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Plant-derived carbon (C) transfer to soil is one of the important factors controlling the size and structure of the belowground microbial community. The present study quantifies this plant-derived C incorporation into abiotic and biotic C pools in top- and subsoil in an arable field over five years. Stable isotope analysis was used to determine the incorporation of maize root and shoot litter C into soil organic C (SOC), extractable organic C (EOC), total microbial biomass (Cmic), ergosterol and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). The following treatments were investigated: corn maize (CM), providing root- and shoot-derived C (without corncobs), fodder maize (FM), providing only root-derived C, and wheat plus maize shoot litter amendment (WL), providing only shoot-derived maize C. Wheat plants (W) without maize litter amendment served as control. Soil samples were taken each September directly before harvest from 2009 to 2013. During the experiment, the maize-derived C signal increased in SOC, EOC, Cmic, ergosterol, bacterial and fungal PLFAs in the topsoil (0–10 cm). Although total maize shoot C input was threefold lower than maize root C input, similar relative amounts of maize C derived from shoots and roots were incorporated into the different C pools in the WL and the FM treatments, indicating the importance of shoot-derived C sources for microorganisms in the topsoil. An additive effect of both C sources was found in the CM treatment with almost twice as much maize-derived C in the respective pools. Furthermore, the proportion of maize-derived C varied between the different pools with lower incorporation into the total SOC (17%) and total EOC (24%) pools and higher incorporation ratios of maize C into PLFAs of different microbial groups (29% in Gram-positive (Gr+) bacterial PLFA-C, 44% in Gram-negative (Gr−) bacterial PLFA-C, 69% in fungal PLFA-C and 78% in ergosterol) in the CM treatment in topsoil after five years. After the third and fifth vegetation periods, we also detected maize-derived C in the rooted zone (40–50 cm depth) and the root-free zone (60–70 cm depth). The maize-derived C incorporation was lower in subsoil C pools in comparison to topsoil C pools. In the root-free zone, the maize-derived C was found to be 2% in total SOC, 28% in total EOC, 9% in Gr+ bacterial PLFA-C, 20% in Gr− bacterial PLFA-C and 53% in fungal PLFA-C. Saprotrophic fungi incorporated maize-derived C in all soil depths to a greater degree than Gr+ and Gr− bacteria, indicating the importance of saprotrophic fungi in this agro-ecosystem.

Removal of crop residues has become common practice in arable systems, however, little is known about how soil arthropod communities change in response to reduced resource availability and habitat complexity associated with residue removal. We added maize residues to wheat and maize fields and investigated soil arthropod diversity and abundance over the period of one year. Residue addition did not affect the diversity and little affected the abundance of soil arthropods in wheat and maize fields with the latter being restricted to few taxonomic groups, suggesting that at least in the short-term soil arthropods benefit little from crop residue-mediated increase in food supply and habitat structure. Contrasting the minor effects of residue addition, densities of soil arthropods were much higher in wheat than in maize fields, presumably due to more dense and more continuous coverage by plants, and higher input of root residues. Furthermore, in wheat fields density of arthropods more strongly varied with season, presumably due to more pronounced pulses of root exudates and root residues entering the soil in wheat as compared to maize fields in summer and winter, respectively. Low density and little variation in densities of soil arthropods in maize fields reflect that environmental conditions and resource supply varied little with crop coverage and season. Overall, the results point to low importance of aboveground crop residues for soil arthropod communities and highlight that belowground plant resources, i.e. root exudates and root residues are the major driver of soil arthropod communities of arable systems. Thus, at least in short term removal of crop residues for e.g., biofuel production is likely to be of minor importance for soil arthropod communities. In contrast, changing crop species from wheat to maize markedly reduces the density of soil animals threatening the ecosystem functions they provide.

The origin and quantity of plant inputs to soil are primary factors controlling the size and structure of the soil microbial community. The present study aimed to elucidate and quantify the carbon (C) flow from both root and shoot litter residues into soil organic, extractable, microbial and fungal C pools. Using the shift in C stable isotope values associated with replacing C3 by C4 plants we followed root- vs. shoot litter-derived C resources into different soil C pools. We established the following treatments: Corn Maize (CM), Fodder Maize (FM), Wheat + maize Litter (WL) and Wheat (W) as reference. The Corn Maize treatment provided root- as well as shoot litter-derived C (without corn cobs) whereas Fodder Maize (FM) provided only root-derived C (aboveground shoot material was removed). Maize shoot litter was applied on the Wheat + maize Litter (WL) plots to trace the incorporation of C4 litter C into soil microorganisms. Soil samples were taken three times per year (summer, autumn, winter) over two growing seasons. Maize-derived C signal was detectable after three to six months in the following pools: soil organic C (C org ), extractable organic C (EOC), microbial biomass (C mic ) and fungal biomass (ergosterol). In spite of the lower amounts of root- than of shoot litter-derived C inputs, similar amounts were incorporated into each of the C pools in the FM and WL treatments, indicating greater importance of the root- than shoot litter-derived resources for the soil microorganisms as a basis for the belowground food web. In the CM plots twice as much maize-derived C was incorporated into the pools. After two years, maize-derived C in the CM treatment contributed 14.1, 24.7, 46.6 and 76.2% to C org , EOC, C mic and ergosterol pools, respectively. Fungi incorporated maize-derived C to a greater extent than did total soil microbial biomass.