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Résumé: En France, plus de 300 substances actives sont autorisées en médecine vétérinaire. Si l'évaluation du risque a priori est bien définie et l'encadrement réglementaire bien établi, la connaissance de l'exposition réelle est peu documentée. L'objectif de cette étude est d'estimer l'exposition de la population à ces résidus de médicaments et de la comparer aux doses journalières admissibles (DJA), afin d'évaluer le risque pour la population. L'exposition alimentaire de 2 624 adultes et 1 455 enfants à 215 résidus de médicaments vétérinaires a été estimée en combinant les données de consommation issues de la seconde étude individuelle nationale des consommations alimentaires (INCA 2) avec, d'une part, les limites maximales de résidus (LMR) fixées dans les aliments et, d'autre part, les données des plans de surveillance/plans de contrôle (PS/PC) de 2017 coordonnés par la Direction générale de l'alimentation (DGAL). Près de 90 % de ces données étant censurées, un scénario minimisant l'exposition et un scénario la maximisant ont été simulés. Sur 102 substances disposant d'une LMR et d'une DJA, 87 ont été recherchées dans les PS/PC. Les résultats obtenus sur la base des LMR ont été affinés par ceux obtenus par les PS/PC. Les expositions à deux antiparasitaires, le triclabendazole et l'albendazole, présentaient des dépassements de la DJA chez les enfants sous l'hypothèse haute, respectivement de 42 % et 17 %. Des suspicions existent pour 17 molécules dont les expositions n'ont pu être affinées par les résultats des PS/PC, car non analysées spécifiquement dans les matrices contribuant fortement à l'exposition alimentaire. En conclusion, l'exposition de la population aux molécules traitées est globalement inférieure aux DJA, en particulier chez les adultes, mais des suspicions de dépassements existent chez les enfants. Pour les molécules concernées, une étude de type « étude sur l'alimentation totale », c'est-à-dire dans les aliments préparés tels que consommés, permettrait de conclure. In France, more than 300 active substances are authorized in veterinary medicine. While the a priori risk has been assessed and the regulatory framework well established, knowledge of actual exposure is poorly documented. The purpose of this study is to estimate the exposure of the French population to veterinary drug residues and to compare it to the recommended acceptable daily intakes (ADI) for these substances, to determine if there is a risk for the population. The dietary exposure of 2624 adults and 1455 children to 215 veterinary medicine residues was estimated by combining consumption data from the 2nd National Individual Study of Food Consumption (INCA 2), first with maximum residue limits (MRL) for foodstuffs, and second with the data from the 2017 report on the monitoring of veterinary medicinal product residues, managed by the French general directorate for food. Since almost 90% of these data are censored, minimal and maximal scenarios were considered. Of the 102 substances that have an MRL and an ADI, 87 were tested in monitoring programs. After refining the MRL results with those from the monitoring program, exposure to two antiparasitic treatments, triclabendazole and albendazole, significantly exceeded the ADI for children, under the high assumption, by 42 and 17%, respectively. Suspected exceedances of ADI were found for 17 molecules, whose exposures were not refined by monitoring programs because they were not specifically analyzed in matrices strongly contributing to food exposure. In conclusion, population exposure for the substances studied was lower overall than their ADI, particularly for adults. Nevertheless, suspected exceedances of ADI were identified for children. For the substances in question, a Total Diet Study (TDS)-like study, that is, a study carried out in prepared foods, would provide more conclusive results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 2nd French Total Diet Study demonstrated that 0.6% of adults and 14.9% of children exceeded the tolerable weekly intake set by EFSA. The overexposure of several consumers (adults and children) can be partially due to the high consumption of bread and dried bread products, of bivalve mollusks and of potatoes. Except for mollusks, these foods are the main contributors identified for the general population. On this basis, the French agency for food, environmental and occupational health and safety (ANSES) assessed whether a decrease of the European maximum limits in foodstuffs could significantly reduce the level of exposure of French consumers. Applying ML set at P90 of the main contributors would neither significantly reduce exposure levels to cadmium for the general population, nor the percentage of subjects exceeding the TWI. To reduce background consumer exposure to cadmium, actions to be taken include efforts on sources that are at the origin of the soil contamination and the efficacy of consumption recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To estimate of food and nutrient intakes, 24-h recalls are frequently used in dietary assessment. However intake data collected for a short period are a limited estimator of long-term usual intake. An important limitation of such data is that the within-person variability tends to inflate the intake distribution leading to a biased estimation of extreme percentiles. Statistical models, named usual-intake models, that separate the within-person variability from the between-persons variability, have lately been implemented. The main objectives of this study were to highlight the potential impact that usual-intake models can have on exposure estimate and risk assessment and to point out which are the key aspects to be considered in order to run these models properly and be sure to interpret the output correctly. To achieve the goal we used the consumption data obtained by the French dietary survey INCA2 and the concentration data collected during the French TDS2, using Monte Carlo Risk Assessment (MCRA) software, release 8.0. For the three substances included in this study (cadmium, acrylamide and sulphites), the exposure of the upper percentiles was significantly reduced when using usual-intake models in comparison with the results obtained in the observed individual mean models, even if in terms of risk assessment the impact of using usual-intake models was limited. From the results it appears that the key aspects to consider when using usual-intake models are: (1) the normality of the log-transformed intake distribution, (2) the contribution per single food group to the total exposure, and (3) the independency of food consumption data on multiple days. In conclusion, usual-intake models may have an impact on exposure estimates although, referring to the results, it did not bring any changes in terms of risk assessment, but further investigations are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: In the frame of the second French Total Diet Study (TDS), the 15+1 EU priority polycyclic aromatics hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed in 725 foodstuffs habitually consumed by the French population, using gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, after pressurized liquid extraction and purification on PS-DVB stationary phase. The highest PAH concentrations recovered in foodstuffs corresponded to the following contributors: chrysene (25.7%), benzo[b]fluoranthene (15.0%) and benz[a]anthracene (9.0%) whereas the lowest concentrations were those of dibenz[a,h]anthracene, 5 methylchrysene and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (below 2.0%). By food groups, the current highest levels of total PAH were detected in mollusks and crustaceans, followed by the different oil based products. To estimate French population''s exposure, contamination data were combined with national individual food consumption data. Mean daily exposure to the sum of benzo[a]pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, chrysene and benzo[b]fluoranthene (PAH4) was estimated to be 1.48ng/kgbw/day in adults and 2.26ng/kgbw/day in children. The main contributors to PAH exposure for adults are fats, bread and dried bread products followed by crustaceans and mollusks. The margin of exposure (MOE) approach indicates that exposure to PAHs through food is not a major health problem for French consumers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Chronic dietary exposure to pesticide residues was assessed for the French population using a total diet study (TDS) to take into account realistic levels in foods as consumed at home (table-ready). Three hundred and twenty-five pesticides and their transformation products, grouped into 283 pesticides according to their residue definition, were sought in 1235 composite samples corresponding to 194 individual food items that cover 90% of the adult and child diet. To make up the composite samples, about 19,000 food products were bought during different seasons from 2007 to 2009 in 36 French cities and prepared according to the food preparation practices recorded in the individual and national consumption survey (INCA2). The results showed that 37% of the samples contained one or more residues. Seventy-three pesticides were detected and 55 quantified at levels ranging from 0.003 to 8.7mg/kg. The most frequently detected pesticides, identified as monitoring priorities in 2006, were the post-harvest insecticides pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl—particularly in wheat-based products—together with chlorpyrifos, iprodione, carbendazim and imazalil, mainly in fruit and fruit juices. Dietary intakes were estimated for each subject of INCA2 survey, under two contamination scenarios to handle left-censored data: lower-bound scenario (LB) where undetected results were set to zero, and upper-bound (UB) scenario where undetected results were set to the detection limit. For 90% of the pesticides, exposure levels were below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) under the two scenarios. Under the LB scenario, which tends to underestimate exposure levels, only dimethoate intakes exceeded the ADI for high level consumers of cherry (0.6% of children and 0.4% of adults). This pesticide, authorised in Europe, and its metabolite were detected in both cherries and endives. Under the UB scenario, that overestimates exposure, a chronic risk could not be excluded for nine other pesticides (dithiocarbamates, ethoprophos, carbofuran, diazinon, methamidophos, disulfoton, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor). For these pesticides, more sensitive analyses of the main food contributors are needed in order to refine exposure assessment. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) bioaccumulate through the food chain and are therefore of public health concern. Exposure to these compounds was assessed in the second French Total Diet Study (TDS). Food samples (n =583) were collected to be representative of the whole diet of the population, prepared as consumed, and analyzed. Contamination data were combined with national individual food consumption data. Mean exposure (95th percentile) to PCDD/F+DL-PCBs was assessed to be 0.57 (1.29)pgTEQWHO-98 (kgbw)−1 d−1 in the adult population and 0.89 (2.02)pgTEQWHO-98 (kgbw)−1 d−1 in the child and teenager population. Less than 4% of the population exceeded the health-based guidance value for PCDD/F+DL-PCBs. Mean exposure (95th percentile) to the six indicator PCBs (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) was estimated at 2.71 (7.90)ng(kgbw)−1 d−1 in the adult population and 3.77 (11.7)ng(kgbw)−1 d−1 in the child and teenager population. Only 2.6% of the adults [CI95%: 1.9; 3.3] and 6.5% of the children and teenagers [5.2; 7.8] exceeded the health-based guidance value for total PCBs. These results show that the contamination levels in food and therefore the exposure of the general French population to PCDD/Fs and PCBs have declined (by a factor of 3.2 for PCDD/F+DL-PCBs and about three for total PCBs) since the last evaluation, which was conducted using another methodology in 2005 and 2007, and show the efficiency of the European risk management measures which came into force after these evaluations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Dietary exposure of the French population to trace elements has been assessed in the second national Total Diet Study (TDS). Food samples (n =1319) were collected between 2007 and 2009 to be representative of the whole diet of the population, prepared as consumed, and analyzed. Occurrence data were combined with national individual consumption data to estimate dietary exposure for adults and children mean and high consumers. Compared to the 1st French TDS performed in 2000–2004, exposure is higher for cadmium, aluminium, antimony, nickel, cobalt and lower for lead, mercury and arsenic. For aluminium, methylmercury, cadmium, lead and inorganic arsenic risk cannot be ruled out for certain consumer groups. It still appears necessary to continue undertaking efforts to reduce exposure to these elements. Due to the lack of robust toxicological data and/or speciation analysis in food on chromium, tin, silver and vanadium to perform a risk assessment, data on occurrence and dietary exposure are provided as Supplementary material. In order to minimize nutritional and chemical risks, the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) reiterates its recommendation for a diversified diet (food items and origins). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Acrylamide is a heat-induced carcinogen compound that is found in some foods consequently to cooking or other thermal processes. In the second French Total Diet Study (TDS), acrylamide was analysed in 192 food samples collected in mainland France to be representative of the population diet and prepared “as consumed”. Highest mean concentrations were found in potato chips/crisps (954μg/kg), French fries and other fried potatoes (724μg/kg), and salted biscuits other than potato chips (697μg/kg). Exposure of general adult and child populations was assessed by combining analytical results with national consumption data. Mean acrylamide exposure was assessed to be 0.43±0.33μg/kg of body weight (bw) per day for adults and 0.69±0.58μg/kg bw/day for children. Although the exposure assessed is lower than in previous evaluations, the calculated margins of exposure, based on benchmark dose limits defined for carcinogenic effects, remain very low especially for young children (below 100 at the 95th percentile of exposure), indicating a health concern. It is therefore advisable to continue efforts in order to reduce dietary exposure to acrylamide. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Besides providing n-3 fatty acids with nutritional and health benefits, seafood consumption may contribute to the reduction of nutrient prevalences of inadequacy. To evaluate the contributions of seafood and other food groups to nutrient intakes of frequent seafood consumers, food consumption was evaluated through an FFQ on 991 French men and women (18–81 years) consuming seafood at least twice a week. Intakes, prevalence of inadequacies, risks of upper limit excess and food contributions to intakes were assessed for thirty-three nutrients. Mean fat contributions to total energy intakes (38·3 and 39·0 % for men and women, respectively) met French recommendations, but mean carbohydrate intakes (40·9 and 39·7 %, respectively) were insufficient. Micronutrient inadequacies were lower than in the French general population, the highest being for vitamin C (41·3 and 40·1 % for men and women, respectively), vitamin E (35·0 and 35·3 % for men and women, respectively) and Mg (37·5 and 25·5 % for men and women, respectively). Upper safety limits (USL) were exceeded mostly for Zn (6·2 %), Ca (3·7 %), retinol (2·0 %) and Cu (0·9 %). Mean contributions of seafood to vitamin D, B12, I and Se intakes ranged 40–65 %. Molluscs and crustaceans significantly contributed to vitamin B12 (13·7 %), Cu (11·4 %), Fe (11·5 %), Zn (8·4 %) and I (6·1 %) intakes, and canned fish contributed to vitamin D intake (13·4 %). Besides fish, contributions of mollusc and crustacean consumption to nutrient intakes should be considered from a public health viewpoint. Consuming seafood at least twice a week induces moderate inadequacies and risks of exceeding USL for some micronutrients, whereas macronutrient intakes remained imbalanced. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Abstract: In 2006, the French Food Safety Agency (AFSSA) conducted the Second French Total Diet Study (TDS) to estimate dietary exposures to the main minerals and trace elements from 1319 samples of foods typically consumed by the French population. The foodstuffs were analysed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after microwave-assisted digestion. Occurrence data for lithium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, selenium and molybdenum were reported and compared with results from the previous French TDS. The results indicate that the food groups presenting the highest levels of these essential trace elements were “tofu” (for Li, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn and Mo),“fish and fish products” particularly “shellfish” (for Li, Co, Cu, Zn, Se and Mo), “sweeteners, honey and confectionery” particularly dark chocolate (for Cr, Mn, Co, Ni and Cu), “cereals and cereal products” (for Mn, Ni and Mo) and “ice cream” (for Cr, Co and Ni). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and potassium (K) contents in 1319 foodstuffs habitually consumed by the French population were determined for the second French Total Diet Study (TDS), using micro-sampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry after microwave-assisted digestion. Concentration and distribution of these minerals in food samples were reported and compared with results from the previous French TDS. For Ca, the results indicate that the food presenting the highest levels are dairy products (1597mgkg−1), tofu (802mgkg−1) and some fish and cereal products; for Mg, tofu (1340mgkg−1), “Sweeteners, honey and confectionery” (672mgkg−1) especially dark chocolate (2225mgkg−1) and certain grains such as nuts and oilseeds (1069mgkg−1) and some cereal products; for Na, processed meats such as delicatessen (12,422mgkg−1), “Salts, spices, soup and sauces” (21,028mgkg−1), some cheeses and cereal products; and for K, “Cereal and cereal products” (4378mgkg−1), “Meats and offal” (3993mgkg−1), “Nuts and oilseeds” (7355mgkg−1) and “Sweeteners, honey and confectionery” (3445mgkg−1) (especially chocolate). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]