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Short summary At the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has characterised the risk of specified doses of L-threonine in food supplements. VKM concludes that:  In adults (≥18 years), the specified doses 1000, 1200, 1500, 2000 and 2400 mg/day L-threonine in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects.  In adolescents (14 to

Short summary At the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has characterised the risk of specified doses of L-aspartic acid in food supplements. VKM concludes that: In adults (≥18 years), adolescents (14 to < 18 years) and children (10 to < 14 years), the specified doses 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 and 5700 mg/day L-aspartic acid in food supplements may represent a risk of adverse health effects.

At the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has characterised the risk of specified doses of L-proline in food supplements. VKM concludes that: In adults (≥18 years), the specified doses 50, 500, 1000, 1500 and 1800 mg/day L-proline in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects. In adolescents (14 to, NO; PDF; vkm@vkm.no

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, assessed the risk of specified doses of L-tyrosine in food supplements. VKM concludes that: In adults (≥18 years), the specified doses of 1250, 1500, 1750, and 2000 mg/day L-tyrosine in food supplements may represent a risk of adverse health effects. In adolescents (14 to, NO; PDF; vkm@vkm.no

At the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has characterised the risk of daily doses of 50, 500, 1000, 1250, 1500 and 1750 mg/day L-serine in food supplements. In the absence of long-term studies in healthy individuals, VKM used a NOAEL of 3000 mg/kg bw per day from a 90-days toxicological study in rodents. In adults (≥18 years), the specified doses 50, 500, 1000, 1250, 1500 and 1750 mg/day L-serine in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects. In adolescents (14 to, NO; PDF; vkm@vkm.no

According to information from NFSA, L-citrulline is an ingredient in food supplements sold in Norway. NFSA has requested a risk assessment of 1000, 1500 and 2000 mg/day of L-citrulline in food supplements. The values used for comparison with the estimated exposures in the risk characterization are 65 mg/kg bw per day for children (10 to, NO; PDF; vkm@vkm.no

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, assessed the risk of specified doses of L-creatine in food supplements. VKM concludes that: In adults (> 18 years) a daily dose of 3.0 g/day creatine in food supplements is unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Doses of 5.0, 10.0 and 24.0 g/day creatine in food supplements may represent a risk of adverse health effects. In children (10-14 years) and adolescents (14-17 years) the specified doses of 3.0, 5.0, 10.0 and 24.0 g/day creatine in food supplements may represent a risk of adverse health effects., NO; PDF; vkm@vkm.no

At the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has characterised the risk of specified doses of glycine in food supplements. VKM concludes that: In adults (≥18 years), the specified doses 20, 50, 100, 300, 500 and 650 mg/day of glycine from food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects. In adolescents (14 to, NO; PDF; vkm@vkm.no

At the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has characterised the risk of specified doses of L-histidine in food supplements. VKM concludes that: • In adults (≥18 years), the specified doses 550 and 600 mg/day L-histidine in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects. • In adolescents (14 to

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (Vitenskapskomiteen for mattrygghet, VKM) has,at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (Mattilsynet; NFSA), assessed the risk of "other substances" in food supplements and energy drinks sold in Norway. VKM has assessed the risk of doses given by the NFSA. These risk assessments will provide the NFSA with the scientific basis for regulating the addition of “other substances” tofood supplements and other foods. "Other substances" are described in the food supplement directive 2002/46/EC as substances other than vitamins or minerals that have a nutritional or physiological effect. They areadded mainly to food supplements, but also to energy drinks and other foods. VKM has not in this series of risk assessments of "other substances" evaluated any claimed beneficial effects from these substances, only possible adverse effects. The present report is limited to the use of L-glutamine and L-glutamic acid in food supplements. Risks related to glutamine and glutamic acid added to food and drinks, protein hydrolysates or high dietary protein intake are outside the scope of the opinion. The report is based on previous risk assessments of glutamine and glutamic acid and scientific papers retrieved from a comprehensive literature search.

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, assessed the risk of specified doses of L-arginine and arginine alpha-ketoglutarate in food supplements. VKM concludes that: • In adults (≥18 years), the specified doses of 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000, 5500 and 6000 mg/day of arginine in food supplements are considered unlikely to cause adverse health effects. The dose 6800 mg/day may represent a risk of adverse health effects. • In adolescents (14 to

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, assessed the risk of specified doses of L-leucine, L-isoleucine and L-valine in food supplements. VKM concludes that: Due to lack studies addressing adverse effects of the specified doses 2500, 3000, 4000, 5000 and 5250 mg/day L-leucine, 1500, 1750, 2000 and 2500 mg/day L-isoleucine and 1500, 1750, 2000, 2250 and 2500 mg/day L-valine in food supplements, no conclusions can be made for adults (≥ 18 years), adolescents (≥ 10 and < 18 years) or children (< 10 years).

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, assessed the risk of specified doses of L-tryptophan in food supplements. VKM concludes that the specified doses 250 mg/day, 300 mg/day, and 450 mg/day tryptophan may represent a risk of adverse health effects in adults (≥18 years), adolescents (14 to

At the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has characterised the risk of specified doses of L-proline in food supplements. VKM concludes that: • In adults (≥18 years), the specified doses 50, 500, 1000, 1500 and 1800 mg/day Lproline in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects. • In adolescents (14 to < 18 years), the specified doses 50, 500, 1000, 1500 and 1800 mg/day L-proline in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects. • In children (10 to < 14 years), the specified doses 50, 500, 1000, 1500 and 1800 mg/day L-proline in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects.

At the request from the Norwegian Food Safety Authority (NFSA), the Norwegian Scientific Committee on Food Safety (VKM) has characterised the risk of specified doses of Lphenylalanine and DL-phenylalanine in food supplements. VKM concludes that: • In adults (≥ 18 years), the specified doses 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/day Lphenylalanine in food supplements are considered unlikely to cause adverse health effects. • In adolescents (14 to < 18 years), the specified doses 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/day L-phenylalanine in food supplements are considered unlikely to cause adverse health effects. • In children (10 to < 14 years), the specified doses 100, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/day L-phenylalanine in food supplements are considered unlikely to cause adverse health effects. Although the highest dose provides 23 mg/kg bw per day which slightly exceeds 22.4 mg/kg bw per day, it is considered unlikely to cause adverse health effects in healthy children 10 to < 14 years. • None of the above conclusions are applicable for patients with phenylketonuria (PKU). • No conclusion can be made regarding DL-phenylalanine

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, assessed the risk of specified doses of L-cysteine and L-cystine in food supplements. VKM concludes that:  In adolescents (14 to

The Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety (VKM) has, at the request of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority, assessed the risk of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in food supplements. VKM concludes that: • The specified doses of 1500, 1750 or 1825 mg/day of EPA in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects in adults (≥18 years). Due to few studies in children and adolescents, no conclusion can be drawn for these groups for EPA. • The specified doses of 1050 and 1290 mg/day of DHA in food supplements are unlikely to cause adverse health effects in the general population including children (≥10 years), adolescents and adults (≥18 years). • No dosage of DPA in food supplements can be evaluated due to lack of data. It is emphasised that this risk assessment concerns the single fatty acids EPA, DPA or DHA separately and not mixtures of these as found in e.g. fish oil and cod liver oil.