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Young adults are often mentioned as among the most financially vulnerable groups, and Sweden is often characterized as being one of the countries in the EU with the most indebted households. While this houshold indebtedness mainly is linked to home loans, also other forms of credit usage have become increasingly common. Given the increasing access to readily availabe consumer credits, a difficult housing market with fewer smaller rental apartments, and a tendency for postponed entry into adulthood, how do young Swedes navigate these circumstances?This study draws on interviews (focus group, dyadic and individual) with thirty-three young adults aged between 18 and 29 (24 women and 9 men) from five cities in Sweden and with various social class backgrounds in order to explore their reasoning on money, consumption, debt and credits. The empirical material also includes survey data collected in conjunction with the interviews, photos of advertisements, and information on 'financial solutions' in the five Swedish cities. A key finding in this study is that these young adults refer to what can best be described as a form of money talk etiquette when talking about money. Understanding this code of conduct is closely related to the transition into adulthood and what it means to be a responsible financial subject. A second key finding involves how these young adults refer to their own and others’ financial reasoning and practices in terms of financial journeys. These financial journeys are temporally situated socialization processes unfolding biographically within the respondents’ own life-course trajectories. A third key finding is the entrepreneurship of the self, a form of investment which stresses the importance of personal growth, self-realization, gaining new experiences, and increasing knowledge. Finally, a fourth key finding shows how these young adults attribute great importance to money in terms of its enabling properties. Young adults refer to different types of financial means as granting them the freedom to control, maintain, and shape the life that they want to live in terms of their own tastes, wants, needs, identities, and lifestyles.The study argues for the importance of shifting between different theoretical perspectives and analytical tools in order to better understand young adults’ reasoning about money, credit, loans, and personal finance. In the study a combined theoretical perspectve is used, comprising of theories on moral economy, on the cultural and social meaning of money, on the financialization of everyday life, on the significance of everday life, on the life course, and on consumption and its social significance.

Background: In Sweden and Europe adults fail to reach the recommendations for fruit and vegetable intake. Additionally in Sweden, young adults have the worst overall diets. Frozen vegetables have shown to take less time to cook, are less expensive and might be healthier than fresh vegetables. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore by interviews how 18-30-year-old individuals experience eating microwaved frozen vegetables. Method: This study was a focus group interview with an intervention. The study recruited 13 individuals who microwaved frozen vegetables for a week. Three virtual focus group interviews were conducted. Results: Five categories were found which described how the participants perceived eating frozen vegetables. 1) The idea of eating frozen vegetables, 2) The attributes of frozen vegetables, 3) Prefer other/different, 4) The microwave oven routine as a whole, and 5) Vegetables in relation to meals. Many enjoyed eating microwaved frozen vegetables although other vegetables and cooking methods were preferred. The advantages and disadvantages discussed by the participants resulted in four categories. 1) The cooking, 2) At the dinner table, 3) Experiences of frozen vegetables as a product, and 4) The importance of cost. Many advantages were found in category one and three, but an overall downside was the lack of variation. Conclusion: It is important when designing methods to increase individuals vegetable intake that the method is simple, not time-consuming, flexible and have variation. The microwave oven fulfils most of these criteria, however it might not be for everyday use and individuals who enjoy cooking. Bakgrund: Vuxna i Sverige och Europa når inte upp till rekommendationerna för frukt och grönsaksintag. Dessutom har unga vuxna den sämsta övergripande kosten i Sverige. Frysta grönsaker har visat sig ta mindre tid att tillaga, är inte lika dyra och kan vara hälsosammare än färska grönsaker. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka via intervjuer hur 18-30 åriga individer upplever att äta mikrovågsuppvärmda frysta grönsaker. Metod: Den här studien är fokusgruppstudie med en intervention. Studien rekryterade 13 individer som mikrovågsugns värmde frysta grönsaker i en vecka. Sedan utfördes tre virtuella fokusgrupper. Resultat: Fem kategorier hittades som beskriver hur deltagarna upplevde att äta frysta grönsaker. 1) Föreställningen av att äta frysta grönsaker, 2) Frysta grönsakers egenskaper, 3) Föredrar annat, 4) Mikrovågsugnrutinen som helhet, och 5) Grönsaker i relation till måltider. Många av deltagarna tyckte det var trevligt att äta mikrovågsugnsuppvärmda frysta grönsaker även om dem föredrog andra grönsaker och tillagningsmetoder. Fördelarna och nackdelarna deltagarna diskuterade resulterade i fyra kategorier. 1) Matlagningen, 2) Vid matbordet, 3) Erfarenheter av frysta grönsaker som produkt, och 4) Vikten av kostnad. Många fördelar hittades i kategori ett och tre men en gemensam nackdel som deltagarna upplevde var en avsaknad av variation. Slutsats: Det är viktigt vid design av metoder som ska öka individers grönsaksintag att metoden är lätt, icke tids konsumerade, flexibel och har variation. Mikrovågsugns rutinen uppfyller de flesta av kriterierna, men den kanske inte är till för daglig användning och för individer som gillar att laga mat.

Ongoing changes in many Western countries have resulted in more healthcare services being transferred to municipalities and taking place in patients’ homes. This greatly impacts nurses’ work in home care, making their work increasingly diverse and demanding. In this study, we explore home-care nursing through a critical discourse analysis of focus group interviews with home-care nurses. Drawing on insights from positioning theory, we discuss the content and delineation of their work and the interweaving of contextual changes. Nurses hold a crucial position in home healthcare, particularly in ensuring care for sicker patients with complex needs. Assessing health needs, performing advanced care, and at the same time, providing customized solutions in various homes were identified as distinctive for home-care nurses’ work. Changes have made nurses’ work become driven by comprehensive tasks and acute medical needs that require much of their competence and time. Urgent care seems to take precedence in nurses’ work, leaving less time and attention for other tasks such as conversations and support for coping with everyday life. This underlines the need to investigate and discuss the content and scope of nurses’ work to help shape the further development of home-care nursing.

BackgroundElderly trauma patients constitute a vulnerable group, with a substantial risk of morbidity and mortality even after low-energy falls. As the world’s elderly population continues to increase, the number of elderly trauma patients is expected to increase. Limited data are available about the possible patient safety challenges that elderly trauma patients face. The outcomes and characteristics of the Norwegian geriatric trauma population are not described on a national level.ObjectiveThe aim of this project is to investigate whether patient safety challenges exist for geriatric trauma patients in Norway. An important objective of the study is to identify risk areas that will facilitate further work to safeguard and promote quality and safety in the Norwegian trauma system.MethodsThis is a population-based mixed methods project divided into 4 parts: 3 quantitative retrospective cohort studies and 1 qualitative interview study. The quantitative studies will compare adult (aged 16-64 years) and elderly (aged ≥65 years) trauma patients captured in the Norwegian Trauma Registry (NTR) with a date of injury from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2018. Descriptive statistics and relevant statistical methods to compare groups will be applied. The qualitative study will comprise focus group interviews with doctors responsible for trauma care, and data will be analyzed using a thematic analysis to identify important themes.ResultsThe project received funding in January 2019 and was approved by the Oslo University Hospital data protection officer (No. 19/16593). Registry data have been extracted for 33,344 patients, and the analysis of these data has begun. Focus group interviews will be conducted from spring 2020. Results from this project are expected to be ready for publication from fall 2020.ConclusionsBy combining data from the NTR with interviews with doctors responsible for treatment and transfer of elderly trauma patients, we will provide increased knowledge about trauma in Norwegian geriatric patients on a national level that will form the basis for further research aiming at developing interventions that hopefully will make the trauma system better equipped to manage the rising tide of geriatric trauma.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/15722

Introduction We developed a group program for patients with binge eating disorders (BED), comprising cognitive therapy, affect consciousness, and therapeutic writing. We wished to investigate how therapeutic writing and affect consciousness were experienced by the patients when integrated in a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) program. To our knowledge, such an intervention has not been tried in patients with BED. Aim: To explore patients’ experience of attending a binge eating group program comprising therapeutic writing, affect consciousness, and CBT. Research question: How do patients evaluate their experience of attending an integrative binge eating group program? Method: A qualitative design using an evaluative focus group interview with participants (four women and two men) who had completed the pilot program. Results: Three themes emerged: Enhanced self-awareness about the meaning of feelings; A more generous attitude towards oneself; and On the path to a better grip on the eating difficulties. Discussion: We interpreted the three themes in light of transition processes. The program was described as an essential part of the healing process and seems valuable for enabling new approaches leading to therapeutic changes when suffering from BED.

In this article the author analyses how boys in upper secondary schools do identity work and masculinities mainly through verbally performing acts of both intolerance and tolerance in group discussions. The analytical focus highlights how both tolerance and intolerance are actualized in balancing acts that are based on an awareness of what is perceived to be linked to one or the other, and how identities are constructed through discursive resources and specific performances resulting in the production of masculinities. This performative balancing act is conceptualized as (in)tolerance as a masculine performance.

Håp anses som en viktig faktor for personlig recovery innen psykisk helsearbeid, men det er ikke enighet om hva dette betyr i praksis eller hva håp innebærer. Hensikten med studien var å få kunnskap om hvordan helsepersonell innen psykisk helsearbeid erfarte og forsto ulike uttrykk for håp hos brukere i kommunehelsetjenesten. Et deskriptivt og eksplorerende kvalitativt design med bruk av flerstegs fokusgruppeintervjuer ble benyttet. Fem helsearbeidere ble intervjuet to ganger. Systematisk tekstkondensering ble anvendt i analysen. Tre temaer ble identifisert: håp knyttes til menneskets eksistens, å fremme verdier og ansvarliggjøre, og å være brukerens følgesvenn. Vi diskuterer innholdet i ulike uttrykk for håp, og diskuterer disse i relasjon til andre fenomener, og hvilke komponenter som fremmer håp eller bidrar til håpløshet. Hope is considered an important factor within the field of mental health care. However, there is disagreement in what this means in general, and what this means in clinical practice or what hope consists of. The study aimed to gain knowledge about how mental healthcare professionals in community healthcare experienced and expressed hope using a descriptive and explorative design with multistage focus group interviews. Five healthcare professionals were interviewed twice and systematic text analysis used. Three themes emerged: Hope is related to human existence; to enhance values and responsibility; and to be the user’s companion. We discuss the contents of different expressions of hope, and discuss hope expressions in relation to other phenomena and which components that enhance hope or contribute to hopelessness.

Background Shared decision-making (SDM) is supposed to position patient and expert knowledge more equal, in which will have an impact on how mental health-care professionals relate to their patients. As SDM has not yet been widely adopted in therapeutic milieus, a deeper understanding of its use and more knowledge of interventions to foster its implementation in clinical practice are required. Aim To explore how mental health-care professionals describe SDM in a therapeutic milieu as expressed through clinical supervision. The research question was “What are prerequisites for mental health-care professionals to practice SDM in a therapeutic milieu?” Methods A qualitative content analysis of data from focus groups dialogues in 10 clinical supervision sessions where eight mental health-care professionals participated was performed. Findings The theme, practicing SDM when balancing between power and responsibility to form safe care, was based on three categories: internalizing the mental health-care professionals’ attributes, facilitating patient participation, and creating a culture of trust. Conclusion SDM is a complex and arduous process requiring appropriate interventions. Clinical supervision is necessary for reflection on SDM and for improving practice in a therapeutic milieu.

The starting point of this study is language and narration. The aim is to examine how educators reason by the choice of literature to work with in preschool. In my study I have examined how educators reason for the selection of books for preschool, which factors in the book affects the choice and the children’s influence. The empirical material is based on two focus groups. The participating educators in the examination discussed the subject together. By using three chosen books the educators in my study have reasoned around how the choice of books is done in preschool, what in the book is meaningful by the choice and the influence of the children. The result of the study shows that the educators reason towards a thematic aim by choice of books to work with in preschool. It also shows that the pictures are a central part for the children’s understanding of the book and also that the library is of great importance for the selection of litterateur for preschool. Utgångspunkten för denna studie är temat språk och berättande. Syftet är att undersöka hur pedagoger resonerar vid val av litteratur att jobba med i förskolan. I min studie har jag undersökt hur pedagoger resonerar vid urval av böcker till förskolan, vilka faktorer i boken som påverkar valet och vilken påverkan barnen har. Det empiriska materialet bygger på två fokusgrupper. Pedagogerna som deltog i undersökningen diskuterade ämnet med varandra. Med hjälp av tre utvalda böcker har pedagogerna i min studie resonerat kring hur urval av böcker sker i förskolan, vad i boken är betydelsefullt vid valet samt barnens påverkan. Resultatet av studien visar att pedagogerna resonerar mot ett tematiskt mål vid val av böcker att arbeta med i förskolan. Det visar också att bilderna är en central del för barnens förståelse av boken samt att biblioteket har en stor betydelse för förskolans urval av litteratur.

The aim of this study was to gain increased knowledge about nurses’ experiences of care transition of older patients from hospital to municipal health care, based on two research questions: How is nurses’ experience continuity during care transition of older patients from hospital to municipal health care? How would nurses describe an optimal care transition? Nurses have a pivotal role during care transitions of older patients. More knowledge about their experiences is necessary to develop favorable improvements for this important period in the older patient’s treatment and care. The study has a qualitative explorative design with follow-up focus group interviews. Nurses (N = 30) working in hospital (n = 16) and municipal (n = 14) health care were organized in five mixed focus groups during the period October-January 2014/2015. The focus groups met twice, answering the research questions following a previously circulated semi-structured interview guide. The interview analysis was inspired by content analysis. The analysis resulted in the themes “Administrative demands challenge terms for collaboration” and “Essentials for nursing determine optimal care transitions for older patients”. Administrative demands may prevent nurses’ professional dialogue and collaboration across health care levels. Older patients’ best interests should be ensured through a collaborative relationship between hospital and municipal nurses, to form continuous care across health care levels. Clinical practice should be aware of essentials for nursing, which could influence and facilitate a more individualized and continuous transition for older patients.

“A precious, but challenging teamwork for improved healthcare”. Service users´ experiences from participatory researchIn spite of identifying the importance of service user (SU) involvement in healthcare research, few studies define specific activities. Although an effective infrastructure is acknowledged as key to enable SU’s equal contribution, we, in Norway, recognize a lack of their involvement in studies on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Consequently, a preliminary project was designed to implement a research-training programme for co-researchers and seek their collaboration in a participatory research study on COPD. This paper reports the co-researchers’ experiences using a focus group interview. Through content analysis, we describe coresearchers’ experiences, which recognize the importance and challenges of participatory research.These experiences demonstrate how acknowledgement, a fruitful climate for collaboration, new insight and practical arrangements promote involvement, whilst too extensive training and vague expectations may hinder involvement. Empowering equality of relationships and involvement, particularly for co-researchers with failing health and no former research training, demands thorough planning and organizing. Samarbeidspartnarar: brukarar Nina Maria Dolmen, Aud Jenny Jensen, Sissel Stavøstrand og Steinar Valvik, spesialsjukepleiar Grete Berg Grimelid, Helse Førde, ergoterapeut Evy Aarsheim, Flora kommune, og sosionom og PhD stipendiat Tone Larsen, Helse Førde

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an alternative way of using focus groups in research – a role‐play‐enhanced focus group method – in which participants are presented with the challenge of dealing with a specific task while playing a familiar but nevertheless fictive role.Design/methodology/approachThe research is performed through an experimental approach in which a focus group of small business owner‐managers are assembled and presented with a prepared case exercise. The design is a role‐play‐like setting in which the participants are to act as the board of a company.FindingsCarefully designed, well‐prepared role‐play‐like activities can add substantially to focus‐groups.Originality/valueAdding an experimental dimension to focus groups offers the possibility of addressing topics indirectly and thus increases their usefulness.

Bakgrund: Varje år dör det mellan 90 000 till 100 000 människor i Sverige, majoriteten av dessa vårdas palliativt. Den palliativa vården har främst fokus på symtomlindring och förbättring av patientens livskvalitet. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva sjuksköterskans erfarenheter av att vårda patienter i livets slutskede samt att beskriva vilken datainsamlingsmetod som användes i de inkluderade artiklarna. Metod: En deskriptiv litteraturstudie. Studien baserades på 14 kvalitativa artiklar som hittades genom sökningar i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Huvudresultat: Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av att visa respekt för både patienten och deras närstående bidrog till en bättre relation samt ett ökat förtroende. Sjuksköterskor erfor att det palliativa vårdandet kunde vara psykiskt påfrestande men genom stöd från arbetsgivaren och kollegor kunde detta underlättas. Kraven från anhöriga på sjuksköterskan skapade en känsla av maktlöshet, stress och press. Sjuksköterskor från kirurgiska och onkologiska avdelningar erfor att det fanns en kunskapsbrist gällande den palliativa vården och kommunikation. Enligt sjuksköterskorna fungerade samarbetet med läkare dåligt vilket ledde till stress. Datainsamlingsmetoderna som de inkluderade artiklarna i studien var intervjuer och fokusgruppsintervjuer. Slutsatser: Sjuksköterskor beskrev en kunskapsbrist inom den palliativa vården samt svårigheter av att kommunicera med patienter och dess anhöriga. Genom att erbjuda utbildningar inom palliativ vård och kommunikation kan det bidra till att sjuksköterskan känner sig tryggare och kan växa i sin roll samt att samarbetet med läkare förbättras. Background: Every year between 90 000 and 100 000 people dies in Sweden, the majority of these were cared in palliative care. The palliative care primarily focus on relief of symptoms and improvement of patient's quality of life. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe nurse’s experiences of caring for patients in the final stages of life and to describe the data collection method that was used in the included articles. Method: A descriptive literature study. The study was based on 14 qualitative articles found through searches in the databases PubMed and Cinahl. Main Results: Nurses experiences of showing respect for both patients and their relatives contributed to a better relation and trust. Nurses experienced that the palliative caring could be mentally burdened, but through support from colleagues the burden could be reduced. The demands from relatives could create a feeling of stress. Nurses on surgical and oncological ward experienced a lack of knowledge when it came to palliative care and communication. According to the nurses, communication between nurses and doctors didn't work well and were a source of stress. Data collection method in the included articles were interviews and focusgroup interviews. Conclusions: Nurses described a lack of knowledge within the palliative care and difficulties communicating with patients and their relatives. Education within palliative care and communication could contribute to nurses feeling more confident and allow them to grow in their role and improve the collaboration with doctors.

Syftet med studien är att utföra en receptionsstudie där fem stycken kampanjbilder från utländska organdonationsorganisationer studeras från ett mottagarperspektiv, i den här studien syftar det till en svensk målgrupp. Studien är uppdelad i två huvudmoment, en semiotisk bildanalys och fokusgruppsintervjuer. Med hjälp av dessa insamlingsmetoder besvaras studiens frågeställningar”Hur är de utvalda kampanjbilderna komponerade ur ett semiotiskt perspektiv?” samt ”Hur uppfattas de utvalda bilderna av en svensk målgrupp?”. Socialpsykologi utgör det teoretiska ramverket i studien och används för att nå en högre förklaringskraft i analysdiskussionen. Den semiotiska bildanalysen genomförs med de semiotiska begreppen konnotation, denotation, ikon, index och symbol. Fokusgruppsintervjuerna analyseras med hjälp av McGuires påverkansmodell och kompletteras med en relevansformel, omnämnd av Bo Bergström. Studiens resultat visar att den sociala kontexten har en stor inverkan på hur kampanjbilden mottages av den svenska målgruppen. Resultatet visar att det är av stor vikt att text och bild samspelar för att budskapet ska kommuniceras till mottagaren, annars finns en risk att budskapet inte uppnår den relevans som krävs för att bilden ska ha effekt. The aim of this study is to examine five campaign images from foreign organ donation organizations studied from a user’s perspective, in this study it refers to the Swedish audience. The study is a perception analysis that is viewed from a receiver’s point of view. It is divided into two main parts, a semiotic analysis and interviews with focus groups. Using these methods the questions of the study "How are the selected campaign images composed from a semiotic perspective?" and "How is the selected images of a Swedish audience?" were answered. Social Psychology is the theoretical framework used to achieve a higher explanatory power in analysing the discussion. The semiotic image analysis is based on the semiotic concepts of connotation, denotation, icon, index and symbol. The focus group interviews were analysed by McGuire ́s model of influence and were supplemented by the formula of relevance, mentioned by Bo Bergström. Our findings suggested that the social context has a large impact on how the images are being interpreted by the Swedish audience. The result shows that it is of great importance that text and visual image are integrated for the message to be communicated to the receiver, otherwise there is a risk that the message does not reach the relevance required for the image to be effective.

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Oftedal, B.F. (2014). Perceived support from family and friends among adults with type 2 diabetes. European Diabetes Nursing, 11(2), pp. 43-48, which has been published in final form at DOI: 10.1002/edn.247. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving. The aim of this study was to describe how adults with type 2 diabetes perceive support provided by family and friends and how such support can influence their diabetes management. Diabetes management behaviours have been described as challenging, and many individuals with type 2 diabetes fail to attain optimal glycaemic control. It has therefore been suggested that support from family and friends is critical for effective diabetes management. However, there is little empirical evidence from a patient perspective of how support provided by family and friends is perceived and how support can influence patients’ diabetes management. The study was comprised of a descriptive qualitative design that included three focus groups, which were used to collect data. The sample consisted of 19 adults with type 2 diabetes, and the data was analysed using qualitative content analysis. The findings revealed three themes reflecting perceived support from family and friends: mixed practical support; non-constructive emotional support, and intrusive informational support. Furthermore, the findings indicated that participants’ perceived mixed practical support, eg diet and exercise, from family and friends, as helpful and valuable. Thus, this kind of practical support stimulates effective diabetes management. However, many participants reported that they did not receive such support, which in turn, reduced their diabetes regulation efforts. Emotional support was perceived as non-constructive and appears to demotivate participants’ diabetes management. Finally, the findings indicated that informational support was perceived as intrusive and did not meet their needs for support in diabetes management.

Tidigare forskning pekar på försämrad kommunikationsförmåga som ett av de mest uppmärksammade symtomen vid demenssjukdom. För att förmedla ett budskap till sin omgivning använder dementa som alla andra människor både verbala och icke-verbala signaler. Med tiden försämras deras verbala uttrycksätt och de börjar istället att i allt högre grad använda sig av de icke-verbala signalerna, som till exempel ansiktsuttryck, kroppsspråk, gester, paraspråk och liknande. Eftersom dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt ibland kan vara väldigt svåra att tolka av andra i deras närhet, är det av stor betydelse att ta reda på de förutsättningar som påverkar detta. Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån vårdpersonalens berättelser belysa vilka faktorer som påverkar deras tolkning av dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt under omvårdnadsmötet. För att svara på detta syfte har jag använt mig av fokusgruppsintervjuer som metod för att samla in data, vilken sedan analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att de faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens tolkning av dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt är (1) kunskap, (2) yrkeskompetens och (3) institutionella aspekter som psykosocial miljö och tid. Den föreliggande studiens resultat kommer förhoppningsvis att bidra till en bättre kommunikation mellan dementa och vårdpersonal.

Tidigare forskning pekar på försämrad kommunikationsförmåga som ett av de mest uppmärksammade symtomen vid demenssjukdom. För att förmedla ett budskap till sin omgivning använder dementa som alla andra människor både verbala och icke-verbala signaler. Med tiden försämras deras verbala uttrycksätt och de börjar istället att i allt högre grad använda sig av de icke-verbala signalerna, som till exempel ansiktsuttryck, kroppsspråk, gester, paraspråk och liknande. Eftersom dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt ibland kan vara väldigt svåra att tolka av andra i deras närhet, är det av stor betydelse att ta reda på de förutsättningar som påverkar detta. Syftet med denna studie är att utifrån vårdpersonalens berättelser belysa vilka faktorer som påverkar deras tolkning av dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt under omvårdnadsmötet. För att svara på detta syfte har jag använt mig av fokusgruppsintervjuer som metod för att samla in data, vilken sedan analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visar att de faktorer som påverkar vårdpersonalens tolkning av dementas olika kommunikativa uttryckssätt är (1) kunskap, (2) yrkeskompetens och (3) institutionella aspekter som psykosocial miljö och tid. Den föreliggande studiens resultat kommer förhoppningsvis att bidra till en bättre kommunikation mellan dementa och vårdpersonal.

Background Pharmacists intervene on about 2 % of prescriptions dispensed in Norwegian community pharmacies. The aim of this study was to explore how general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists communicate and document prescription interventions, and to discuss what both professions consider to be best practice. Material and methods Five GPs, five community pharmacists and two medical secretaries were recruited, from two regions in Norway, to form two focus groups. The groups were invited to discuss 12 real examples of prescription interventions (from a former study of pharmacy practice) from six intervention categories. Statements from the focus groups were analyzed and recurrent themes identified. Results The GPs and pharmacists described varying management of the pharmacists' prescription interventions. Both expected the other profession to file these interventions and would only file a selection themselves. Correction of prescription interventions was not a well-established functionality of the GPs' electronic medical record systems. Lack of guidelines caused individual variations in both GP and pharmacist handling of such interventions. In general, the pharmacists prioritized to contact GPs for the clinically relevant interventions. GPs wanted more feedback than that provided by the pharmacists. Interpretation Joint guidelines for use in pharmacies and GP surgeries, are needed on communication, documentation, and priorities of prescription interventions. IT-software should be developed to facilitate real-time communication between the parties.

The purpose of this study was to examine high school students conceptions of young people who run away or get thrown out of their homes. Earlier research shows that this group of young people often come from families were physical, psychological and sexual abuse is reappearing factors. They often face a life of homelessness, drug abuse and prostitution. Still there is little research done about this phenomenon and what kind of help and support these young people could need. This study was done in a qualitative approach with the use of focus groups. The results were analyzed through the theoretical views of socialconstructivism and theorizing childhood and were also compared with earlier research. The results showed that about half of the participants had in some point in their life run away from home. They expressed that they thought that there are many young people who run away or get thrown out of their homes each year and that many of them probably don´t come to the knowledge of the social services. Their thoughts of what risks youths may encounter on the streets accord with results from earlier research. They also think that friends are the most valuable in terms of help and support.

Nursing educators’ attitudes and needs for knowledge in evidence-based practice It is required that faculty in nursing education prepares students to work evidence-based (EBP). The purposes of this study are to identify teachers’ beliefs towards EBP and to describe what the faculty identify as their specific learning needs to teach EBP. Data were collected from teachers at a University College in Norway by use of questionnaires and focus group interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the questionnaires and thematic content analysis for the focus group interviews. The teachers have positive beliefs towards EBP and their central learning needs were searching the literature, critical appraisal and application. They have knowledge in basic methodology, but need more knowledge of epidemiological and summarized research. Teaching and training in all six stages of EBP is important for teachers to develop their knowledge of EBP. Qualitative and quantitative methods in combination, works well to identify teachers’ specific needs for new knowledge.

The aim of this study was to describe how adolescents experience having asthma. Data was recorded from 39 adolescents, 18 girls and 21 boys, interviewed by using Focus Groups. Mean age was 14 year (12 to 16 years). They were observed and interviewed within 7 groups. Most (80 %) had had asthma for more than 10 years. All but two, used inhaled steroids. Only 33 % had experienced respiratory symptoms more than once a week during the last 14 days. The adolescents did not experience themselves as having a disease, and to discuss having asthma with other youths were unusual for most. Some felt that they had to deal with a demanding environment without the aid of a supportive network. They expressed mistrust by teachers and friends related to physical training and school activities as most traumatically. Adolescents are at high risk for poor outcomes from asthma owing to lifestyle and developmental changes. The result of the study suggest a need to better inform the people in the adolescent´s surrondings (i.e. school teachers and friends) about asthma. Teachers and parents have an important task: to find physically challenging activities as well as leisure activities that strengthen the adolescent´s selfesteem and ability to cope with their asthma. The focus group´s methods allowed the adolescents to experience a supportive social enviroment and created openness conserning their health problems. There is a need for further studies about the adolescents, chronic disease and quality of life.

Explores the appropriateness of quantifying focus group discussions. Basic problems involved in quantification of text are addressed. Prior approaches are discussed and briefly evaluated. A new neural network algorithm for analyzing excerpts from in‐depth interviews is presented. Keywords (brand names, values, etc.) are identified by the analyst. The entire text is scanned and a “covariance” matrix with weights expressing pairwise associations between words is established. This matrix can be used as input data set for advanced statistical analysis. The small illustrative study involves a focus group dealing with a holiday cruise. Results are inspected using multivariate analysis. Findings seem to make good sense. It is doubtful, though, that quantitative techniques will replace well‐established qualitative approaches. On the contrary, quantitative methods for textual analysis may supplement and improve insight gained from qualitative scrutiny. Recommendations for future research are discussed.