1. Potential (co-)contamination of dairy milk with AFM1 and MC-LR and their synergistic interaction in inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2 cells.
- Author
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Abdallah MF, Recote JM, Van Camp C, Van Hassel WHR, Pedroni L, Dellafiora L, Masquelier J, and Rajkovic A
- Subjects
- Humans, Animals, Hep G2 Cells, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial drug effects, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Cell Survival drug effects, Aflatoxin M1 toxicity, Milk chemistry, Marine Toxins toxicity, Food Contamination analysis, Mitochondria drug effects, Mitochondria metabolism, Microcystins toxicity
- Abstract
Several toxic metabolites, such as aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), are known to contaminate dairy milk. However, as mentioned in an external EFSA report, there is a knowledge gap regarding the carry-over of certain emerging toxins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR). Therefore, this work aimed to develop an LC-MS/MS method for MC-LR quantification in dairy milk. Also, the method included AFM1 as a common fungal metabolite and applied to analyze 113 dairy milk samples collected directly after the end of the summer peak. Both toxins were below their LODs, keeping the question on MC-LR carry-over still unanswered. Moreover, an in silico analysis, using a 3D molecular modeling was performed, pointing to a possible interaction between MC-LR and milk proteins, especially β-lactoglobulin. Since AFM1 and MC-LR are hepatotoxic, their interaction in inducing mitochondrial dysfunction in HepG2 cells was investigated at low (subcytotoxic) concentrations. Live cell imaging-based assays showed an inhibition in cell viability, without involvement of caspase-3/7, and a hyperpolarization in the mitochondrial membrane potential after the exposure to a mixture of 100 ng mL
-1 AFM1 and 1000 ng mL-1 MC-LR for 48h. Extracellular flux analysis revealed inhibitions of several key parameters of mitochondrial function (basal respiration, ATP-linked respiration, and spare respiratory capacity)., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this study., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2024
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