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Red leaf lettuce (Lactuca sativaL.) is popular due to its high anthocyanin content, but poor leaf coloring often occurs under low light intensity. In order to reveal the mechanisms of anthocyanins affected by light intensity, we compared the transcriptome ofL. sativaL. var.capitataunder light intensities of 40 and 100 μmol m−2s−1. A total of 62,111 unigenes were de novo assembled with an N50 of 1,681 bp, and 48,435 unigenes were functionally annotated in public databases. A total of 3,899 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected, of which 1,377 unigenes were up-regulated and 2,552 unigenes were down-regulated in the high light samples. By Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis, the DEGs were significantly enriched in 14 pathways. Using gene annotation and phylogenetic analysis, we identified seven anthocyanin structural genes, includingCHS,CHI,F3H,F3′H,DFR,ANS, and3GT, and two anthocyanin transport genes,GSTandMATE. In terms of anthocyanin regulatory genes, five MYBs and one bHLH gene were identified. AnHY5gene was discovered, which may respond to light-signaling and regulate anthocyanin structural genes. These genes showed a log2FC of 2.7–9.0 under high irradiance, and were validated using quantitative real-time-PCR. In conclusion, our results indicated transcriptome variance in red leaf lettuce under low and high light intensity, and observed a anthocyanin biosynthesis and regulation pattern. The data should further help to unravel the molecular mechanisms of anthocyanins influenced by light intensity.

In this paper, an activator protein was isolated and identified from crude protein of Botrytis Spp which was separated from the soil of the wheat field with the method of mycelium recycling, breaking and centrifuging,etc. The activator protein appeared a single band on SDS-PAGE whose molecular weight was about 42kD. At the same time, it had a preliminary activity test and investigated on this activator protein. This study indicated that this activator protein is able to promote wheat germination after the deal with it, especially when the density is 3μg/mL, the seed germination is the best. So it is proved that the plant activator protein has really the biological function of improving the wheat germination.

Xindao-18(Oryza sativa L. subsp. japonica Kato) were irratiated with a low-energy ion-beam, the growth form were observed and transcriptome of samples were sequenced by Illumina HiSeq2000 platform. The different expression genes were identified from transcriptomes control and treated samples. Finally, the coexpression of different gene expression were construce and seventy DEGs were annotated as transcription factor (TF). Among them, ten transcripts have the higher network density, and two genes, LOC_Os06g15330 and LOC_Os03g51970, had a still higher network density while elevate PCC paramater, which indicated that the indentified coexpression transcriptors may play important role in response to N+ ion beam treation.

Anthocyanin mainly responsible for flowers color in many plant species, it also accumulated in response to lots of environmental stress to reduce the damage to plant cell. Anthocyanin synthesis (ANS) protein is an important synthetase participated in anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway. In this study, we isolated the PsANS gene from transcriptome database built by our previous study. The PsANS gene contain an 1050bp open reading frame encoding 349 amino acid, phylogenetic analysis revealed that PsANS was segrated into a group with ANS from others plant species. Secondary and thri-dimension structure prediction also revealed that it may have similar function with ANS in others plant species. The identified PsANS gene would be helpful for further research in flower color modification and resistance breeding.

Heat shock proteins (Hsp) were usually regarded as chaperones and play important role in plant stress tolerance. The expression of Hsps would be inducted when plant encounter lots of environmental stressors. Lactuca sativa was an important leaf vegetable in the world, but thermol stress seriously restricted its production. In this study, we isolated the Hsp70 members from Lactuca sativa database, a total of 5 Hsp70 members with completed open reading frame (ORF) were selected and further analysized. Results showed that the 5 LsHsp70 members were closely to Hsp70s in Arabidopsis, which indicated that the identified Hsp70 may responsible for thermotolerance in Lactuca sativa. The 5 new Hsp70s would be used as candidated genes for improving the tolerance trait of Lactuca sativa and others plants.

Anthocyanins have important biological functions, it can help plants resist diseases invasion and pest attack. In this study, we got Rosea1-transformed snapdragon by Agrobacterium-mediated method. Anthocyanins content in the transgenic snapdragon was significantly elevated. Compared with wild-type plant, the snapdragon with anthocyanins accumulation in plant effectively reduced aphid attack in farmland. Similarly, Over-expression of Rosea1 in heterologous plant tobacco also lead to anthocyanins synthesis and the transgenic tobacco showed resistance to aphids. Therefore, improving the content of anthocyanins in plants using genetic engineering technology is a useful measure for plant protection.

The pigmented cells in defined region of a petal constitute the petal spots. Petal spots attract pollinators and are found in many angiosperm families. Several cultivars of tree peony contain a single red or purple spot at the base of petal that makes the flower more attractive for the ornamental market. So far, the understanding of the molecular mechanism of spot formation is inadequate. In this study, we sequenced the transcriptome of the purple spot and the white non-spot of tree peony flower. We assembled and annotated 67,892 unigenes. Comparative analyses of the two transcriptomes showed 1,573 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 933 were up-regulated, and 640 were down-regulated in the purple spot. Subsequently, we examined four anthocyanin structural genes, including PsCHS, PsF3’H, PsDFR and PsANS, which expressed at a significantly higher level in the purple spot than in the white non-spot. We further validated the digital expression data using quantitative real-time PCR. Our result uncovered transcriptome variance between the spot and non-spot of tree peony flower, and revealed that the co-expression of four anthocyanin structural genes was responsible for spot pigment in tree peony. The data will further help to unravel the genetic mechanism of peony flower spot formation.