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Foodborne pathogens may cause foodborne illness, which is among the major health problems worldwide. Since the therapeutic options for the treatment of the disease are becoming limited as a result of antibacterial resistance, there is an increasing interest to search for new alternatives of antibacterial. Bioactive essential oils from Curcuma sp become potential sources of novel antibacterial substances. The antibacterial activity of Curcuma heyneana essential oil (CHEO) was evaluated against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella sonnei, and Bacillus cereus. The principal constituents of CHEO are ar-turmerone, β-turmerone, α-zingiberene, α-terpinolene, 1,8-cineole, and camphor. CHEO exhibited the strongest antibacterial activity against E. coli with a MIC of 3.9 µg/mL, which is comparable to that of tetracycline. The combination of CHEO (0.97 µg/mL) and tetracycline (0.48 µg/mL) produced a synergistic effect with a FICI of 0.37. Time-kill assay confirmed that CHEO enhanced the activity of tetracycline. The mixture disrupted membrane permeability of E. coli and induced cell death. CHEO at MIC of 3.9 and 6.8 µg/mL significantly reduced the formation of biofilm in E. coli. The findings suggest that CHEO has the potential to be an alternative source of antibacterial agents against foodborne pathogens, particularly E. coli.

Background: Increased lipase activity can increase the amount of monoglycerides and fatty acids absorbed by the body, this is what affects obesity. If pancreatic lipase activity is inhibited, the production of fatty acids will decrease, consequently the level of fat in the blood will also decrease. Objective: To study anti obesity potential of a single herb or a mixture of green tea and other herbs (Syzygium polyanthum. Lv, Artocarpus communis.Lv, Cinnamomum verum..Lv, Manilkara zapota.Lv, Tectona grandis.Lv) by the in vitro inhibition assay of the lipase enzyme activity Method : A single (8 herbs) or a mixture of three herbs powder (12 formulas) was put into a tea bag with a total weight of 1.5 g to be brewed in 100 mL bottled mineral water at 70⁰-90⁰C for 10 minutes. In vitro lipase enzyme inhibition assay were conducted to measure the ability of these samples as lipase inhibitor. Orlistat used as positive lipase inhibitor. Results : There wa s a difference results of lipase inhibition activity between the sample of a single and a mixture of herbs. I nterestingly, the results shows that formula 3 (mixture of green tea, Manilkara zapota and cinnamon) . has 53.942 % inhibition , formula 9 ( a mixture of green tea, Syzygium polyanthum and cinnamon) has 67.322 % inhibition and formula 12 ( a mixture of green tea, Tectona grandis and cinnamon) has 56.612 % inhibition which close to lipase inhibitory activity by standard Orlistat. Conclusion: The mixture of green tea and two other herbs has a lipase inhibitory activity similar to Orlistat , when compared to the single herb. The highest lipase inhibitory activity is found in formula 9 .

Background: Caulerpa lentillifera is edible macroalgae which has several biological properties. This marine plant also contains beneficial secondary metabolites that can be used for treatment and prevent several deficiencies. Objectives: This research was conducted to evaluate immunomodulatory effect on nitric oxide production and phagocytosis of RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells from edible green seaweed of C. lentillifera extract. Methods: Extraction was applied to obtained ethanol extract, water extract and insoluble fraction. Alamar blue inclusion method was used to determine cytotoxicity and proliferation of RAW 264.7 after treated with sample. Griess assay using colourimetric commercial kits was selected to evaluate NO production and phagocytosis effect of samples was determined using phagocytic kit. Results: C. lentillifera extracts did not show any cytotoxic effect against RAW 264.7 macrophage. One hundred μg/mL of water extract increased the production of nitrite oxide. This extract revealed suspected-giant cells formation as a results of phagocytosis activity. The extract of C. lentillifera also enhanced phagocytosis activity of murine macrophage against E. coli. C. lentillifera extract enhanced activity of RAW 264.7 murine macrophage by increasing NO production and phagocytosis activity. This extract also caused suspected-giants’ cells as indicator of phagocytosis effect. Conclusion: This result provides an insight that the potency of C. lentillifera extract as immunostimulant.

Diabetes mellitus is still a global health problem that continues to increase rapidly and become one of the major metabolic diseases throughout the world. This study aims to determine the potential of Buni fruit as an α-glucosidase inhibitor. α-glucosidase inhibition test is carried out on a blank solution (test solution without sample/standard), acarbose solution as a comparison standard and samples are carried out in accordance with the optimization conditions obtained. The rendemen percent of green and red buni fruit extract yields are 6.35% and 3.09%, respectively. The results of the identification of secondary metabolites using TLC showed that green and red buni fruit extract contains flavonoid, phenolic and alkaloid compounds. The results of the α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition test showed that the red buni fruit extract had the highest activity compared to green buni fruit extract with an IC50 value of 85.27 ppm.

Extraction of ripened noni juice has been carried out using ethanol and water. The purpose of this study was to determine the total phenolic, total flavonoids, scopoletin, content and antioxidant activity of the ripened noni juice extract. The activity test was carried out on the ripened noni juice extract without and with the addition of ethanol and water solvent. The phytochemical assays of ethanol extract of the ripened noni juice showed that thetotal phenolic content was 3,94 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract, the total flavonoids was 0,59 mg quercetin equivalent /g extract, the IC50 antioxidant activity was 24,92 mg/L, scopoletin content was 2,45 mg/gram.Keywords : Antioxidant, flavonoids, phenolic, ripened noni juice, scopoletin

WHO already declared that the novel corona virus SARS-CoV-2 as known as COVID-19 is a global pandemic. In order to decrease the spread of COVID-19 WHO recommend to regularly clean hands with alcohol-based hand rub or wash them with soap and water because those can kills viruses that might be occurred in hands. Alcohol with concentration 62-71% can reduce the growth of corona virus in 1 minute. Nanosilver and essential oil are also promising source as antibacterial agent. Nanosilver with particle size 5-100 nm is scientifically proven to have antibacterial activity. Essential oil Isopulegol shows antibacterial activity against Stapilococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Eschercia coli, and Mycobacterium smegmatis. This study will investigates the effectiveness hand sanitizer which contain nanosilver and isopulegol as antiseptic agent for health care in corona virus infection prevention. Isopulegol in concentration 100% and 50% showed inhibition zone against Bacillus subtilis. The hand sanitizer final product was proven has antiseptic ability and maintain hands keep clean after 2 hours application. Based on ACE2: SARS-CoV-2 spike inhibitor screening assay, the hand sanitizer in this study has potential to prevent SARS-CoV-2 virus spread by 88.2%. The usage of the hand sanitizer formulation in this study is expected to maintain cleanliness based on WHO public advice in order to prevent corona virus infection.

This study aims to determine the effect of liquid media composition on the inhibitory activity of α-glucosidase from endophytic fungus Aspergillus elegans SweF9 isolated from seaweed (Macroalgae Euchema sp). Fermentation was carried out in three types of liquid media, namely: potato dextrose broth (PDB), potato malt peptone (PMP), and Czapek-dox broth (CDB), which was incubated for 10 days at room temperature, with static conditions. Ethyl acetate solvents were used to extract active metabolites from fungal biomass and filtrate from each media. Antidiabetic activity was measured based on inhibition of enzyme α-glucosidase. The results showed that filtrate extract of A. elegans SweF9 which was cultured on the media PDB showed highest inhibitor activity to the α-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 1.74 µg / mL compared to other extracts. Based on these results, the PDB media is an appropriate medium for culturing A. elegans SweF9 to produces secondary metabolites that can be used as a new source of antidiabetic agents.

Cocoa is one of the food commodities that is favoured by its high in polyphenols. The polyphenol and flavonoid in cocoa beans can prevent arteriosclerosis, diabetes and their related risk factors. This research aimed to analyze the total polyphenolic contents (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) of three cocoa bean varieties, namely LAM, TSH, and SUL1 collected from Lampung, Indonesia. The study also aimed to understand the effect of adding starter culture on TPC and TFC contents during cocoa beans fermentation. The TPC and TFC were extracted using ethanol from ground-dried beans and measured three times using a spectrophotometric method based on the Folin-Ciocalteu method at 760 nm and aluminium reagents at 510 nm. LAM variety contained the highest TPC and TFC among other samples at 62.8 mg GAE/g and 21.9 mg QE/g, respectively. The TPC and TFC decreased during both fermentation treatments with starter culture and non-starter culture. The TPC of cocoa bean with starter culture and with non-starter culture decreased to 58% and 59% after fermentation, respectively. The TFC of cocoa bean with starter culture and with non-starter culture decreased after five days of fermentation, up to 58% and 75%, respectively. Interestingly, the TPC and TFC in fermented cocoa beans with starter culture were higher than those with non-starter culture. Therefore, it is concluded that three days of fermentation with starter culture can produce fermented cocoa beans with the preferred flavour/quality and maintain the TPC and TFC. However, the polyphenols and flavonoids content were reduced during the fermentation process.

Mistletoe (Dendrophthoe pentandra Miq.) leaves serve as a herbal medicine, particularly used in Indonesian folk medicine, for treating various immunological disorders and cancers. One major active compound of mistletoe plant was flavonoid that occured in the form of glycosides (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside) instead of aglycone (quercetin). Quercetin from the flavonoid group had high bioactivities than that in glycosidic form. The fermentation of flavonoid glycoside with filamentous fungi resulted in the conversion of bioactive compounds. The objectives of this study were to explore the derivatives of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside during fungal fermentation of water-extracted mistletoe (D. pentandra Miq.) leaves (B) by A. acueletus LS04-3 and investigate the influence of glucose (B+G), yeast (B+Y), and both glucose and yeast (B+G+Y) in the medium on the metabolism of quercetin-3-O-rhamnosidebased on HPLC and LCMS-MS analysis. Based on HPLC analysis, the addition of yeast to the medium (B+Y) increased the conversion of glucoside to quercetin almost twice as much as that on the control medium (B), during the first day of incubation period (D-1). The 10% increase of quercetin peak was only seen on the third day of incubation in B+G medium, when compared to the control sample (B). Moreover, LCMS-MS analysis revealed that quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and quercetin were detected as the major components in fermented mistletoe leaves. Furthermore, quercetin-3-galactoside-7-glucoside and robinetin were found in the medium that had been added with glucose. The study suggest that glycosilation could also occur in processes other than hydrolisis of glycoside because external glucose would affect the energy metabolism and sugar activation of the microbe. Our finding expanded the understanding of the mistletoe leaf fermentation process and provided further guidance for the biotransformation of quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside in scale up production.

High diversity of Indonesia marine spesies and their ability in producing secondary metabolite that can be used as a drug candidate cause this fascinating topic need to explore. Most of marine organisms explored to discover drug is macroorganism whereas microorganism (such as Indonesia marine bacteria) is very limited. Therefore, in this report, antidiabetic and anticancer activity of Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from Sponges’s extract have been studied. Bacteria strain 8.9 which are collection of Research Center for Oseanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences were from Barrang Lompo Island, Makasar, Indonesia. Bacteria were cultured in different culture medium compositions (such as: different pH, source of glucose and water) for 48 hours on a shaker, then they were extracted with ethyl asetate. Extracts of bacteria were tested by DPPH method (antioxidant activity), alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity method (antidiabetic activity), and Alamar Blue assay (anticancer activity) at 200 ppm. According to result, extract of bacteria in pH 8.0 exhibited the greatest antioxidant (19.27% inhibition), antidiabetic (63.95% inhibition) and anticancer activity of T47D cell line (44.62% cell viability) compared to other extracts. However, effect of addition of sugar sources (such as: glucose, sucrose, and soluble starch) and effect of addition of water/sea water exhibited less influence on their bioactivities. In conclusion, Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from sponge have potential a source of bioactive compound in drug discovery field.High diversity of Indonesia marine spesies and their ability in producing secondary metabolite that can be used as a drug candidate cause this fascinating topic need to explore. Most of marine organisms explored to discover drug is macroorganism whereas microorganism (such as Indonesia marine bacteria) is very limited. Therefore, in this report, antidiabetic and anticancer activity of Indonesia marine bacteria isolated from Sponges’s extract have been studied. Bacteria strain 8.9 which are collection of Research Center for Oseanography, Indonesian Institute of Sciences were from Barrang Lompo Island, Makasar, Indonesia. Bacteria were cultured in different culture medium compositions (such as: different pH, source of glucose and water) for 48 hours on a shaker, then they were extracted with ethyl asetate. Extracts of bacteria were tested by DPPH method (antioxidant activity), alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity method (antidiabetic activity), and Alamar Blue assay (anticancer activity) at 200 ppm. Accord...

Lovastatin is an anti-cholesterol agent that was produced by Aspergillus terreus using solid state fermentation (SSF). During this fermentation process, sulochrin is also produced as an unwanted co-metabolite. However, our previous result showed that sulochrin had potential as antidiabetes because it is an inhibitor agent of α-glucosidase. In this paper, we reported our observation on lovastatin and sulochrin production pattern in relation with inhibitor α-glucosidase activity during eleven days fermentation of A. terreus koji (SSF) ethyl acetate extract. Koji obtained from solid state fermentation with rice as the substrate and incubated at room temperature, sample is taken daily for eleven day (D-1 to D-11). Lovastatin and sulochrin production was measured by Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometer based on their molecular weight m/z 404.5 and 332.3 respectively. The inibitory activity is measured by inhibition model of koji extract against α-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20) from Saccharomyces cereviceae. The results show that lovastatin production was started on the day 2 (0.04 mg/g) and achieving the optimal production on day 7 (11.46 mg/g), while sulochrin production was started on day 4 (0.60 mg/g) and keep produced until the end of fermentation period at Day 11 (3.11 mg/g). Koji extract was started to show inhibitory to α-glucosidase activity on Day 5 (IC50= 23.34 μg/mL) and keep showed activity until Day 11 (IC50=3.33 μg/mL). These results suggest that inhibitory activity of koji extract to α- glucosidase activity have relation with sulochrin biosynthesis production.