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Introducción: el uso del ácido fólico preconcepcional para la prevención de los defectos del tubo neural (DTN), es una medida de gran impacto en la salud pública. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir el modelo de desarrollo embriológico de los DTN y los mecanismos por los cuales el ácido fólico disminuye su prevalencia. Metodología: se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos MEDLINE/PubMed, OVID, LILACS y SciELO de las cuales se seleccionaron los artículos que permitieran reconstruir la fisiopatología de la enfermedad, incluyendo la embriología y la presentación clínica y destacando el papel del ácido fólico en la proliferación celular y en el proceso de neurulación. Resultados: se presenta la fisiopatología de los DTN y se describe la relación entre la disminución de la concentración de acido fólico y la neurulación fallida. Conclusiones: el modelo propuesto es útil para entender el desarrollo de los DTN y se resalta el efecto del consumo de ácido fólico sobre la salud materno-fetal.Introduction: using preconceptional folic acid for preventing neural tube defects (NTD) is a recommendation having a great impact on public health. This review was aimed at describing an NTD embryological development model and the mechanisms by which folic acid reduces such malformation’s prevalence. Methodology: a systematic search was made of medical literature related to folic acid deficiency and NTD pathogenesis. A search was done in MEDLINE, using PubMed, OVID, LILACS and SciELO. The selected papers led to modelling the disease’s physiopathology from embryology to clinical presentation, highlighting folic acid’s role in cell proliferation and neurulation. Results: the physiopathological model of NTD is presented as well as the relationship between decreased folic acid concentration and neurulation failure. Conclusions: this model should serve as a means of understanding the disease’s development, highlighting folic acid consumption’s impact on foetal and maternal health.

Introduction: using preconceptional folic acid for preventing neural tube defects (NTD) is a recommendation having a great impact on public health. This review was aimed at describing an NTD embryological development model and the mechanisms by which folic acid reduces such malformation's prevalence. Methodology: a systematic search was made of medical literature related to folic acid deficiency and NTD pathogenesis. A search was done in MEDLINE, using PubMed, OVID, LILACS and SciELO. The selected papers led to modelling the disease's physiopathology from embryology to clinical presentation, highlighting folic acid's role in cell proliferation and neurulation. Results: the physiopathological model of NTD is presented as well as the relationship between decreased folic acid concentration and neurulation failure. Conclusions: this model should serve as a means of understanding the disease's development, highlighting folic acid consumption's impact on foetal and maternal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]