. Therefore, Vigna mungo, Ipomoea aquatica and Hygrophila spinosa leaf meals were blended in an equal proportion to prepare LM. DORB was the major energy source in control diet (C) and LM substituted 50% and 100% of DORB in LM20 and LM40 experimental diets, respectively. In addition, control diet (C), LM20 and LM40 diets were supplemented with limiting amino acids and exogenous carbohydrases and denoted as CE, LM20E and LM40E, respectively. Labeo rohita fingerlings were fed till satiation for 60 days. Fish fed with LM20E diet exhibited maximum growth rates and feed conversion (p <0.05) however these were similar in C and LM40 (p > 0.05). Amylase and aminotransferase activities were positively related with growth indices (p < 0.05). Difference in hematological indices was negligible (except total leukocyte count), and lactate dehydrogenase activities in DORB and LM-based fed groups (p > 0.05) while lower superoxide dismutase activities was observed in LM fed groups (p < 0.05). The present study concluded that LM up to 400 g kg–1 could be incorporated as complete DORB replacer in L. rohita diet, however, 200 g kg–1 LM supplemented with 0.98 g L-lysine kg–1 and 1 g exogenous enzyme kg–1 registered the best growth, nutrient utilization, feed conversion ratio, physio-metabolic responses and hematological status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present experiment was conducted for 60 days to assess the effect of Banana Peel Powder Supplemented Diet on Proximate composition and Digestibility of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) Fingerlings. This two month experiment was carried out from March to May 2021. The five different inclusion levels of unripe banana peel powder supplemented diet i.e. T0 (without banana peel powder), T1 (2%), T2 (4%), T3 (6%) and T4 (8%) were used to fed the fishes .The fishes were fed @ 3% body weight once in a day. The effect of banana peel powder supplemented diet was clearly indicate by the increased weight gain, improved proximate composition and digestibility of different treatment. The best feed utilization in terms of minimum FCR (2.950±0.005) was seen in T2 and maximum (4.250±0.040) was in T0 (control). However, the highest protein content in fish carcass was found (16.473%) in T2 and lowest (15.766 %) was in initial fish. The highest moisture (73.150%) was found in T0 and lowest (70.400 %) was in initial fish. The value of fat content was maximum (4.0267%) in T3 and minimum (3.260%) in T0 . Ash content was reported highest (3.670%) and lowest (3.316%) in T2 and T0, respectively. The amount of carbohydrate (6.5767%) content was highest in initial fish and lowest (3.920 %) in T0 . The highest value of digestibility (68.129±0.771) was reported in T2 (4 % banana peel powder) and lowest (62.887±0.494) in T0 (Control). From the current research work, it can be concluded that banana peel powder positively improves the proximate composition and digestibility in Labeo rohita fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There is a scope of increasing the aquaculture production by use of fish feed produced from non-conventional ingredients and also improvement in the quality of feed by solid-state fermentation. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of solid-state fermented aquafeed on growth performance, digestive enzymes and innate immunity of rohu, Labeo rohita. Methods: Fish feed containing sesame oil cake and mahua oil cake was fermented through solid-state fermentation by yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then compared with a non-fermented control feed with the same formula. Result: Solid-state fermentation increased crude protein (CP), decreased crude fibre (CF) and also lowered (p<0.05) anti-nutritional factors (ANF) of fish feed. After five months of experimental feeding, weight gain and digestibility of nutrients like dry matter, crude protein and ether extract were significantly higher (p<0.05) and feed conversion ratio was significantly lower in fish of fermented feed fed group than the control group. Furthermore, non-specific immune parameters such as lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and haemolytic activities and intestinal enzyme activity of fish fed with fermented feed increased significantly (p<0.05) compared to fish fed control feed. It is concluded that feeding of Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented feed could improve the growth, digestive enzymes activity and immunity of Rohu, Labeo rohita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is aimed at investigating the effect of selective Synthetic feed like Zeepromin and Fishmin on amino acid metabolism of the cultivable fish species like Catla catla. Labeo rohita. Cirrhinus mrigala. The fishes selected for the study are divided into two groups' viz. control group and experimental groups. The control group of fishes shall be fed with control feed i.e. Groundnut cake, rice bran. The experimental group of fishes shall further be divided into two groups. Zeepromin and Fishmin which are commercially available have been selected for the study. The first group of experimental fish has been fed with control feed mixed with Zeepromin. The second group of experimental fish has been fed with control feed mixed with Fishmin. The two groups of experimental fish shall be fed twice a day at 10 a.m. and at 5 p.m. The exposure period was selected for the study after 30 days the fishes were sacrificed and isolated the tissues like muscle and liver at 40C and assayed the activity of Asperate amino transferase (AAT), Alanine Amino Transferase (ALAT) and Glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH). Zeepromin and Fishmin feed fed fishes like muscle and liver showed an increase in their AAT, ALAT and GDH activity levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competitive interactions between species is widely prevalent within the animal world. In this manuscript, we attempted to understand feeding competitions between the Amazon sailfin catfish, an invasive species introduced globally, and rohu, a keystone species native to several countries within southeast Asia. We used two different size classes of each species, large-size having total length (TL, from snout tip to caudal fin) of 15–20 cm and fingerling having TL<6 cm, and feeding duration was used as a proxy to understand competition. Our results demonstrated that feeding durations of large-size rohu were either similar or significantly (P<0.05) higher in presence of catfish when compared to trials in presence of conspecifics, indicating that large-size rohu is not a weak competitor. However, feeding durations of fingerling rohu was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in presence of both large-size and fingerling catfish, when compared to trials in presence of conspecifics. Moreover, fingerling rohu also displayed freeze (alarm) behavior in presence of the catfish. Interestingly, presence of rohu had no significant (P>0.05) impact on feeding durations of catfish. Overall, the study demonstrated that invasive catfish may behaviorally outcompete fingerling rohu, thus, threatening the sustenance of a species that is native to several freshwaters around the globe. [Display omitted] • Feeding behavior of Amazon sailfin catfish was associated with aggression. • Large-size rohu was not a weak competitor in presence of large-size catfish. • Fingerling rohu was outcompeted by both large-size and fingerling catfish. • Fingerling rohu displayed freeze behavior only in presence of catfish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60‐d experimental trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of alternative feeding, restriction feeding, and refeeding on digestive enzymes, metabolic enzymes, and metabolites in Rohu Labeo rohita fingerlings. Fish weighing around 13 ± 2 g were randomly distributed into four treatment groups and a control group. The control group was fed with 3% body mass twice a day throughout the experiment. The four treatment groups consisted of T1 (alternate day feeding), T2 (0.5% feeding), T3 (1% feeding), and T4 (2% feeding). The fish were fed for the first 30 d according to the feeding schedule, and from day 31 onwards all of the treatment groups were fed the same rations as were the control fish up to 60 d. The samples were collected on days 0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 of the experimental trial. The activity of digestive enzymes decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in T1, T2, and T3 with respect to the control, and the lowest activities were found on day 30 of the experiment. The glucose‐6‐phospahate dehydrogenase activity decreased with the level of restriction feeding, with the lowest activity occurring at day 30 in the T2 group, and it improved with refeeding. The serum glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol concentrations decreased, with the lowest levels occurring in the T2 group at day 30. The current study revealed that restriction feeding and refeeding affected the digestion and metabolism of Rohu fingerlings within a short period of 30 d, and refeeding restored the optimum activity levels within the same 30‐d period thereafter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fish health and disease management is the key factor in modern aquaculture where intensification manifolds the infestation chances of parasites. Irrespective of antibiotics, the use of dietary additives gaining attention in development of aqua feed. Vitamin D is an important dietary additive for fish in terms it can boost up the immune system of fish and unluckily fish cannot synthesize vitamin D itself. Methods: The present study was planned to determine the effect of vitamin D as feed additive on the immunity, hematology and body composition of Labeo rohita. Four diets (T1, T2, T3, T4) containing different concentration of vitamin D (250mg, 500mg, 1.0g and 1.5g) in food and a control diet were administrated for 90 days trial. Result: At the termination of experiment there were significant differences in growth and hematological parameters between control and test diets. T3 (1.0g of vitamin D) showed the maximum weight gain with lowest FCR value (1.43±0.33) however, the RBC count of T4 group was highest (1.85±0.07) than the control, T1, T2 and T3 groups. The body composition of Labeo rohita growth factor and survival rate were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish fed on diets containing vitamin D at 1.00g/Kg concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to study the effects of levels of fish oil (FO), 0 (FO-0), 30 (FO-30), 60(FO-60), 90 (FO-90),120 (FO-120) and 150 (FO-150) g kg−1 feed on growth, nutrient utilisation, whole-body chemical composition, tissue fatty acids profile, blood metabolites and Δ 6 fad gene expression in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Two hundred and seventy fingerlings of average body weight 13.03 ± 0.03 g were randomly stocked in 18 500 L concrete tanks, each with 15 fingerlings. Triplicate tanks, all fitted with flow-through water systems, were allocated under each dietary treatment. The fish were hand-fed twice daily till satiation. The feed intake decreased with increasing dietary FO levels. The body weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) increased significantly with increasing dietary FO supplementation level of 60 g kg−1 feed. Above this level, the values plateaued. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed the reverse trend of growth. The fish fed with FO-120 had the highest whole-body lipid deposition. Increasing dietary FO levels up to 90 g kg−1 feed enhanced muscle n-3 LC-PUFA content significantly (P < 0.05), and further increasing the FO level did not further influence the fatty acid. Supplementation of FO in the feeds significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed the Δ 6 fad gene expression in muscle, liver, and intestine tissues. In muscle and liver tissues, the suppression of the Δ 6 fad gene expression was the highest when the dietary FO level was above 90 g FO kg−1 feed, whereas in the intestine tissue above 60 g FO kg−1. Increasing dietary FO levels increased serum cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) contents and decreased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) concentrations. The second-order polynomial regression graphs suggest a 104 g lipid kg−1 feed is optimum for the best growth and nutrient utilisation, whereas 113 g FO kg−1 feed is required to maximise n-3 LC-PUFA deposition in the muscle of L. rohita fingerlings. • The muscle maximum n-3 LC-PUFA deposition of L. rohita fingerlings was at 90 g fish oil (FO) kg −1 feed. • The Δ6 fad gene expression in issues was suppressed with supplementing FO in the feeds. • Increasing dietary FO levels increased serum cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). • The body weight gain, SGR and PER increased, and FCR decreased with increasing dietary FO level of 60 g kg−1 feed. • The regression analysis suggests 104 g lipid and 113 g FO kg−1 feed are best for growth and n-3 LC-PUFA deposition, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present study was conducted to elucidate the possible effect of a combination of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract and dietary l -ascorbic acid (vitamin C) on the immune responses and survivability in Labeo rohita fingerlings against low pH and waterborne iron toxicity. Four diets were prepared containing 0% (control), 0.01% (T1), 0.1% (T2) and 1.0% (T3) of a combination of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract and dietary l -ascorbic acid (vitamin C) at the rate of 1:1 (w/w). Fishes were fed for 60 days to find out the best dose and duration of feeding by examining different haematological (haemoglobin, haematocrit, total RBC count, total WBC count, MCV, MCH and MCHC), immunological (NBT, lysozyme and total immunoglobulin activity) and biochemical (glucose, total protein, ALP, SGPT and SGOT level) parameters on 7, 15, 30 and 60 days of feeding. The best response was observed in fish fed with diet T3 within 15 days. The result showed a significant (p < 0.05) increase in haemoglobin, haematocrit, total RBC count, total WBC count, NBT, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin and total protein whereas a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in glucose, ALP, SGPT and SGOT level compared to control. Challenged study against waterborne iron (6.02 mg l−1) and low pH (4.2–4.5) after feeding the fish for 15 days with diet T3 showed significantly (P < 0.05) higher protection than control. The study concludes that inclusion of 1.0% Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) root extract and dietary l -ascorbic acid (vitamin C) combination in diet have a stimulatory effect on immune response and reduces the effect of multiple stresses (i.e., low pH and waterborne iron toxicity) in L. rohita fingerlings. Highlights • Low pH and waterborne iron causes toxicity to fish. • Combination of Withania somnifera root extract and dietary l -ascorbic acid enhances the immune responses of Labeo rohita. • The combination reduces the effect of low pH and waterborne iron toxicity in L. rohita fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A characteristic feature of fish is the wide physiological range of blood parameters and also the large individual variations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the haematological profile and biochemical profile of fish Labeo rohita. The blood parameters viz., total WBC and RBC count, Hb, MCV, MCH and MCHC values were analyzed using standard methods. The differences found in this study can be attributed to the feeding behaviour, life style and adaptation of the different fish species to the habitat in which they dwell. Curcuma amada Roxb is commonly known as mango ginger. It is a perennial, rhizomatous, aromatic herb belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. The ranges of serum biochemistry vary from species to species and can be influenced by many biotic and abiotic factors such as water temperature, seasonal pattern, food, age and sex of the fish. The present study deals with the use of medicinal plant Curcuma amada in fish diet to study the biochemical and haematological profile on Labeo rohita a common fish. The plant was extracted and processed for decoction method. The extract obtained was then mixed with 0.5 kg salt (NaCl) and 1.0 kg fish feed powder in the ratio 10:1. Required amount of sterilized water was mixed to make it paste. Haematological and biochemical studies were done after administering the extracts for 30days. Based on the results it is appropriate to conclude that the plant extract of Curcuma amada incorporated in fish diet may improve the biochemical and haematological profile in blood of fish Labeo rohita. It was observed that the herbal diet fed fishes exhibited significant increase in RBC, WBC, serum protein and globulin and also maintained hepatics disorder enzymes (ALT, AST, ALP) which may be considered as a sign of improvement in health status. It may be due to the presence active components i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, glycosides, alkaloids, flavanoids). Providing quality fish feed became a prime aim of every aquaculturist. Though fish feed devours around 50% of the production cost, yet it plays the pivotal role in the production and yield outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

External morphometric studies along with Length-weight relationships (LWRs) were carried out for five groups of juvenile Labeo rohita fed with various protein: Energy ratios; fish meal (T0), 25%CP (Crude proteins) (T1), 30%CP (T2), 35%CP (T3) and 40%CP (T4). Experiment was designed to replace enriched fish meal diets with cheaper plant origin crude protein diets in fish culture. A total of 15 aquaria having 20 samples each were arranged in triplicate for 90 days to study the effect of five feeding groups on Length-weight relation and external morphometric variants of Labeo rohita. A total of 75 fish samples @ 5 fish samples per aquaria were analyzed in present study. T1 showed the highest values for mean wet weight 11.32±1.78, Total length 10.54±0.51, Fork length 8.94±0.46, Standard length 8.27±0.44, Body depth 2.64±0.16 and Body girth 5.28±0.33. Pectoral fin length, pelvic fin length, dorsal fin length and caudal fin length also showed highest values; 1.56±0.09, 1.36±0.09, 1.72±0.15 and 2.27±0.13 respectively in T1. Length-weight increment order in various treatment groups was T1>T2>T3>T4>T0. Highly significant correlations (p<0.01) were noted when log total length and log wet weight were plotted against each other and with log values of all external morphometric variants except condition factor (K). "b" (regression coefficient) value for LWRs of Labeo rohita in various groups was calculated as 3.37, 3.11, 3.20 in T1, T2 and T3 respectively and showed positive allometric growth pattern while negative allometric pattern was observed in T4 and T0. The coefficient of determination (r2) was ranged from 0.888 to 0.989 in LWRs, expressing highly significant correlation (p<0.01). The variance inflation factor (VIF) was observed as: 17.86 (T1), 12.50 (T2), 01.79 (T3), 10.75 (T4) and 10.20 (T0); expressing multi-collinearity among morphometric variants and LWRs with change in diet compositions. Diets with decreased fish meal percentage and maximum plant origin sources showed an increment in length-weight variants. Present findings indicate that fish dislike the fish meal diet and preferred the plant origin sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60-day feeding trial was done to investigate the effects of iron and zinc nanoparticles (Fe-NPs and Zn-NPs) on the growth and physiology of Rohu, Labeo rohita. The study aimed to determine the optimal levels of Fe-NPs and Zn-NPs that could improve the growth performance and nutrient metabolism of the fish. Five experimental diets containing varying levels of Fe-NPs and Zn-NPs (10–50 mg/kg) were fed to the fish, along with a control diet. The study found that weight gain, biomass, and specific growth rate increased significantly up to 30 mg/kg feed, and feed utilization was more efficient in the same group. Whole body protein and lipid content were also higher at 30 mg/kg NPs. However, the haematological, lipid, and enzymatic profiles showed varying dose-dependent responses to NPs concentrations. The accumulation rate was higher for Fe-NPs than Zn-NPs in the liver. Based on the analysis, a dietary NPs level of 29.49 mg/kg feed was optimal for Rohu. These findings could contribute to the knowledge of regulatory mechanisms of nutrient metabolism and support sustainable aquaculture practices. In conclusion, this study highlights the potential benefits of using Fe-NPs and Zn-NPs in fish diets, as they can improve growth performance and nutrient metabolism. However, the results also suggest that the optimal levels of Fe-NPs and Zn-NPs vary depending on the specific physiological parameters being measured. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of Fe-NPs and Zn-NPs on fish health and the environment. • Feeding Rohu fish with 30 mg/kg Fe-NPs & Zn-NPs improved weight, biomass, & growth. • At the optimal concentration (30 mg/kg), Fe-NPs and Zn-NPs led to more efficient feed utilization by the fish. • The study revealed that the fish fed with 30 mg/kg NPs had higher whole body protein and lipid content. • The haematological, lipid, and enzymatic profiles varied with dose-dependent NPs concentrations. • Fe-NPs accumulated more in fish liver than Zn-NPs, impacting environmental nanoparticle risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an objective to examine neem seed cake as bactericide, three treatments—10, 20, and 30 mg L−1—were applied in outdoor experimental Labeo rohita culture tanks for a period of 120 days. Nitrifying, ammonifying, and denitrifying bacteria declined directly with increasing dosage. Ammonifying and phosphate solubilizing bacteria recovered within a month, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria after 45 days. A positive relationship was established between soil available-N and ammonifying, nitrifying, and denitrifying bacteria in 10 mg L−1 (R2 = 0.68-0.83). Phosphate solubilizing bacteria responded directly with dosage and contributed significantly to the orthophosphate pool (R2 = 0.66-0.78). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was conducted under the laboratory conditions in the Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during 2014 to investigate the effect of supplementation of lysine on nutrient digestibility in the juveniles of Labeo rohita. Seven experimental diets were formulated by supplementing 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3% lysine and designated as D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6 and D7, respectively. To test each diet, two replicates with 20 fish each (average weight 3.526±0.056g) were assigned. The experiment was performed within the time duration of 60 days. Water quality parameters like dissolved oxygen (5.8-7.3 mg/L), temperature (24.9-28.7°C) and pH (7.4-8.6) were maintained throughout this period. Results showed that lysine supplementation in fish diet increased the digestibility of crude protein and dry matter. Maximum digestibility of crude protein and dry matter was observed at lysine level of 1.5 and 2.5%, respectively. However, it was observed that digestibility of crude fat decreased in response to lysine supplementation. In conclusion, it was found that lysine supplementation improved the nutrient digestibility performance of juveniles of L. rohita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Defatted Jatropha kernel meal (DJKM) was irradiated through electron beam radiation at 25 kGy (IJKM). After irradiation, PEs and phytate were decreased by 36.67% and 55.27%, respectively, with slight reduction in total hydrolysed amino acids in IJKM. A 45‐day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the utilization of irradiated Jatropha kernel meal (IJKM) in the diet of rohu (Labeo rohita) fingerlings. Five isonitrogenous (300 g/kg CP) and isoenergetic (15 MJ/kg GE) diets such as T0 (control, without IJKM), T5 (50 g/kg IJKM), T10 (100 g/kg IJKM), T15 (150 g/kg IJKM) and T20 (200 g/kg IJKM) were prepared and fed to fish of respective treatments. Fish fed diets containing T15 and T20 groups exhibited significantly lower (p < .05) weight gain, FCE, PER, ANPU, HSI, ISI, survival rate, nutrient and energy digestibility, than the other groups. Fish of higher IJKM fed groups (T15 and T20) also showed lower muscle moisture, protein, ash and higher muscle lipid content. The liver catalase and SOD activities significantly decreased in the higher IJKM fed groups. It is concluded that IJKM (irradiated by 25 kGy electron beam) can be incorporated up to 100 g/kg in carp feed with the replacement of 33% soybean meal and 28% ground nut oil cake without compromising growth performances of Labeo rohita. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to utilize water hyacinth compost as manure for rearing of rohu (Labeo rohita), fry. The experiment was conducted on L. rohita fry in FRP tanks (1.5 × 1.0 × 0.75 m), consisted of 5 treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5) with 3 replicates each. T1 (control) with 10,000 kg/ha cow dung manure (CDM) and other four treatments (T2 to T5) were prepared by incorporating water hyacinth cow dung compost (WHCDC) @ 2500 kg/haWHCDC+7500kg/ha cow dung manure (CDM), 5000 kg/ha WHCDC + 5000kg/ha CDM, 7500kg/ha WHCDC + 2500kg/ha CDM and 10,000 kg/ha WHCDC respectively, for 150 days. Significantly higher (P<0.05) growth performance (net weight gain, NWG and specific growth rate, SGR were maximum in T4, 16.98g and 1.80, respectively), condition factor (1.2), survival (96.29%) and improved flesh quality (protein 15.51% and lipid 2.10%) were recorded in rohu treated with 75% water hyacinth cow dung compost (T4) as compared with control (100% CDM, T1). However, water hyacinth cow dung compost (T5) alone failed to enhance the growth of fish. Rohu fry can be cultured well in tanks receiving water hyacinth cow dung compost without supplementary feeding. In developing countries like India, fish farmers are unable to buy costly fish feed and chemical fertilizers, water hyacinth compost form an abundant alternative natural un-utilized resource for less expensive manure for higher fish yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was carried out to assess the regulation of compensatory growth under different restriction feeding regimes in Labeo rohita juveniles by the interaction of various feed intake and growth regulating genes. A 60 day feeding trial was conducted with five treatment groups, Control (3% body weight, bw), T1 (alternate days), T2 (0.5% bw), T3 (1% bw) and T4 (2% bw) and feeding was done for first 30 days of the trial. For next 30 days, all the treatment groups were fed at a rate of 3% bw as in the control group. There was significant (p < 0.05) difference in the weight gain among the treatment groups with lowest FCR and highest PER was found in T2 group. Ghrelin gene mRNA levels were upregulated during first 30th days of the trial with highest expression levels in the T2 group. The expression levels of leptin gene mRNA were found significantly different (p < 0.05) among the treatments, which was down-regulated during initial 30 days and upregulated as the experiment progress towards 60th day. The IGF-1 mRNA expression levels were upregulated more in liver compared to the muscle tissue. The results of the study suggest that increased ghrelin levels and decreased leptin levels lead to hyperphagia during the onset of refeeding, which further triggers the compensatory growth in L. rohit a. The present study describes the molecular mechanism behind the compensatory growth following a different feed restriction regime in L. rohita which is regulated due to the interaction of different energy homeostasis and growth regulating genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of Asparagus racemosus aqueous root extract on cellular immune reaction of Labeo rohita (Hamilton) fingerlings with response to bacterial infection caused by Aeromonas hydrophila at cool hilly mid altitude region of Meghalaya. Four concentrates mixtures of pelleted diet were formulated viz. without A. racemosus aqueous root extract (control); with 50 mg A. racemosus aqueous root extract/kg of diet (AR1); with 100 mg A. racemosus aqueous root extract/kg of diet (AR2); and with 150 mg A. racemosus aqueous root extract/kg of diet (AR3). Feeding trial was conducted for 60 days. Immune reactions, viz. NBT level, phagocytic activity, total immunoglobulin level, lysozyme activity, antiprotease activity and myeloperoxidase activity of fish were determined at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of feeding. Fish were infected with A. hydrophila 60 days post feeding, mortalities (%) and agglutination antibody titre were recorded over 14 days post infection. The results showed that in the treatment group AR2, AR3, there was significantly enhanced NBT level, phagocytic activity, lysozyme activity, immunoglobulin level, antiprotease activity and myeloperoxidase activity compared to control. The treatment group AR1 NBT level, phagocytic activity, lysozyme activity, myeloperoxidase activity were significantly enhanced whereas immunoglobulin level and antiprotease activity were nonsignificant compared to control. The highest survival was recorded in the AR2 (43.36±0.65) group, followed by AR3 (24.32±0.14), AR1 (17.26±0.45) and lowest were recorded in the control (3.42±0.02). The highest agglutination antibody titre was recorded in the AR2 (87.36±0.65) group followed by AR3 (49.32±0.14) and AR1 (38.26±0.45) group and lowest in control (17.42±0.02) against A. hydrophila infection. Thus, from the present study it can be deduced that feed containing A. racemosus aqueous root extracts/kg diet can influence immune reaction in L. rohita; however, AR2 group showed better result in terms of immune reaction and protection against pathogenic A. hydrophila at cool hilly mid altitude region of Meghalaya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluconazole (FLZ) is a new azole antifungal drug having no earlier record of its utilization for the treatment of fish diseases. A 55-days experiment was carried out to delineate the role of FLZ based medicated feed on haemato-immunological responses and prevention of fungal infection in Labeo rohita fingerlings. Three hundred and sixty fingerlings were randomly distributed into four experimental groups in triplicates. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous purified medicated feeds were prepared with 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg FLZ 100 g −1 feed. Haemato-immunological parameters like erythrocyte counts (EC), haemoglobulin (Hb), leucocyte counts (LC), packed cell volume (PCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), nitro-blue tetrazolium (NBT), albumin, globulin, total plasma protein were studied. The present study revealed that the continuous feeding of FLZ based feed for 15–30 days significantly (P < 0.05) increases the erythropoiesis, heme-synthesis, as well as the leucocytosis in rohu. However, all the doses exhibited equal protection from the infectious S. parasitica after 45 days of continuous feeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research work was conducted to investigate the effects of microbial phytase and citric acid supplementations on nutrient digestibility performance by rohu (Labeo rohita) juveniles fed a sunflower meal (SFM)-based diet. The basal diet was supplemented with two levels of phytase (0 and 1000 FTU/kg) and each level of this phytase-supplemented diet was further supplemented with two levels of citric acid (0% and 2%). Chromic oxide (1%), as an inert marker, was added to the diet to determine nutrient digestibility. Results showed that digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract was significantly (p < .05) enhanced by citric acid supplementation. Similarly, phytase pretreatment also resulted in improved (p <.05) digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract. Also, citric acid and phytase supplementation improved (p < .05) the digestibility of P, Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn and Fe. Nevertheless, the addition of both supplements (citric acid and phytase) simultaneously did not produce any interaction for the digestibility of these minerals. Hence, it is concluded that phytase (1000 FTU/kg) and citric acid (2%) supplementation to an SFM meal-based diet improved the nutrient digestibility inL. rohitajuveniles. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Jatropha protein concentrate (JPC) prepared from jatropha seed cake is toxic due to the presence of phorbol ester and antinutritional factors like tannin, trypsin inhibitor, phytate and non-starch polysaccharides. JPC was detoxified by solid state fermentation (SSF) and a feeding trial of 45 days was conducted to study the response of feeding fermented JPC (FJPC) on growth, haemato-immunological and physiological responses in rohu fingerlings. Seven iso-nitrogenous diets such as control (without JPC or FJPC), J5 (5% JPC), J10 (10% JPC), J20 (20% JPC), FJ5 (5% FJPC), FJ10 (10% FJPC) and FJ20 (20% FJPC) were prepared and fed twice daily. The weight gain and specific growth rate values showed an overall, linear and quadratic trend with similar value recorded in the control and FJ fed groups. Feed efficiency also showed an overall significant effect with a higher feed efficiency value recorded in the control (60.50) group which was similar to FJ (54.21–58.37) fed groups, while JPC fed groups registered the lowest value. The haematological studies showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower red blood cells (RBC) and heamoglobin in all JPC fed groups and 5% FJPC group compared to control and other FJPC groups. The 10% and 20% JPC fed groups showed the highest blood glucose level than any other groups. Serum total protein and albumin followed similar trend as that of RBC and haemoglobin. The highest globulin value were observed in FJ10 group which was significantly different (P < 0.05) to other groups and lowest value was recorded in J20 group. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in liver was higher in J20, while in muscle, J10 and J20 registered the highest value compared to other groups (p < 0.05). Our study revealed that protein concentrate prepared from Jatropha cake cannot be fed directly to rohu without detoxification and solid state fermentation appears to be an ideal approach. Overall, FJPC can be utilized in the diet of rohu at 20% without any detrimental effect on heamato-immunological and physiological response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effects of Hybanthus enneaspermus aqueous extract (HEE) as a feed supplement on growth, immune responses, haematological, and biochemical parameters of Labeo rohita and its susceptibility to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Diets containing five variable concentrations of HEE (g kg −1 ) (0 [basal diet], 1.0 [H1], 2.0 [H2], 3.0 [H3], and 4.0 [H4]) were fed to fish (average weight: 17.2 ± 0.21 g) for 6 weeks. Growth parameters, immune parameters, and haemato-biochemical parameters were examined 6 weeks post-feeding. The results showed that growth parameters, such as final weight (39.47 ± 3.1 g) and specific growth rate (1.92 ± 0.2), were significantly higher in the H3 group than in the control. Immunological parameters such as serum lysozyme (24.73 ± 2.16 U mg −1 ), phagocytic activity (19.14± 0.26%), and respiratory burst activity (0.307 ± 0.005) were significantly higher in the H3 group, compared with the control. Among the haematological parameters examined, red blood cells, white blood cells, neutrophils, total serum protein, and albumin levels were significantly higher in the H3 group. However, HEE administration had no significant effect on haematocrit, haemoglobin, monocytes, or eosinophils levels. Blood biochemical parameters, including superoxide dismutase and alkaline phosphatase activities, were higher ( P < 0.05) in the H3 group than in the control; however, the opposite result was found for aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, glucose, and cholesterol. Supplementation with 3 g kg −1 HEE increased the activities of intestinal digestive enzyme (amylase, protease, and lipase) in fish. Moreover, fish fed diets supplemented with 3 g kg −1 HEE exhibited the highest disease resistance against A. hydrophila infection. These results suggest that dietary administration of HEE (at 3 g kg −1 ) has several positive effects on growth, immune and haematological responses in L. rohita . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about the study on biology of Mahanadi Mahseer, Tor mosal mahanadicus (David) reared with Indian Major Carps (IMC) in Freshwater Pond Culture System conducted at ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar. The study focused on biological parameters, i.e., food and feeding habits; maturity; and length and weight relationship of Mahanadi mahseer, Tor mosal mahanadicus, a fish species under endangered group reared with IMCs such as Catla catla (Catla), Labeo rohita (Rohu) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Mrigal) in pond culture system. The fish was found to be omnivore and benthic feeder, and was acclimatized to pond culture condition and reared with supplementary feed such as rice bran and ground nut oil cake. In two years of pond rearing, male fish attended maturity and milting was recorded at an average size of 228 ± 11.36 mm length and 110 ± 6.61 g weight. Female fish attained early vitellogenic stage having primary vitellogenic oocytes in their ovaries at an average fish size of 287 ± 31.0 mm length and 224 ± 15.6 g weight. Length weight relationship of the fish in pond culture system reared from fry stage to adults was W= 0.0001339 L 2.4301 or log W = -3.8733 + 2.4301 log L and from fingerling stage to adults was W= 0.0000633 L 2.5920 or log W = -4.1986 + 2.5920 log L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jatropha kernel meal was detoxified through the process of solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus niger fungus. A 60-d feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal ( SBM) with fermented Jatropha kernel meal ( FJKM) on the hemato-biochemical and histopathological parameters in Labeo rohita fingerlings (average weight 6.05 ± 0.04 g). A total of 180 fish were randomly distributed in 12 experimental tanks in four dietary groups, namely control ( SBM-based diet), T1 (10% FJKM replacing 33.3% SBM), T2 (20% FJKM replacing 66.7% SBM), and T3 (30% FJKM replacing 100% SBM). There was no significant difference in the red blood cell, white blood cell, hemoglobin, total protein, albumin, globulin, and respiratory burst activity among the various groups, but significantly higher hematocrit value and albumin/globulin ratio were observed in the T2-fed group compared with the control. No statistical difference was found in serum glucose level of the control and FJKM-fed groups. Histopathological examination of the intestine and liver indicated no adverse effects in the control and FJKM-fed groups. Our findings revealed that FJKM can replace 100% SBM protein in the diets of L. rohita fingerlings, without any adverse effects on fish health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fish meal is the first choice for fish feed manufacturers due to its highly important protein profile. But, because of unforecasted and limited supply of fish meal, researchers are focusing to utilize plants like soybean meal in place of fish meal in fish diet. In this project soybean meal based diets were supplemented with phytase (0 and 1000 FTU/kg) and Citric acid (0 and 2%) with the purpose to enhance availability of nutrients. After the completion of trial, Labeo rohita from each replicate were taken for mineral analysis. The data was statistically analyzed by the two way analysis of variance. Acidification and phytase supplementation increased (p<0.05) the whole body minerals including Ca, Mg, Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, P, Na and K by 10, 31, 14, 9, 19, 20, 24, 28 and 14%, respectively in the L. rohita juveniles. Which increases its nutritional value of fish in terms of minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of dietary administration of microbial floc on immune response, immune relevant gene expression and resistance of rohu ( Labeo rohita ) against Edwardsiella tarda were investigated in the present study. Microbial flocs were collected from a biofloc system, dried and ground into fine powder. Four isonitrogenous diets were prepared with the addition of graded level of floc powder at 0% (control), 4% (B4), 8% (B8) and 12% (B12) inclusion. Fingerlings of rohu (10.36 ± 0.71 g) were fed with these diets and various immune responses, immune relevant gene expression and disease resistance were measured after 4 weeks of feeding. Different immunological parameters viz. oxygen radical production and lysozyme activity showed significant enhancement in fish fed with the B4 diet. However, myeloperoxidase and alkaline phosphatase activity did not show any significant difference. Immune relevant genes viz. IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, C3, iNOS and IL-10 showed significantly higher expression in liver and head-kidney tissues in most of the cases for the B4 and B8 diets. The B4 diet enhanced the resistance of rohu substantially against E. tarda challenge. In conclusion, the dietary supplementation of microbial floc meal had a health ameliorating effect in rohu particularly, at 4% inclusion level. The results collectively suggest the potential of applying microbial floc meal as immunostimulant in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 35 days feeding trial was conducted to assess the haemato-immunological response of Labeo rohita fingerlings fed ethanolic leaf extracts of Psidium guajava and Mangifera indica, and infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Six iso-nitrogenous (354.6-361.6 g kg−1) purified diets were prepared with graded level of leaf extracts viz., control (basal feed without any extract); TG-5 (5 g kg−1 guava extract); TG-10 (10 g kg−1 guava extract); TM-5 (5 g kg−1 mango extract); TM-10 (10 g kg−1 mango extract); and TGM (5 g kg−1 guava extract +5 g kg−1 mango extract). Haematological, immunological, biochemical, along with antioxidant enzyme activities were examined after a 35 day-feeding trial and following a 7 day challenge with A. hydrophila. The haemoglobin, total leucocyte and erythrocyte counts, respiratory burst activity, lysozyme, total protein, albumin and globulin contents increased significantly ( P < 0.05) in leaf extracts fed groups compared with the control in pre- and post-challenge conditions. A significant ( P < 0.05) decrease was observed in SOD (superoxide dismutase) and catalase activities of the treatment groups compared with the higher value in control. The trends in mortality indicated that groups of fish showing significantly elevated haemato-immunological responses had the lowest mortality following challenge with A. hydrophila. The results showed that extracts of P. guajava and M. indica appear to be potential immunostimulant at an inclusion level of 5 g kg−1 in the diet of rohu. But, mixing of both the extract at similar level did not show any synergistic effect, which needs to be tested at its lower level of inclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rearing of rohu spawn to fry size was carried out at high density (2000 spawn m−2) in large concrete nursery tanks (10 m × 5 m × 1.2 m) to standardize the daily ration of supplementary feed and to assess the impact of soil base on the fry performance. In Set-1, supplementary feed was provided at 100% (control), 75% and 50% of the daily ration that is commonly used in earthen carp nursery ponds and named as the three treatments T-1, T-2 and T-3 respectively. Although in Set-II, performance of fry were evaluated in tanks provided with and without soil base. The fry survival was to the tune of 45-59% at this high density of 2000 spawn m−2, indicating the efficacy of the concrete nursery system for high density seed rearing. In Set-I, T-2 receiving 75% of the control ration exhibited similar fry growth as that of T-1, but its fry survival (58.8%) was 10% higher than the latter. This indicated that supplementary feed in a concrete nursery can be reduced up to 25% of that provided in earthen nursery system while ensuring a higher fry yield. However, further reduction up to 50% of the control ration in T-3 yielded lower fry survival and growth ( P < 0.05) revealing inadequacy of the available feed. In Set-II, treatment without soil base (T-ns) yielded similar fry growth but 10% higher survival compared to that with the soil base (T-s) revealing non-essentiality of soil base in concrete tanks for such short-term nursery rearing of rohu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nutritional potential of protein isolate from rubber seed (RPI) in the diets of Labeo rohita (initial average weight 4.45 ± 0.01 g) was assessed in a 60 days feeding trial. Five isonitrogenous (32.62 ± 0.13 CP Kg −1 ) and isocaloric (18.47 ± 0.08 MJ kg −1 ) experimental diets were formulated with graded level of RPI like 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% in replacement for soybean protein isolate (SPI), and designated as Control, RPI25, RPI50, RPI75, RPI100, respectively. The RPI contributed 0%, 13%, 26%, 39% or 52% of the total dietary protein in the diets. Each diets were randomly assigned to 15 experimental tanks containing 12 fish in triplicates and fed to satiation twice daily at 10:00 h and 18:00 h. At the end of the feeding trial, the growth performance and nutrient utilization indices such as percent weight gain (WG%), specific growth rate (SGR), daily growth coefficient (DGC), feed intake (FI), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein retention (PR) values were not significantly (p > 0.05) affected by the dietary treatments irrespective of inclusion levels of RPI. A significantly higher (p < 0.05) hepatosomatic index (HSI) was recorded in the control and RPI 50 group compared to other treatment groups (p < 0.05). The intestinal somatic index (ISI) and Survival rate were similar (p > 0.05) in all the groups. The apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter and protein for fish fed the control and RPI 100 diets were found to be similar, while RPI 50 and RPI 75 groups exhibited a significantly lower value corresponding to the protease enzyme activity. The whole body compositions and digestive/metabolic enzymes activities among the various groups did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). The serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the control compared to the RPI fed groups. Significantly higher serum glucose level was recorded in RPI 50, while a reverse was seen in the liver glycogen contents. Overall, this study clearly showed that RPI from rubber seed can serve as alternative protein source in the diets of L. rohita fingerlings without any adverse effects on growth, nutrient utilization and physio-metabolic responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Four experimental diets D1, D2, D3 and D4 having 100, 300, 350 and 400 g protein kg−1 diet, respectively, were prepared. Fingerlings of Labeo rohita (5.45 ± 0.03 g) were fed with different diets following a mixed feeding schedule with the feeding cycle of 28 days that consisted of either 28 days feeding of diet D1 or D2 or 21 days feeding with D1 diet and 7 days with either D3 or D4 diet. Different treatments were T1 (D1 for 28 days), T2 (D2 for 28 days), T3 (D1 for 21 days and D2 for 7 days), T4 (D1 for 21 days and D3 for 7 days) or T5 (D1 for 21 days and D4 for 7 days). Fingerlings were sampled after three feeding cycles (84 days). Higher ( P < 0.05) growth performance and protein utilization efficiency were found in the T3 group, which was similar to the T2 group. The blood count, NBT, lysozyme activity, serum parameters and stress indicator parameters also complement for the better immunity in the T2 and T3 groups. Therefore, it could be concluded that fingerlings feeding alternately a low-protein diet (D1) for 21 days followed by a normal-protein diet (D2) for 7 days in a cycle of 28 days for 84 days maintained better growth and health status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of phytase, citric acid and their interaction on growth, muscle proximate composition and mineralization of whole body and bones in Labeo rohita juveniles. For this trial, 405 juveniles were used in a 3² factorial arrangement (0, 1.5 and 3% citric acid and 0, 750 and 1000 FTU/kg phytase) under completely randomized design. Triplicate groups of 15 fish per experimental units were fed experimental diets for 8 weeks. Fish fed citric acid and phytase supplemented diet showed improved (p<0.05) growth and body proximate of L. rohita either supplemented individually or mutually. Citric acid addition caused a significant (p<0.05) increment in the minerals deposition in the whole body and bones of juveniles. Similarly, phytase supplementation also improved (p<0.05) the mineralization in juveniles. Furthermore, a significant (p<0.05) interaction between both the supplements was observed to improve the minerals contents in the body and bones of fish. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that citric acid and phytase are very effective supplements to increase the bioavailability of minerals from soybean meal based diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six isonitrogenous and isocaloric semi-purified diets were prepared with different levels of microbial levan: control (Basal), T1 (Basal + 2.5 g kg−1 diet), T2 (Basal + 5 g kg−1 diet), T3 (Basal + 7.5 g kg−1 diet), T4 (Basal + 10 g kg−1 diet) and T5 (Basal + 12.5 g kg−1 diet), fed to six groups of fish in triplicate tanks. The results of the 60 days feeding trail showed that supplementation of dietary levan significantly affected the weight gain percentage and specific growth rate of the treatment groups fed at 10 g kg−1 or more levan. Lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) value and highest survival percentage among levan fed groups were observed with 12.5 g kg−1 incorporation (T5) and was comparable with (T4) group. Significant increase in muscle RNA level and RNA/ DNA ratio was observed with the increasing dietary levan. Fish fed 12.5 g kg−1 levan had significantly higher protease, amylase and lipase activities compare with the control group. Lowest Aspartate aminotransferase ( AST) activity in the liver and muscle was observed in the T5 group fed with highest level of dietary levan. Overall results conclude that dietary microbial levan incorporation at 12.5 g kg−1 could be used as potent dietary prebiotic for the culture of L. rohita juveniles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 60 days study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of water extract of Ocimum sanctum Linn. leaf on the immune response and disease resistance of Labeo rohita fingerlings against the Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Ocimum sanctum extract was incorporated in the diets (at 0.0%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 1%) of Labeo rohita, rohu fingerlings (6.6 ± 0.013 g). After 42 days blood, plasma and serum were sampled to determine super oxide anion production, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin in plasma, blood glucose, serum total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin ratio, WBC, RBC, haemoglobin content. Fish were challenged with A. hydrophila after 42 days and mortalities were recorded over 18 days post infection. The results demonstrate enhanced super oxide anion production, lysozyme activity, total immunoglobulin in plasma, serum total protein, globulin, total RBC counts, total WBC counts and haemoglobin content ( P < 0.05) in treatments group compared with control group. Dietary O. sanctum extracts of 0.2% showed significantly ( P < 0.05) higher protection relative percentage survival ( RPS 40.00 ± 5.773%) against A. hydrophila infection than control. These results indicate that O . sanctum leaf extract stimulates the immunity and makes L. rohita more resistant to bacterial infection ( A. hydrophila). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]