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The experiment was conducted to evaluate alternative protein ingredients in a low-fish meal (FM) diet for red seabream (Pagrus major). Twelve experimental diets were formulated. Control diet (CON) was designed to contain 60% FM. Other experimental diets were formulated by replacing 50% of FM from the CON with soy protein concentrate (SPC), corn gluten (CG), meat meal (MM), and/or chicken byproduct meal (CBM). Four diets were designed including one of SPC, CG, MM, or CBM as FM replacer and designated as SPC, CG, MM, and CBM. Six other diets were formulated by adding two ingredients as SPC and CG, SPC and MM, SPC and CBM, CG and MM, CG and CBM, or MM and CBM, and designated as SCG, SMM, SCM, CMM, CCM, and MCM, respectively. The 12th diet (MIX) was formulated by including SPC, CGM, MM, and CBM. Triplicate fish groups (50.2 ± 0.1 g) were hand-fed for 12 weeks. Weight gain (WG) of fish was significantly improved by MM and MCM diets compared to CG, SCG, CMM, and CCM diets. WG of CON, SPC, CM, SMM, SCM, and MIX groups were comparable with MM and MCM groups. The lowest WG was observed in CG and CMM groups. Feed efficiency (FE) was significantly higher in MM group compared to SPC, CG, SGC, and CMC groups. FE of MCM group was significantly higher than CG and SCG groups. Fillet linolenic acid (C18:2n–6) level in CG group was significantly higher than CON, MM, CM, SCM, CCM, and MCM groups. Serum lysozyme activity was significantly higher in MCM and MIX groups. Therefore, a high level of dietary CG reduces the growth performance and feed utilization of red seabream. A mixture of MM and CBM seems to be more efficient in replacing FM from red seabream diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A long‐term feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the effect substituting dietary fishmeal with a mixture of plant and animal protein sources on growth, body composition and economic efficiency of young Korean rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). A fishmeal‐based diet was designated the control (Con). Three among the other six diets, respectively, had 30%, 40% and 50% of its fishmeal replaced by a mixture of plant and animal protein sources (designated as FS30, FS40 and FS50 respectively), while the remaining three diets were FS30, FS40 and FS50 diets supplemented with L‐lysine and L‐methionine (FS30AA, FS40AA and FS50AA respectively). Three replicated groups of fish (initial body weight, 86 ± 1.9 g) were fed one of the seven diets for 30 weeks. By the end of the feeding trials, the survival rate of all experimental groups was over 92%. The final mean weight, weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor of fish were not significantly affected by dietary treatments. Incidence cost of FS50 diet was significantly lower than Con diet. FS50 and FS40AA diets exhibited significantly higher profit index than the Con diet. FS40AA and FS50 diets were the best economically, followed by FS40, FS50AA, FS30, FS30AA and Con diets. These results suggest that the dietary fishmeal could be substituted with a mixture of plant and animal protein up to 50% in the diet without a reduction in growth and feed utilization of young Korean rockfish. Taking account of economic efficiency, the FS50 diet is recommendable for young Korean rockfish farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined the dietary substitution effect of chicken by‐product meal (CBM) for fish meal (FM) on growth, feed utilization, body composition, haematology and non‐specific immune responses of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Six isonitrogenic and isolipidic experimental diets were prepared. The control (Con) diet contained 650 g/kg FM. One hundred, 200, 300, 400 and 500 g/kg FM were replaced with CBM, referred to as the CBM10, CBM20, CBM30, CBM40 and CBM50 diets, respectively. A total of 400 juvenile fish averaging 14.7 g was distributed into 20 tanks (20 fish/tank) and fed triplicate groups of each diet, except for quadruplicate groups for the Con and CBM30 diets twice daily to satiation for 8 weeks. Arginine, phenylalanine and threonine content of the experimental diets increased with dietary increased substitution of FM with CBM. The experimental diets did not affect survival, weight gain, specific growth rate, feed consumption and feed utilization of fish. The chemical composition, whole body amino acid profiles, haematological variables and non‐specific immune responses of fish were not changed by the experimental diets. These findings suggest that FM up to 500 g/kg can be substituted with CBM without retardation in growth, feed utilization, haematology and non‐specific immune responses of olive flounder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The attractiveness of crude feed ingredients to olive flounder and effects of including feed ingredients showing strong feeding attractiveness in extruded pellet (EP) on performance of fish were determined. Four types of experimental EP were prepared to evaluate the effects of feed ingredient manipulation on performance of fish. Five per cent anchovy meal component of the control diet was substituted with an equal amount of jack mackerel meal, sardine meal and hydrolysed fish meal to create the JM, SM and HFM diets respectively. The diets were prepared in commercial form as EP. Jack mackerel meal produced the strongest feeding attractant responses of olive flounder, followed by sardine meal and hydrolysed fish meal. The greatest weight gain, feed consumption and condition factor (CF) were observed in fish fed the JM diet, followed by fish fed the SM, HFM and control diets, in that order in the 8‐week feeding trial. The dietary manipulation of feed ingredients performed in this study showed that the inclusion of ingredients with strong feeding attractiveness improved feed consumption and eventually accelerated the growth performance and CF of the fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Two consecutive feeding trials were conducted to investigate taurine essentiality and requirement for parrot fish (Experiment I) and to determine whether taurine supplementation to high soybean meal (SM) diets would improve its growth performance (Experiment II). In Exp I, a fish meal (FM) based diet was used as a control and supplemented with 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 or 1.6% taurine, and fed to triplicate groups of juvenile parrot fish (initial body weight, 13.5g) to apparent satiation for 8weeks. The growth and feed utilization were significantly improved by taurine supplementation up to 0.8% and thereafter plateaued. An optimum dietary taurine level was determined by a broken-line regression analysis based on weight gain and estimated at 0.88% diet. In Exp II, six experimental diets were prepared by supplementation of 0 or 1.0% taurine to a FM-based diet or addition of 0, 0.1% (low), 1.0% (medium) or 2.0% (high) taurine to a basal diet in which 30% of FM was replaced with SM (designated as FM, FM+T1, SM, SM+T0.1, SM+T1 and SM+T2, respectively). Each experimental diet was fed to juvenile parrot fish (initial body weight, 6.4g) twice daily to apparent satiation for 12weeks. The fish fed SM diet showed significantly lower growth performance compared to fish fed FM-based diets. Supplementation of taurine to SM diet significantly affected fish growth and higher performances were observed in fish fed SM+T1 or SM+T2 diets that were comparable to that of the fish fed FM diet. However, no significant changes were observed regarding the inclusion of taurine into FM-based diet. These results clearly demonstrated the positive effects of dietary taurine supplementation on feed utilization and growth performance of juvenile parrot fish when 30% FM was replaced with SM. The optimum dietary level of taurine seems to be approximately 1% in diets. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In an eight-week feeding trial, encapsulated sodium butyrate (ESB), gamma-aminobutyric acid (GAB), selenium-yeast (SeY), yeast extract nucleotides (YEN), yucca meal (YUM), song-gang stone (SGS) and protease (PRT) were evaluated as functional feed additives in a low fishmeal (FM) diet for olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Eight experimental diets were fed to 5.26 ± 0.17 g (mean ± SD) juvenile olive flounder in triplicates. A low-FM basal diet without feed additive was considered as control (CON); seven other diets were prepared by adding 4 g ESB, 158 mg GAB, 2 g SeY, 4 g YEN, 1.5 g YUM, 4 g SGS, and 175 mg PRT per kg of basal diet. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed diets YEN, GAB, and SGS were significantly higher than those of fish fed CON diet (P <.05). Superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed YEN and myeloperoxidase (MPO) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) of fish fed YEN, GAB, SGS, ESB, and YUM were significantly higher than those of fish fed CON diet. Whereas, there were no significant differences in non-specific immune responses among fish fed YEN, GAB, SGS, ESB, and YUM and diets (P >.05). Heat shock protein 70 gene expression of fish fed YEN and SeY was significantly higher than those of fish fed the CON diet. Intestinal villi length of fish fed YEN, GAB, SGS, and ESB was significantly higher than those of fish fed CON. Also, intestinal trypsin activity of fish fed YEN, GAB, SGS, ESB, and PRT was significantly higher than those of fish fed CON diet (P <.05). After seven days of challenge test, fish fed diets YEN, GAB, SGS, PRT, and YUM had higher cumulative survival than those of fish fed CON diet. In conclusion, YEN, GAB, and SGS could have beneficial effects on growth and feed utilization performance, MPO and NBT activity, intestinal villi length, intestinal trypsin activity, and cumulative survival of olive flounder fed low-FM diets. • Functional feed additives such as YEN, GAB, and SGS can enhance growth performance of olive flounder • YEN, GAB, and SGS improved intestinal villi length, trypsin activity, non-specific immune responses, and disease resistance • Selective functional feed additives (YEN, GAB, and SGS) can be considered cost-effective solutions in low fish meal diets [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]