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In order to assess the prevalence of pesticide contamination and the risk of florists' exposure when handling cut flowers, sampling and analysis of 90 bouquets of the most commonly sold cut flowers in Belgium (50 bouquets of roses; 20 of gerberas, and 20 of chrysanthemums) were carried out. The bouquets were collected from 50 florists located in the seven largest cities of Belgium (Antwerp, Brussels, Charleroi, Ghent, Leuven, Liege, and Namur) and from five supermarkets located in the different regions. To have a better understanding of the route of exposure and professional practices a questionnaire was also addressed to a group of 25 florists who volunteered to take part in the survey. All florists were interviewed individually when collecting the questionnaire. The residual pesticide deposit values on cut flowers were determined in an accredited laboratory using a multi-residue (QuEChERS Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe) method and a combination of gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chormatograhphy (LC) analysis. A total of 107 active substances were detected from all samples; i.e., an average of about 10 active substances per bouquet. The most severely contaminated bouquet accumulated a total concentration of residues up to 97 mg/kg. Results show that roses are the most contaminated cut flowers; with an average of 14 substances detected per sample and a total concentration per rose sample of 26 mg/kg. Some active substances present an acute toxicity (acephate, methiocarb, monocrotophos, methomyl, deltamethrin, etc.) and exposure can generate a direct effect on the nervous system of florists. Nevertheless, fungicides (dodemorph, propamocarb, and procymidone) were the most frequently detected in samples and had the highest maximum concentrations out of all the active substances analysed. Dodemorph was the most frequently detected substance with the highest maximum concentration (41.9 mg/kg) measured in the rose samples. It appears from the survey that, despite being exposed to high deposits of residues, florists usually do not protect themselves from contact with residues even if they spend several hours handling cut flowers and preparing bouquets (from 2 to 6 h/day, depending on the time of year and/or selling periods) daily. Bad habits (eating, drinking, or smoking at work) and absence of personal protective equipment of most florists also increase the risk of contact with pesticide residues., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Addressing the current reliance on manual sorting and grading of spray rose cut flowers, this paper proposed an improved YOLOv5s model for intelligent recognition and grading detection of rose color series and flowering index of spray rose cut flowers. By incorporating small-scale anchor boxes and small object feature output, the model enhanced the annotation accuracy and the detection precision for occluded rose flowers. Additionally, a convolutional block attention module attention mechanism was integrated into the original network structure to improve the model's feature extraction capability. The WIoU loss function was employed in place of the original CIoU loss function to increase the precision of the model's post-detection processing. Test results indicated that for two types of spray rose cut flowers, Orange Bubbles and Yellow Bubbles, the improved YOLOv5s model achieved an accuracy and recall improvement of 10.2% and 20.0%, respectively. For randomly collected images of spray rose bouquets, the model maintained a detection accuracy of 95% at a confidence threshold of 0.8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth and flowering performances of different colors of roses. Five different treatments, representing different rose colors, were tested: T1 (Red), T2 (Orange), T3 (Dark Pink), T4 (Yellow), and T5 (Light Pink). Each treatment was replicated five times using a Randomized Block Design. This setup allows for a systematic evaluation of how different rose colors impact plant development and flower production. The study monitored various growth parameters, including plant height, leaf number, branch number, bud number, and flower number, at different stages: 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days after transplantation (DAT). The results indicated that plant height, leaf number, branch number, and bud number did not significantly vary among the different rose color treatments across most observation periods. Notably, the T3 (Dark Pink) treatment showed good results in plant height and leaf number at later stages. Significant difference was observed at 42DAT in bud numbers where T2(orange) was found to be highest. Significant differences were also observed in flower numbers at 14DAT and 21DAT, with T1 (Red) and T2 (Orange) treatments displaying higher flower counts compared to other treatments. These findings suggest that while certain rose colors may influence flower production and bud numbers at specific growth stages, the overall choice of rose color may not significantly affect other growth parameters like plant height, leaf number and branch number. This research provides insights for growers into selecting rose varieties based on flower color and highlights the need for further investigation into the physiological mechanisms driving these differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Damascus rose (DR) is an important economic crop. In recent years, DR has been widely planted and utilized in China. In order to improve its aroma quality, the volatile releasing regularities of DR need to be studied. Therefore, HS‐GC‐IMS were used to examine the style of aroma release in DR under three flowering states: pre‐bloom (PB), half‐bloom (HB) and full bloom (FB). The results show that HS‐GC‐IMS detected 56 volatile compounds to investigate the changes of volatile compounds in three states of DR during the growth period. The results of PCA showed that changes in aroma substances were obvious during the growth stage of DR. In addition, FB contributed some key aroma molecules of DR. Thus, volatiles in DR at different times of a day (5 AM, 11 AM, 5 PM) and were further examined by using P&T‐GC–MS towards FB. Finally, a total of 68 volatile compounds were identified; most of them were terpenoids (47.83%–59.62%). Totally 21 volatiles were considered key compounds due to their high concentration (≥1%). These key compounds showed the highest levels at 5 AM and lowest levels at 5 PM. Heat map clustering showed that most of the key compounds possessing higher levels in the flowers had maximum levels at 5 AM and compounds with lower levels peaked at 11 AM. This study will provide a theoretical understanding of the aroma generation mechanism of DR. It also helps the rose farmers to plant and sow rose flowers practically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Roses in the planting environment are closely distributed and shielded from each other. In order to accurately detect and extract the characteristics of roses, the colour and shape of roses were recognized and processed based on machine vision. Firstly, bilateral filtering was selected to denoise the rose image, and then the colour of the rose was extracted by using the hexagonal cone colour model (HSV), and a scrollbar function was created to segment the threshold of each component of the hexagonal cone colour model to determine the optimal threshold. Finally, the contour of the rose was extracted by means of morphological operation, area threshold, hole query and filling. The fitting method of the shape of the inner circle of the rose was proposed, and the center and radius of the fitting inner circle were used as the image features of the rose. The results showed that the rose colour threshold could effectively remove the images of the rose branches and leaves, and the shape fitting algorithm could effectively extract the shape features of the rose and erase the rose bud. By using this method, the recognition rate of single rose was 98.17%, that of overlapping roses with 3 or less roses was 92.67%, that of overlapping roses with 4 or more roses was 74.07%, and that of roses blocked by branches and leaves was 83.03%. This set of machine algorithm could effectively recognize and extract the characteristic values of roses in a complex planting environment, which provided important technical support for rose-picking robot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biblos: Revista da Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra is the property of Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Low temperatures commonly delay flowering in cut roses but enhance final flower quality, i.e., biomass, petal doubling, and flower size. However, this information remains unclear for spray-type cut roses. This study was conducted to understand the effect of suboptimal temperatures on flower quality in the spray-type cut rose 'Pink Shine.' The 6-month-old rooted cuttings were cultivated in environmentally controlled growth chambers at four temperature levels: 25/20 °C (optimal temperature, OT) and 20/20 °C, 20/15 °C, and 15/15 °C (suboptimal temperatures, SOTs). As expected, SOTs significantly delayed the flowering time (11.2–25 days) but enhanced flower quality, with 51% and 160% increases in flower size and biomass, respectively. SOTs did not statistically amplify petal numbers, as expected, compared with OT. Instead, SOTs significantly increased stamen and carpel numbers by 1.3 and 2 times, respectively, resulting in a 1.4-fold increase in total floral organ formation. Moreover, SOTs increased the mRNA levels of A-function genes (RhAP1** and RhFUL**) and C-function genes (RhSHP*) but suppressed the B-function gene (RhPI*), which is linked to the development of plant reproductive structures (stamen and carpel) in spray-type cut roses. Conclusively, the growth temperature was more effective for quantity accumulation than for the number of petals but was similar in carpels. These results suggest that SOTs enhance carpel differentiation during flowering, implying that flowers may choose a reproductive strategy through carpels over petals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geraniol derived from essential oils of various plant species is widely used in the cosmetic and perfume industries. It is also an essential trait of the pleasant smell of rose flowers. In contrast to other monoterpenes which are produced in plastids via the methyl erythritol phosphate pathway, geraniol biosynthesis in roses relies on cytosolic NUDX1 hydrolase which dephosphorylates geranyl diphosphate (GPP). However, the metabolic origin of cytosolic GPP remains unknown. By feeding Rosa chinensis "Old Blush" flowers with pathway-specific precursors and inhibitors, combined with metabolic profiling and functional characterization of enzymes in vitro and in planta, we show that geraniol is synthesized through the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway by a bifunctional geranyl/farnesyl diphosphate synthase, RcG/FPPS1, producing both GPP and farnesyl diphosphate (FPP). The downregulation and overexpression of RcG/FPPSl in rose petals affected not only geraniol and germacrene D emissions but also dihydro-β-ionol, the latter due to metabolic cross talk of RcG/FPPSl-dependent isoprenoid intermediates trafficking from the cytosol to plastids. Phylogenetic analysis together with functional characterization of G/FPPS orthologs revealed that the G/FPPS activity is conserved among Rosaceae species. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamic simulations enabled to identify two conserved amino acids that evolved from ancestral FPPSs and contribute to GPP/FPP product specificity. Overall, this study elucidates the origin of the cytosolic GPP for NUDX1-dependent geraniol production, provides insights into the emergence of the RcG/FPPS1 GPPS activity from the ancestral FPPSs, and shows that RcG/FPPS1 plays a key role in the biosynthesis of volatile terpenoid compounds in rose flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Propose a method for detecting damage in cut roses based on object detection networks and keypoint detection networks. • Lightweight improvements to the YOLOv5 and HRNet models to reduce model parameters. • Successfully implemented effective detection of petal damage and bending in cut flowers. Post-harvest quality grading plays a crucial role in further enhancing the market competitiveness of cut roses. One of the key tasks of post-harvest cut flower grading is defect detection. This study proposes a method for identifying rose cut flower damage based on deep learning technology. This method first sets up a cut flower image acquisition system and establishes a petal damage dataset and a bent head flower dataset. For petal damage, this study makes lightweight improvements to the YOLOv5 model and uses the improved YOLOv5 model to identify petal damage, achieving an A P o b j of 92.1 %. In comparison with other models, the improved YOLOv5 model also has excellent accuracy and fewer parameters. For bent flowers, this study makes lightweight improvements to the HRNet model and uses the improved HRNet to identify the position of the flower's center. The improved HRNet has a decrease in recognition accuracy, but the number of parameters is significantly reduced compared to the original model. After obtaining the position of the flower's center, it is judged whether it is a bent flower according to the best distance threshold obtained through the training set data. The average damage recognition accuracy of the final rose cut flowers is 97.9 %. In conclusion, the proposed method in this study can effectively identify petal damage and bend flower in cut roses, and it can also provide new ideas and technical means for the quality detection of cut roses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the quality of rose flowers, based on the length of the floral stem, according to the cutting system, as a plant maintenance work. The researches were organized during 2017 - 2018 at the Teaching and Research Base of the University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I" from Timisoara. Six rose varieties were studied: Acapella (Aca), Barkarole (Bar), Double Delight (D De), Golden Elegance (G El), Lady in Purple (L Pu), and Pascali (Pas). Three cutting systems were performed, at two buds, at five buds, and at seven buds. The varieties Acapella, Barkarole and Golden Elegance provided flowers with a longer stem, and the varieties Double Delight, Lady in Purple and Pascali provided flowers with a shorter stem, in all three cutting systems. The system of cutting at two buds facilitated obtaining the longest flower stems (eg 118.00 cm for the Barkarole variety). On the basis of PCA (correlation), a diagram was resulted that contained the distribution of the experimental variants (represented by rose varieties) in relation to the cutting system (2; 5; 7 buds - as biplot). According to PCA, PC1 explained 93.597% of variance and PC2 explained 5.635% of variance. Cluster analysis generated a dendrogram of the variants association, based on the Euclidean distances, according to each cutting system (Coph.corr.=0.828 for cutting to 2 buds; Coph.corr=0.884 for cutting to 5 buds; Coph.corr=0.732 for cutting to 7 buds). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this work was to determine the optimum level of pruning in pitaya. In addition, we want to establish the relationship between pruning levels and the intensity of flowering, and between flowering levels and heavy flower bud drop that affects this species. With these aims, two experiments were performed on Hylocereus undatus [(Haw.) Britton and Rose] cultivated in greenhouses and trained in a trellis system. Our results conclude that cane pruning leaving 15 cladodes per meter in a trellis system is the most productive, as it yielded more fruit of similar weight. Positive relationships between flowering and setting, regardless of pruning levels, justify less severe pruning. Fruit set and size did not depend on pruning levels, although we found a fruit weight reduction when a single cladode developed more than one fruit. Flower buds drop was proportionally higher in cladodes forming more flowers, suggesting that bud competition plays a role in their drop. However, flower bud thinning seems unnecessary, although if a flower is to be chosen, it is better to select those formed at the apex of the cladode since they produce larger fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At least in one phase of postharvest, the flower stems of rose are exposed to the environment. The water they lose and the rehydration in the vase will depend on the temperature and anatomy of the flower stem. In this research, the moisture content of two cultivars of Rosa hybrida exposed to room temperature from 0 to 48 h was evaluated and the anatomy of the leaf and stem was described. In March 2019, flower stems of ‘Engagement’ and ‘Freedom’ roses were harvested, in a commercial greenhouse in Puebla, Mexico and transported dry to the laboratory of the Iztacala Faculty of Higher Studies, where they were spread out on a table. Evaluations were conducted every 8 h. In both cultivars, the initial moisture of stems and leaves was 75%. In those that were exposed for 24 hours, it was 66 and 57% for ‘Engagement’ and ‘Freedom’, respectively. The thickness of the cuticle and mesophyll was 96 and 26% greater in ‘Engagement’ than in ‘Freedom’ (180.9 and 2.4 μm). The stems of ‘Engagement’ had 331 vessels per mm² with 29.5 μm in diameter, those of ‘Freedom’ 402 of 26.5 μm. The ‘Engagement’ rose lost less water than ‘Freedom’ due to the greater thickness of its cuticle and amplitude of its mesophyll. The number of vessels had little effect on water loss or rehydration in the vase. In both cultivars, the flower stems could have a useful vase life even if they are exposed to the environment for 8 or 16 h without any protection, with longer times it decreases due to dehydration of the leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios is the property of Universidad Juarez Autonoma de Tabasco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims at investigating hyponymy and its semantic category in Wilde's The Nightingale and the Rose. It also aims to discover and highlight the most dominant as well as the least category kinds in this short story. In the study under investigation, 113 hyponyms are found and divided into 27 categories namely; body and its parts, plant, colour, occupation, appearance, time, flowers, animal, five senses, sex-male, sex-female, gemstone, family, voice, parts of the house, garden, distance, fruit, age, instruments, liquids, furniture, size, sleep, building, transportation and insect, respectively. The findings of the research indicate that the most dominant type is body and its parts which occurred 13 times, while the least type is insects, which occurred only once in the data under investigation. The findings of the study help English teachers and students learn and apply new vocabulary concepts, allowing them to better understand the language of literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Viewing of visual imagery of forest or nature is known for producing physiological and psychological relaxation of mind and body. Nature surroundings are colourful and vary from green of plants, blue of water and red, orange, yellow and violet of flowers. These coloured imageries also known to affect our emotion; may lead to joy, sorrow, happiness grief etc. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) indexes through vagal activity the autonomic responses and thereby affects our emotions and behavioural outcome. This study is planned to assess the colour effects of visual imagery of coloured rose flowers on HRV in males and females for red, blue, green, indigo, yellow, orange and violet colours. Methodology: The Heart Rate Variability analysis was conducted on Power Lab AD Instruments, Australia in thirty healthy individuals (15 males and 15 females), aged between 20 to 40 years. Results: We observed variation in autonomic response to different colours in males and females on Heart Rate Variability assessment. There was augmentation of sympathetic drive on viewing of red, orange and violet colour roses in males and that of blue and violet colours in females. The visual imagery of blue, green, indigo and yellow coloured roses in males and red, green, indigo, yellow' and orange coloured in females produced a parasympathetic influence on Heart Rate Variability. Conclusion: Colours affects HRV and thereby can influence our emotional and behavioural responses in our daily life. Adapting to coloured surrounding of choice at workplace and at home may influence our work output and productivity as well produce physical and mental wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of roses depends on cultivar, rootstock and growing conditions. The use of rootstocks can be highly positive compared with their own roots, especially in the open. Generally in Kosovo roses propagated by grafting, during a year produced about 120-150 thousand seedlings. In Kosovo the most frequent rootstocks for roses are species Rosa canina var. laxa. The purpose of this research was to study level of compatability of rootstock Rosa canina var. laxa, with two groups of modern garden rose: Floribunda Roses and Polyantha Roses, with eight cultivars for each group. Roses are usually propagated by grafting, which is one of the many grafting techniques. A rose rootstock can influence the scion in terms of growth and development in various aspects. Most important are adaptation to certain pH values and drainage conditions of the soil, climatic factors, disease resistance, plant longevity, compatibility, productivity and flower quality. The experiment was conducted during 2018-2020, tested in a commercial farm in Kamenica, Kosovo. During the vegetation are measured these parameters: number and diameter of roots, length of flower stems, diameter of structural shoots, number of flowers, etc. There was found a significant level of compatibility between rootstock Rosa canina var. laxa with all tested roses cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main pathogen that deteriorates the quality of rose flowers during the postharvest stage belongs to the fungal genus Botrytis. The chemical products used to control the disease caused by this pathogen have been losing effectiveness due to the appearance of resistance. The present study describes the in vitro and in vivo fungicidal activity of Pelargonium graveolens essential oil and its chemical composition. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, and the in vitro fungicidal activity was determined by agar diffusion assays, showing 100% of fungal growth inhibition at 250 ppm. In vivo assays were performed on Rosa grandiflora flowers treated with 250 ppm of P. graveolens essential oil, using distillate water as a positive control and the commercial fungicide carbendazim as a negative one. No significant differences were obtained between the treatment with the essential oil and the treatment with the commercial fungicide. The chemical profile of the essential oil was determined by GC-MS. The main compounds detected were geraniol (24.89%), citronellol (19.50%), linalool (10.92%) and γ-eudesmol (8.93%). These results encourage the possible use of P. graveolens essential oil for the control of B. cinerea in rose flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oil-bearing rose is one of the main essential oil crops grown in Bulgaria. During the processing of rose flowers rose oil, rose concrete, rose absolute, and rose water are obtained. Waste rose flowers after the distillation of the essential oil still have a limited usage. The objective of the present study is to determine the chemical composition, in vitro gas production, digestibility and relative feed value of waste flowers of Rosa damascena Mill. and their suitability for use as forage. The rose flowers were collected from six fields located in the Kazanlak valley, Southern Bulgaria: three of them are with organic rose production and three are conventional. After their distillation the chemical composition of rose wastes was determined: crude protein, crude fat, crude fibre, ash and nitrogen-free extracts (NFE). Comparative analysis of the chemical composition, structural fibre components: neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF), in vitro gas production and relative feed value (RFV) of rose wastes was made under the conditions of the two production systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a rose-flower variety classification scheme, using color and shape features is presented. The first three statistical moments of the R, G, and B planes of the image were calculated to describe the color, while Fourier coefficients are used to describe the shape. For shape description, signatures (wave-forms) of the boundary contour of the binary images were extracted. Fourier coefficients that are used to describe the shape were estimated using the signatures generated. Depending on the Fourier coefficients, a representation of sums of angles formed along boundaries of the flowers was defined. Using these sums and the color features as input to an artificial neural network (ANN), the flowers were classified into their respective target classes. The eighteen flower varieties considered in this study were classified with an accuracy of 95.6%, 98.9%, and 100% using their shape, color, and combination of both shape and color features, respectively. Comparing these results, it was found that the combination of the two features is an efficient criterion for rose flower variety discrimination and classification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we isolated 741 wild budding yeast strains from the flowers of 45 rose cultivars growing in Fukuyama city, Hiroshima, Japan. Of these 741 strains, 21 were found to have high fermentation abilities in yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD) medium. Four of the 21 strains were able to ferment bread dough to make bread. These yeasts were identified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Lachancea fermentati, Lachancea kluyveri, and a Torulaspora sp. based on DNA sequences from the 26S rDNA D1/D2 regions. The CO2 production profiles of the bread dough generated by the rose yeasts were evaluated using a Fermograph. Saccharomyces cerevisiae FRY2915 exhibited the highest fermentation capacity. Furthermore, FRY2915 was able to ferment grape juice to produce wine, yielding an alcohol concentration of more than 12%. The four rose yeasts isolated during this study have the potential to produce various types of unique fermented foods, thus enhancing the value of the microbiota associated with rose flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is an environmental factor affecting the yield and quality of rose flowers, but the potential molecular regulatory mechanism remains unclear. Here, the physiological indexes and related compound contents of rose flowers were determined under drought stress, of which flower size, fresh/dry weight, and carbohydrate accumulation were significantly reduced, whereas the contents of total phenols, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, and volatile compounds increased compared with normal growth conditions. Transcriptome profiling identified that trehalose signaling may be involved in this process, and that the expression level of various trehalose anabolic pathway genes such as trehalose-6-phosphate synthases and trehalose phosphatases were repressed, whereas the contents of trehalose (Tre) and its precursor trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) decreased under drought stress. Furthermore, exogenous spraying of Tre and T6P could alleviate the wilting phenomenon caused by drought stress and promote the accumulation of starch, soluble sugar, and lignin in the petals. Results indicated that T6P or Tre, as a positive regulatory signal, improves the drought tolerance of rose plants and maintains the quality of rose flowers under drought conditions, which provides new insights into the effects of drought stress on flower quality. • Drought stress inhibited the endogenous trehalose synthesis of rose petals and directly caused the change of flower quality. • T6P and Tre as signaling molecules affect the quality of rose flowers and inhibit the synthesis and accumulation of geraniol. • Exogenous T6P and Tre increased rose resistance under drought stress while maintaining normal flower quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of rose sirup and marigold powder on the physicochemical properties, bioactive potential, sensory acceptability and storage life of the nutricereals (finger millet, oats) and milk-based functional beverage (FB). Method: Preliminary trials were performed using different levels of rose sirup (8–14%) and marigold powder (0.40–0.55%) in the pre-standardized FB. The most acceptable concentration was selected on the basis of sensory analysis. Selected beverages were then subjected to the physicochemical analysis, assessment of bioactive compounds and FTIR characterization. The effect of flower extracts on the mineral content and storage life (4 ± 1 °C) of beverages was also studied. The significant difference in treatments was determined using Duncan's multiple range test, SPSS 25.0. Results: The best acceptable concentrations for rose sirup and marigold powder were 10% and 0.50%, respectively. A significant (p ≤ 0.05) decrease in the dietary fiber (6.50%) and β-glucan (3.95%) content was observed on the addition of rose sirup. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) increase in the total phenols (119.18–145.23%), β-carotene (0.37%), anthocyanins (78.82-230.58%) and antioxidant activity (4.98–7.17%) was observed on the addition of flower extracts. Strong peaks were observed in the regions of 3600–3200, 3000–2800 and 1700–1600 cm − 1 on FTIR characterization. A significant decrease in the mineral content of FB was also found on the addition of rose sirup. Rose flavored beverage had the highest overall acceptability (7.83 ± 0.23) and storage stability (50 days at refrigerated storage) among the prepared beverages. Conclusion: The addition of flower extracts significantly improved the acceptability of the prepared beverages. It not only improved the phytochemical profile but also had a substantial impact on storage stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the floral motifs that decorate Apulian red-figure vases of the Middle Apulian period a four-petalled flower is frequently found. The way it is represented varies depending on the painter and evolves over time. Although the flowers on vases attributed to a particular artist tend to be very similar, there are instances where virtually identical flowers can be seen on works attributed to different hands, which suggests that a number of painters collaborated in a single workshop or in the same centre of production. The same flower occurs on a small number of Gnathia vases, and the manner of its rendering reveals them to be connected to the production of red-figure vases of the Middle and Late Apulian phases--evidence of the rich repertoire of decorative motifs available to artists. The flower has on occasions been identified as a rose, but the number of petals and other characteristics suggest that it is a poppy, well known and widely used in antiquity. Among the divinities to whom it is linked are Demeter and Kore, both important in funerary contexts, and on our vases the flower appears mainly in scenes alluding to Dionysus and Aphrodite, evoking the idea of a meadow or a garden, a blissful place on the way to a dionysiac afterlife. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims The success of using bent shoots in cut-rose (Rosa hybrida) production to improve flower shoot quality has been attributed to bent shoots capturing more light and thus providing more assimilates for flower shoot growth. We aimed at quantifying this contribution of photosynthesis by bent shoots to flower shoot growth. Methods Rose plants were grown with four upright flower shoots and with no, one or three bent shoots per plant. Plant architectural traits, leaf photosynthetic parameters and organ dry weight were measured. A functional–structural plant (FSP) model of rose was used to calculate photosynthesis of upright shoots and bent shoots separately, taking into account the heterogeneous canopy structure of these plants. Key Results Bent shoots contributed to 43–53 % of total assimilated CO2 by the plant. Plant photosynthesis increased by 73 and 117 % in plants with, respectively, one and three bent shoots compared with plants without bent shoots. Upright shoot photosynthesis was not significantly affected by the presence of bent shoots. However, upright shoot dry weight increased by 35 and 59 % in plants with, respectively, one and three bent shoots compared with plants without bent shoots. The increased upright shoot dry weight was entirely due to the contribution of extra photosynthesis by bent shoots, as this was the only source that could induce differences in upright shoot growth apart from their own photosynthesis. At least 47–51 % of the photosynthesis by bent shoots was translocated to upright shoots to support their biomass increase. Conclusions Based on model simulations, we conclude that the positive effect of shoot bending on flower shoot growth and quality in cut-rose production system can almost entirely be attributed to assimilate supply from bent shoots. FSP modelling is a useful tool to quantify the contributions of photosynthesis by different parts of heterogeneous canopies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rose flower chips were produced by freeze drying (FD), pulse spouted vacuum-microwave freeze drying (PSVMFD), vacuum-microwave freeze drying (VMFD), and microwave-assisted vacuum drying (MVD). Drying time, color attributes (L*, a*, b* and h), flavor, texture, Vitamin C, flavonoids content, shrinkage value, DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and microstructure were compared. Results showed that MVD was the fastest (120 min) method of drying and FD was the slowest (560 min) method to achieve the target moisture content (under 5%). Considering product quality, FD samples exhibited the highest vitamin C (2.40 ± 0.14 mg/100 g) and flavonoids content (88.33 ± 0.22 mg/100 g), with the strongest DPPH radical scavenging capacity, followed by PSVMFD samples. Additionally, FD samples showed the lowest shrinkage (3.89 ± 0.01%) followed by PSVMFD samples (15.02 ± 0.02%) whereas the MVD chips had the highest shrinkage (50.12 ± 0.12%). FD and PSVMFD samples exhibited loose porous structure, while VMFD and MVD samples showed more compact structure. Considering the drying time and product quality comprehensively, PSVMFD was a novel and promising drying method to produce high quality rose flower chips. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the beginning of time people were attracted to the scent of flowers, whenever we see a flower, instinctively, we take it and try to feel the aroma. Roses, from this point of view have a very wide range of flavors and with the different colors they are very attractive. In this paper we will try to present some of the most fragrant roses from the Botanical Garden Rosarium in Bucharest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petal expansion is the main process by which flower opening occurs in roses (Rosa chinensis). Although the regulation of leaf expansion has been extensively studied, little is known about the mechanisms controlling petal expansion. The regulation of leaf dorsoventral (adaxial–abaxial) polarity is important for blade expansion and morphogenesis, but the mechanisms involved adaxial–abaxial regulation in petals are unknown. We found that auxin, a key hormonal regulator of leaf adaxial–abaxial patterning, is unevenly distributed in rose petals. The transcriptomes of the adaxial and abaxial petal tissues were sequenced at three developmental stages during flower opening. Genes that were differentially expressed between the two tissues were filtered for those known to be involved in petal expansion and phytohormone biosynthesis, transport, and signaling, revealing potential roles in petal expansion, especially auxin pathway genes. Using a weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), we identified two gene modules that may involve in adaxial–abaxial regulation, 21 and five hub genes have been found respectively. The qRT-PCR validation results were consistent with the RNA-seq data. Based on these findings, we propose a simple network of adaxial–abaxial-related genes that regulates petal expansion in R. chinensis "Old Blush." For the first time, we report the adaxial–abaxial transcriptional changes that occur during petal expansion, providing a reference for the study of the regulation of polarity in plant development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to investigate the biochemical responses and vase life of rose cut flowers under different ratios of NO3:NH4:urea in soilless culture. In this study, urea was used as the source of nitrogen (N) in solution cultures. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted as completely randomized design with seven ratios of N forms and three replications. The rooted cuttings of rose cv Dolce Vita were supplied with seven different ratios of NO3−:NH4+:urea (100:0:0, 70:15:15, 50:25:25, 50:0:50, 0:0:100, 50:50:0 and 0:100:0). Results showed that with the increase in urea and ammonium concentrations, the amounts of cuttings IAA, GA3, zeatin, ABA and polyamines contents decreased significantly. Plants fertigated with nutrient solution containing NO3−:NH4+:urea (50:25:25) had the highest concentrations of growth regulators, the highest stalk length and flower vase life. As the ammonium ratios in the nutrient solution increased, the flower vase life decreased significantly. It was concluded that using NO3−:NH4+:urea at the ratio of 50:25:25 had the highest effects on improving the rose cut flowers quality by affecting plants growth regulators and can be recommended for cut rose production in soilless culture systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer is the second major cause of deaths after cardiovascular diseases due to exposure to various carcinogens in the food we eat, the water we drink and the air we breathe. Excessive free radicals produced during cellular metabolism can attack the deoxyribose, DNA backbone and bases, which leads to cytotoxicity or mutation and finally it causes cancer. There is a necessity for research to search of new compounds with cytotoxic activity, as the treatment of cancer. The available anticancer drug is often unsatisfactory due to the problem, which cause cytotoxicity to the normal cells along with cancer cells. Plants are considered as the valuable sources of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, which produce certain substances that have effects on living animal cells like apoptosis of cancer cells. In recent days emphasis has been on the use of edible sources for maintenance of the health. Therefore edible flowers which are now extensively used in preparation of foods is gaining much more attention for their medicinal value. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant and antitumor activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Rose and Pea flowers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India for two consecutive years (2015–16 and 2016–17). The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis whether different shade level and mulch type would influence the growth, flower yield and essential oil profile of R. damascena. Yield attributes viz., numbers of flowers plant-1, fresh flower weight plant-1, flower yield, and essential oil yield were significantly higher under open sunny conditions as compared to 25% and 50% shade levels. However, plants grown under 50% shade level recorded significantly higher plant height (cm), plant spread (cm) and the lowest numbers of branches as compared to control. Among mulches, black polyethylene mulch recorded significantly higher growth, and yield attributes of damask rose as compared to other mulches. Black polyethylene mulch recorded 74.5 and 39.2% higher fresh flower yield as compared to without mulch, during 2015–16 and 2016–17, respectively. Correlation studies showed a positively significant correlation between quality and quantity traits. A total of twenty-six essential oil compounds were identified which accounted for a total of 88.8 to 95.3%. Plants grown under open sunny conditions along with the applications of black polyethylene mulch produced a higher concentration of citronellol and trans-geraniol. Damask rose planted in open sunny conditions and mulched with black polyethylene sheet recorded significantly higher flower yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rosa roxburghii Tratt (Rosaceae) has a fruit that is flavorful, economically valuable, and highly nutritious, providing numerous health benefits. Myeloblastosis (MYB) proteins play key roles in the development and fruit quality of R. roxburghii. However, there is little available genomic and transcriptomic information for R. roxburghii. Here, a normalized cDNA library was constructed from five tissues, including the stem, leaf, flower, young fruit, and mature fruit, using the Illumina HiSeq 3000 platform. De novo assembly was performed, and 470.66 million clean reads were obtained. In total, 63,727 unigenes, with an average GC content of 42.08%, were discovered, 60,406 of which were annotated. In addition, 9,354 unigenes were assigned to Gene Ontology categories, and 20,202 unigenes were assigned to 25 Eukaryotic Ortholog Groups. Additionally, 19,508 unigenes were classified into 140 pathways of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database. Based on the transcriptome, 163 unigenes associated with MYBs were detected. Among these genes, 75 genes were significantly expressed in the various tissues, including 10 R1 MYB, 42 R2R3 MYB, one R1R2R3 MYB, three R4 MYB and 19 atypical MYB-like proteins. The expression levels of the 12 MYB genes randomly selected for quantitative real-time PCR analysis corroborated the RNA sequencing results. A total of 37,545 microsatellites were detected, with an average expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeat frequency of 0.59 (37,545/63,727). This transcriptome data improves our understanding of the role of MYB in R. roxburghii and will be valuable for identifying genes of interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Asshole Rose is a poetic exploration of flowers, queerness, reproduction, and gender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]