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These experiments explored the connection between rhythm and reading by examining whether reading is affected by a rhythmic prime that was either congruent or incongruent with the syllabic stress of the target letterstring. Previous research has shown congruency effects but only in a between-item design, which leaves open the possibility of extraneous variables contributing to the effects. The present design used noun-verb homographs (conflict vs. conflict), and their corresponding pseudohomophones (konflikt vs. konflikt). The results demonstrated significant congruency effects, whereby RTs were faster when the prime was congruent with the syllabic stress. The fMRI experiment identified several brain regions that underlie the rhythm-priming effect, and particularly the putamen’s involvement given recent research suggesting its role in phonetic decoding. These experiments provide the strongest within-item/within-participant evidence to date that a rhythm prime has an effect on lexical and sublexical reading, and inform our understanding of how rhythm and reading interact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the brain regions associated with the effect of congruency between rhythmic stress and syllabic stress on reading aloud (Gould et al., 2016). The region of particular interest was the putamen, which has been shown to be involved in speech processing, rhythm processing, and predicting upcoming events. The task involved naming words that placed the stress on either the first or second syllable (practice versus police), as well as their corresponding pseudohomophones (praktis versus poleese) that were preceded by either a congruent or incongruent rhythmic prime. The fMRI results revealed that a network involving the putamen is involved, and the behavioural results demonstrated that a rhythmic prime matched to the syllabic stress aids reading processes of both words and PHs. Implications for neurobiological models of reading, as well as clinical applications (e.g. speech rehabilitation in Parkinson’s disease) are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Herein we report on a patient with a WHO Grade III astrocytoma in the right insular region in close proximity to the internal capsule who underwent a right frontotemporal craniotomy. Total gross resection of insular gliomas remains surgically challenging based on the possibility of damage to the corticospinal tracts. However, maximizing the extent of resection has been shown to decrease future adverse outcomes. Thus, the goal of such surgeries should focus on maximizing extent of resection while minimizing possible adverse outcomes. In this case, pre-surgical planning included integration of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), to localize motor and sensory pathways. Novel fMRI tasks were individually developed for the patient to maximize both somatosensory and motor activation simultaneously in areas in close proximity to the tumor. Information obtained was used to optimize resection trajectory and extent, facilitating gross total resection of the astrocytoma. Across all three motor-sensory tasks administered, fMRI revealed an area of interest just superior and lateral to the astrocytoma. Further, DTI analyses showed displacement of the corona radiata around the superior dorsal surface of the astrocytoma, extending in the direction of the activation found using fMRI. Taking into account these results, a transcortical superior temporal gyrus surgical approach was chosen in order to avoid the area of interest identified by fMRI and DTI. Total gross resection was achieved and minor post-surgical motor and sensory deficits were temporary. This case highlights the utility of comprehensive pre-surgical planning, including fMRI and DTI, to maximize surgical outcomes on a case-by-case basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Importance: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a noninvasive and reliable tool for mapping eloquent cortex in patients prior to brain surgery. Ensuring intact perceptual and cognitive processing is a key goal for neurosurgeons, and recent research has indicated the value of including attentional network processing in pre-surgical fMRI in order to help preserve such abilities, including reading, after surgery. Clinical Presentation: We report a 42-year-old patient with a large cavernous malformation, near the left basal ganglia. The lesion measured 3.8 × 1.7 × 1.8 cm. In consultation with the patient and the multidisciplinary cerebrovascular team, the decision was made to offer the patient surgical resection. The surgical resection involved planned access via the left superior parietal lobule using stereotactic location. The patient declined an awake craniotomy; therefore, direct electrocortical stimulation (ECS) could not be used for intraoperative language localization in this case. Pre-surgical planning included fMRI localization of language, motor, sensory, and attentional processing. The key finding was that both reading and attention-processing tasks revealed consistent activation of the left superior parietal lobule, part of the attentional control network, and the site of the planned surgical access. Given this information, surgical access was adjusted to avoid interference with the attentional control network. The lesion was removed via the left inferior parietal lobule. The patient had no new neurologic deficits postoperatively but did develop mild neuropathic pain in the left hand. Conclusion: This case report supports recent research that indicates the value of including fMRI maps of attentional tasks along with traditional language-processing tasks in preoperative planning in patients undergoing neurosurgery procedures. © 2015 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]